Notes: The outcome variable is an index created by standardizing the variable university enrolment or graduation, then taking the mean over all 13 outcomes in Table 7 and then standardizing across the sample. Before taking the mean, we first reverse the sign on all “negative outcomes”, that is, ADHD, opposition and defiance, non-aggressive conduct disorder, anxiety and depressivity, aggression, disturbs lessons, busy with other things in class, impertinent conduct at school, and neglects homework. In doing so, we flip the interpretation from good to bad. We control for baseline child and household characteristics. Child controls include the age and gender of the child, having Swiss citizenship, measures for anxiety and depressivity, ADHD, non-aggressive externalizing problem behaviour, non-aggressive conduct disorder, opposition and defiance, prosociality, four measures of aggressive behaviour, and four measures of overall behaviour. Household controls include household income, mother's and father's education level, age of the mother, and indicator variables for the mother's having Swiss citizenship and being born in Switzerland, indicator variables for a single-parent household, a household that received financial aid, and a household that experienced financial problems. The outcome initial tracking into academic high school is based on administrative data. The model includes strata fixed effects for the level of randomization. Robust standard errors clustered at the school level are in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.