Table 1. Open in new tab Overview of...

Preoperative structural imaging—ppCMS compared with non-ppCMS patients
Boisgontier et al.²³	2021	MRI (ASL/ T2W)	ns	V ns	-	ns	ns	DN ns	-	Low Risk
Liu et al.²⁴	2018	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑ 4V*	↑ns	↑L ↑R ns	↑BI*	DN ↑L↑R	-	Low Risk
Toescu et al.²⁵	2018	MRI (T1W/T2W/ FLAIR/DWI)	-	-	-	ns	-	DN & RN ns	-	Low Risk
Yang et al.²⁶	2023	MRI (T1w/T2W/ FLAIR)	↑L* ↑R* superior	↑V*	↑*	↑R* > ↑L*	-	-	-	Low Risk
Catsman-Berrevoets et al.²⁷	1999	CT & MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
de Laurentis et al.²⁸	2022	MRI (NM)		↑4V*↑V ns	↑ ns	↑R*	↑R*	-	-	Moderate Risk
Dhaenens et al.²⁹	2020	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V*	↑*	↑R* > ↑L*	↑R* > ↑L*	-	-	Moderate Risk
Kotil et al.³⁰	2008	CT & MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
McEvoy et al.³¹	2016	MRI (DTI/ MPRAGE (T1W))	-	-	ns	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
McMillan et al.³²	2009	MRI (T1W/T2W)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Morris et al.³³	2009	MRI (DTI/T2W)		↑4V (rostal)*	ns	ns	ns	DN ns	-	Moderate Risk
Pols et al.³⁴	2017	MRI (T1W/T1W-C/ T2W/FLAIR)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Ruella et al.³⁵	2023	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑ 4V/ V*	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Wells et al.³⁶	2010	MRI (T1W/T2W/T1W-C)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Yang et al.³⁷	2023	T1W/T2W/ FLAIR/DWI	-	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Doxey et al.³⁸	1999	MRI (NM)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Gora et al.³⁹	2017	CT &MRI (NM)	-	-	ns	ns	ns		-	High Risk
Ma et al.⁴⁰	2019	MRI (NM)	-	↑4V*	-	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Renne et al.³	2020	MRI (NM)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Schmidt et al.⁴¹	2023	MRI (NM)	↓ns	↑4V/V ns	ns	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Sergeant et al.⁴²	2017	MRI (T1w/T1w-C/ T2W/DWI/ FLAIR)	-	↑4V ns	-	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Siffert et al.⁴³	2000	CT & MRI (NM)	↑edema ns	-	↑edema ns	-	-	DN ns	-	High Risk
Zhang et al.⁴⁴	2019	CT & MRI (NM)	↑compression*	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk

Preoperative structural imaging—ppCMS compared with non-ppCMS patients

Author

Year

Modality

Lesion localization

Involvement/ invasion/ compression/ injury

QUIPS Overall Risk of Bias

4V and/or V

Brainstem

SCP

MCP

Cerebellar nuclei

ION

Boisgontier et al.²³

2021

MRI (ASL/ T2W)

V ns

DN ns

Low Risk

Liu et al.²⁴

2018

MRI (NM)

↓*

↑ 4V*

↑ns

↑L ↑R ns

↑BI*

DN ↑L*↑R*

Low Risk

Toescu et al.²⁵

2018

MRI (T1W/T2W/
FLAIR/DWI)

DN & RN ns

Low Risk

Yang et al.²⁶

2023

MRI (T1w/T2W/
FLAIR)

↑L*
↑R* superior

↑V*

↑*

↑R* > ↑L*

Low Risk

Catsman-Berrevoets et al.²⁷

1999

CT & MRI (NM)

↓*

↑4V/V*

Moderate Risk

de Laurentis et al.²⁸

2022

MRI (NM)

↑4V*↑V ns

↑ ns

↑R*

Moderate Risk

Dhaenens et al.²⁹

2020

MRI (NM)

↓*

↑4V*

↑*

↑R* > ↑L*

Moderate Risk

Kotil et al.³⁰

2008

CT & MRI (NM)

↓*

↑4V/V*

Moderate Risk

McEvoy et al.³¹

2016

MRI (DTI/ MPRAGE (T1W))

Moderate Risk

McMillan et al.³²

2009

MRI (T1W/T2W)

↑*

Moderate Risk

Morris et al.³³

2009

MRI (DTI/T2W)

↑4V (rostal)*

DN ns

Moderate Risk

Pols et al.³⁴

2017

MRI (T1W/T1W-C/ T2W/FLAIR)

↑*

Moderate Risk

Ruella et al.³⁵

2023

MRI (NM)

↓*

↑ 4V/ V*

↑*

Moderate Risk

Wells et al.³⁶

2010

MRI (T1W/T2W/T1W-C)

↑*

Moderate Risk

Yang et al.³⁷

2023

T1W/T2W/
FLAIR/DWI

↑4V/V*

Moderate Risk

Doxey et al.³⁸

1999

MRI (NM)

↑*

High Risk

Gora et al.³⁹

2017

CT &MRI (NM)

High Risk

Ma et al.⁴⁰

2019

MRI (NM)

↑4V*

High Risk

Renne et al.³

2020

MRI (NM)

↑*

High Risk

Schmidt et al.⁴¹

2023

MRI (NM)

↓ns

↑4V/V ns

High Risk

Sergeant et al.⁴²

2017

MRI (T1w/T1w-C/ T2W/DWI/ FLAIR)

↑4V ns

High Risk

Siffert et al.⁴³

2000

CT & MRI (NM)

↑edema ns

DN ns

High Risk

Zhang et al.⁴⁴

2019

CT & MRI (NM)

↑compression*

↑*

High Risk

Preoperative structural imaging—ppCMS compared with non-ppCMS patients
Boisgontier et al.²³	2021	MRI (ASL/ T2W)	ns	V ns	-	ns	ns	DN ns	-	Low Risk
Liu et al.²⁴	2018	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑ 4V*	↑ns	↑L ↑R ns	↑BI*	DN ↑L↑R	-	Low Risk
Toescu et al.²⁵	2018	MRI (T1W/T2W/ FLAIR/DWI)	-	-	-	ns	-	DN & RN ns	-	Low Risk
Yang et al.²⁶	2023	MRI (T1w/T2W/ FLAIR)	↑L* ↑R* superior	↑V*	↑*	↑R* > ↑L*	-	-	-	Low Risk
Catsman-Berrevoets et al.²⁷	1999	CT & MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
de Laurentis et al.²⁸	2022	MRI (NM)		↑4V*↑V ns	↑ ns	↑R*	↑R*	-	-	Moderate Risk
Dhaenens et al.²⁹	2020	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V*	↑*	↑R* > ↑L*	↑R* > ↑L*	-	-	Moderate Risk
Kotil et al.³⁰	2008	CT & MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
McEvoy et al.³¹	2016	MRI (DTI/ MPRAGE (T1W))	-	-	ns	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
McMillan et al.³²	2009	MRI (T1W/T2W)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Morris et al.³³	2009	MRI (DTI/T2W)		↑4V (rostal)*	ns	ns	ns	DN ns	-	Moderate Risk
Pols et al.³⁴	2017	MRI (T1W/T1W-C/ T2W/FLAIR)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Ruella et al.³⁵	2023	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑ 4V/ V*	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Wells et al.³⁶	2010	MRI (T1W/T2W/T1W-C)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Yang et al.³⁷	2023	T1W/T2W/ FLAIR/DWI	-	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Doxey et al.³⁸	1999	MRI (NM)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Gora et al.³⁹	2017	CT &MRI (NM)	-	-	ns	ns	ns		-	High Risk
Ma et al.⁴⁰	2019	MRI (NM)	-	↑4V*	-	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Renne et al.³	2020	MRI (NM)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Schmidt et al.⁴¹	2023	MRI (NM)	↓ns	↑4V/V ns	ns	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Sergeant et al.⁴²	2017	MRI (T1w/T1w-C/ T2W/DWI/ FLAIR)	-	↑4V ns	-	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Siffert et al.⁴³	2000	CT & MRI (NM)	↑edema ns	-	↑edema ns	-	-	DN ns	-	High Risk
Zhang et al.⁴⁴	2019	CT & MRI (NM)	↑compression*	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Overview of Preoperative Structural Imaging Features in ppCMS Compared With Non-ppCMS Patients

Preoperative structural imaging—ppCMS compared with non-ppCMS patients
Author	Year	Modality	Lesion localization		Involvement/ invasion/ compression/ injury					QUIPS Overall Risk of Bias
Author	Year	Modality	CH	4V and/or V	Brainstem	SCP	MCP	Cerebellar nuclei	ION	QUIPS Overall Risk of Bias
Boisgontier et al.²³	2021	MRI (ASL/ T2W)	ns	V ns	-	ns	ns	DN ns	-	Low Risk
Liu et al.²⁴	2018	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑ 4V*	↑ns	↑L ↑R ns	↑BI*	DN ↑L↑R	-	Low Risk
Toescu et al.²⁵	2018	MRI (T1W/T2W/ FLAIR/DWI)	-	-	-	ns	-	DN & RN ns	-	Low Risk
Yang et al.²⁶	2023	MRI (T1w/T2W/ FLAIR)	↑L* ↑R* superior	↑V*	↑*	↑R* > ↑L*	-	-	-	Low Risk
Catsman-Berrevoets et al.²⁷	1999	CT & MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
de Laurentis et al.²⁸	2022	MRI (NM)		↑4V*↑V ns	↑ ns	↑R*	↑R*	-	-	Moderate Risk
Dhaenens et al.²⁹	2020	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V*	↑*	↑R* > ↑L*	↑R* > ↑L*	-	-	Moderate Risk
Kotil et al.³⁰	2008	CT & MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
McEvoy et al.³¹	2016	MRI (DTI/ MPRAGE (T1W))	-	-	ns	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
McMillan et al.³²	2009	MRI (T1W/T2W)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Morris et al.³³	2009	MRI (DTI/T2W)		↑4V (rostal)*	ns	ns	ns	DN ns	-	Moderate Risk
Pols et al.³⁴	2017	MRI (T1W/T1W-C/ T2W/FLAIR)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Ruella et al.³⁵	2023	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑ 4V/ V*	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Wells et al.³⁶	2010	MRI (T1W/T2W/T1W-C)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Yang et al.³⁷	2023	T1W/T2W/ FLAIR/DWI	-	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Doxey et al.³⁸	1999	MRI (NM)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Gora et al.³⁹	2017	CT &MRI (NM)	-	-	ns	ns	ns		-	High Risk
Ma et al.⁴⁰	2019	MRI (NM)	-	↑4V*	-	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Renne et al.³	2020	MRI (NM)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Schmidt et al.⁴¹	2023	MRI (NM)	↓ns	↑4V/V ns	ns	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Sergeant et al.⁴²	2017	MRI (T1w/T1w-C/ T2W/DWI/ FLAIR)	-	↑4V ns	-	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Siffert et al.⁴³	2000	CT & MRI (NM)	↑edema ns	-	↑edema ns	-	-	DN ns	-	High Risk
Zhang et al.⁴⁴	2019	CT & MRI (NM)	↑compression*	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk

Preoperative structural imaging—ppCMS compared with non-ppCMS patients
Author	Year	Modality	Lesion localization		Involvement/ invasion/ compression/ injury					QUIPS Overall Risk of Bias
Author	Year	Modality	CH	4V and/or V	Brainstem	SCP	MCP	Cerebellar nuclei	ION	QUIPS Overall Risk of Bias
Boisgontier et al.²³	2021	MRI (ASL/ T2W)	ns	V ns	-	ns	ns	DN ns	-	Low Risk
Liu et al.²⁴	2018	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑ 4V*	↑ns	↑L ↑R ns	↑BI*	DN ↑L↑R	-	Low Risk
Toescu et al.²⁵	2018	MRI (T1W/T2W/ FLAIR/DWI)	-	-	-	ns	-	DN & RN ns	-	Low Risk
Yang et al.²⁶	2023	MRI (T1w/T2W/ FLAIR)	↑L* ↑R* superior	↑V*	↑*	↑R* > ↑L*	-	-	-	Low Risk
Catsman-Berrevoets et al.²⁷	1999	CT & MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
de Laurentis et al.²⁸	2022	MRI (NM)		↑4V*↑V ns	↑ ns	↑R*	↑R*	-	-	Moderate Risk
Dhaenens et al.²⁹	2020	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V*	↑*	↑R* > ↑L*	↑R* > ↑L*	-	-	Moderate Risk
Kotil et al.³⁰	2008	CT & MRI (NM)	↓*	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
McEvoy et al.³¹	2016	MRI (DTI/ MPRAGE (T1W))	-	-	ns	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
McMillan et al.³²	2009	MRI (T1W/T2W)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Morris et al.³³	2009	MRI (DTI/T2W)		↑4V (rostal)*	ns	ns	ns	DN ns	-	Moderate Risk
Pols et al.³⁴	2017	MRI (T1W/T1W-C/ T2W/FLAIR)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Ruella et al.³⁵	2023	MRI (NM)	↓*	↑ 4V/ V*	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Wells et al.³⁶	2010	MRI (T1W/T2W/T1W-C)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Yang et al.³⁷	2023	T1W/T2W/ FLAIR/DWI	-	↑4V/V*	-	-	-	-	-	Moderate Risk
Doxey et al.³⁸	1999	MRI (NM)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Gora et al.³⁹	2017	CT &MRI (NM)	-	-	ns	ns	ns		-	High Risk
Ma et al.⁴⁰	2019	MRI (NM)	-	↑4V*	-	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Renne et al.³	2020	MRI (NM)	-	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Schmidt et al.⁴¹	2023	MRI (NM)	↓ns	↑4V/V ns	ns	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Sergeant et al.⁴²	2017	MRI (T1w/T1w-C/ T2W/DWI/ FLAIR)	-	↑4V ns	-	-	-	-	-	High Risk
Siffert et al.⁴³	2000	CT & MRI (NM)	↑edema ns	-	↑edema ns	-	-	DN ns	-	High Risk
Zhang et al.⁴⁴	2019	CT & MRI (NM)	↑compression*	-	↑*	-	-	-	-	High Risk

↑More involvement of the region in ppCMS compared with non-ppCMS patients;

↓Less involvement of the region in ppCMS compared with non-ppCMS patients.

*Significant results; ns, nonsignificant; -, not measured.

4V, 4th ventricle; ASL, arterial spin labeling; BI, bilateral; CH, cerebellar hemisphere; DN, dentate nucleus; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; DWI, diffusion weighted imaging; FLAIR, fluid attenuation inversion recovery; ION, inferior olivary nucleus; MCP, middle cerebellar peduncle; NM, not mentioned; PD, proton density; RN, red nucleus; SCP, superior cerebellar peduncle; T1W-C, T1-weighted imaging with contrast; T1W, T1-weighted imaging; T2W, T2-weighted imaging; UNI, unilateral; V, vermis.

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