| Study Namea . | N (Baseline-FU) . | Age (SD) . | % Female . | Primary Diagnosis . | Comorbidity . | Treatment . | Baseline DOI (y) . | FU Duration (y) . | Attrition Rate . | Outcome Categories Reported . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Addington 2000S1 | 80-65 | 33.2 (8.9) | 21.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Routine care (100%) | 11.2 y | 2.5 y | 18.8% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| BeaudoinS2 | 919-919 | 41.1 (11.0) | 27.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (4.4%); Other anxiety disorder (8.5%); Major depression (13.5%); Alcohol dependence (8.4%); Alcohol abuse (8.5%); Drug dependence (6.9%); Drug abuse (11.0%); Antisocial personality disorder (0.5%); Other personality disorder (1.0%); Other comorbid diagnosis (4.0%) | NR | >10 y | 1.5 y | 24.7% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Buonocore 2018S3 | 60-60 | 34.9 (9.7) | 45.3% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Computer-assisted CRT (100%); Standard rehabilitation therapy (SRT; 100%); Risperidone (23%); Haloperidol (15%); Clozapine (39%); Olanzapine (7%); Aripiprazole (8%); Paliperidone (2%); Fluphenazine (3%); Chlorpromazine (3%) | 10.8 y | 5 y | 6.3% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Chan 2003S4 | 25-25 | 40.4 (7.8) | 44.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | 15.4 y | 0.3 y; 0.7 y; 1 y | 16.0% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Chien 2014S5,S6 | 124-124 | 25.6 (7.7) | 43.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (71.0%); Antidepressants (12.1%) | 2.6 y | 1 y; 2 y | 0.9% | Connectedness; Overall personal recovery |
| Conley 2007S7 | 2228-1167 | 41.8 (11.2) | 38.5% | Schizophrenia (57.18%); Schizoaffective disorder (33.57%); Other psychotic disorder (9.25%) | Substance use disorder: 27.96%; Personality disorder: 14.50%; Depressive disorder: 39.36% | Antidepressants (38.78%); Anti-anxiety agents (11.31%); Mood stabilizers (31.24%); Hypnotics (1.71%); Antiparkinsonian agents (44.79%); Atypical antipsychotics (59.78%); Typical antipsychotics (58.21%) | 21.6 y | 3 y | 4.3% | Connectedness; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Dellazizzo 2021S8 | 74-30 | 42.5 (12.7) | 24.3% | Schizophrenia (77.0%); Schizoaffective disorder (23.0%) | NR | Atypical antipsychotics (96%); Virtual reality (VR)-assisted therapy (50%); Cognitive behavioral therapy (50%) | 16.0 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 16.2% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Fernández-Modamio 2021S9 | 299-188 | 44.3 (13.4) | 39.5% | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | Social Cognition Training Program (SCTP; 50.0%); Neurocognitive training (100%); Antipsychotics (100%) | 22.9 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 37.1% | Connectedness; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Fowler 2012S10 | 255-207 | 37.6 (11.0) | 30.0% | Schizophrenia (85%); Schizoaffective disorder (13%); Delusional disorder (2%) | NR | NR | 10.7 y | 0.3 y; 1 y | 18.2% | Identity |
| Fowler 2018S11 | 135-93 | 24.5 (7.9) | 21.8% | Nonaffective psychosis (100%) | NR | Early Intervention Services (100%); Social recovery therapy (49.03%) | 2.1 y | 0.8 y; 1.3 y | 17.4% | Hope and optimism; Empowerment; Meaning in life |
| Galderisi 2020S12 | 921-618 | 40.2 (10.7) | 30.4% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Substance abuse (5.0%); Alcohol abuse (4.9%) | Antipsychotics (76.8%); Integrated treatment (26.8%) | 16.2 y | 4 y | 32.9% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Hope and optimism; Identity |
| Godin 2019S13 | 770-325 | 32.7 (9.9) | 26.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Anxiety disorder (37.40%); Tobacco smoking (51.56%); Cannabis use disorder (28.44%); Alcohol use disorder (20.13%) | Antipsychotics (21.17%); Antidepressants (25.71%) | 10.7 y | 1 y | 61.4% | Meaning in life |
| Gorna 2008S14 | 125-125 | 24.7 (6.7) | 37.8% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | <2 y | 1 y; 5 y | 21.3% | Connectedness; Meaning in life; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Gumley 2022S15 | 73-54 | 43.0 (12.0) | 49.3% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Empower intervention (57.5%); TAU (42.5%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 17.8% | Meaning in life; Overall personal Recovery |
| Hayhurst 2014S16 | 354-290 | 39.5 (11.4) | 32.0% | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective, schizophreniform, or delusional disorder, | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 11.6 y | 1 y | 18.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Heering 2015S17 | 648-648 | 27.7 (8.0) | 23.8% | Schizophrenia; Schizophreniform disorder; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | NR | 4.4 y | 3.3 y | 42.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Ito 2015S18 | 54-54 | 30.6 (10.1) | 53.2% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 2.0 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y | 53.9% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Jørgensen 2015S19 | 101-94 | 37.5 (12.6) | 53.5% | Schizophrenia (92.08%); Schizoaffective disorder (7.92%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Guided self-determination intervention (49.5%) | 9.8 y | 0.3 y; 0.5 y; 1 y | 7.9% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery |
| Kane 2016S20,S21 | 404-404 | 23.1 (5.1) | 27.5% | Schizophrenia (52.97%); Schizoaffective disorder, bipolar (5.94%); Schizoaffective disorder, depressive (14.11%); Schizophreniform disorder (16.58%); Brief psychotic disorder (0.50%); Psychotic disorder NOS (9.90%) | Alcohol abuse/dependence (36.39%); Cannabis abuse/dependence (35.64%) | Antipsychotics (83.42%); Personalized medication management, family psychoeducation, resilience-focused individual therapy, and supported employment and education (55.20%); Community care (44.80%) | 3.7 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y; 2 y | 43.8% | Connectedness; Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Kelly 2009S122 | 43-43 | 44.1 (8.3) | 27.9% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Haloperidol (58,14%); Olanzapine (41,86%) | 22.1 y | 1 y | 23.2% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Kim 2019S23 | 87-87 | 33.6 (9.8) | 49.4% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 8.8 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 29.9% | Meaning in life |
| Kumazaki 2012S24 | 56-36 | 60.3 (6.2) | 44.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Optimal Treatment Project (OTP) interventions (100%) | 27.6 y | 1 y; 2 y; 3 y; 4 y; 5 y; 6 y; 12 y; 15 y | 35.7% | Connectedness; Meaning in life; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Lasser 2005S25 | 582-582 | 40.9 (13.0) | 33.9% | Schizophrenia (83.39%); Schizoaffective disorder (16.61%) | NR | Antipsychotics (98.79%) | NR | 1 y | 20.3% | Connectedness |
| Lee 2023S26 | 54-54 | 32.3 (9.3) | 38.9% | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 12.7 y | 14.1 y | 40.7% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Litman 2023S27 | 215-175 | 39.3 (10.8) | 39.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 10.9 y | 0.23 y; 0.46 y; 1 y | 10.7% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Liu 2023S28 | 96-76 | 36.3 (10.2) | 55.2% | Schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder (78.1%); Other Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (21.9%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 11.3 y | 2 y | 20.8% | Meaning in life |
| Lopez-Morinigo 2022S29 | 77-28 | 47.7 (9.6) | 46.8% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Metacognitive training (50.6%); Psychoeducation (49.4%); Clozapine (15.6%); Other antipsychotics (58.4%) | >5 y | 0.15 y; 1 y | 62.8% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Marino 2015S30 | 63-15 | 22.2 (4.2) | 36.9% | Schizophrenia (66.15%); Schizoaffective disorder (13.85%); Schizophreniform disorder (6.15%); Psychosis NOS (4.62%); Brief psychotic disorder (1.54%); No diagnosis (3.08%); Unknown (4.62%) | NR | Treatment connection program (100%) | 10.2 y | 2 y | 69.2% | Connectedness; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| McNeely 2022S31 | 51-40 | 45.5 (13.7) | 41.2% | Schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders (100%) | NR | Self-management Engaging Together (SET) for Health (100%) | 21.3 y | 1.1 y | 21.6% | Hope and optimism about the future; Meaning in life |
| Moncrieff 2023S32 | 253-175 | 46.3 (11.8) | 32.4% | Schizophrenia (68.77%); Other psychotic disorders (31.23%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | >5 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 2 y | 24.9% | Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Morrison 2018S33 | 75-60 | 23.6 (6.1) | 42.7% | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or delusional disorder | NR | CBT (68%); Antipsychotics (65.33%) | <2 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 20.0% | Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Na 2016S34 | 25-25 | 28.2 (6.4) | 48.0% | Schizophrenia (60.00%); Schizoaffective disorder (12.00%); Psychotic disorder NOS (28.00%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Mind flower programs (100%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 4.0% | Empowerment; Identity |
| Neill 2022S35 | 85-43 | 39.7 (9.3) | 71.8% | Schizophrenia (91.9%); Schizoaffective disorder (8.1%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 15.7 y | 0.2 y; 0.5 y; 1 y | 49.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Ortega 2020S36 | 61-61 | 24.1 (4.3) | 24.6% | First episode Psychosis (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <5 y | 1 y | unclear | Meaning in life |
| Prouteau 2005S37 | 55-55 | 34.3 (12.0) | 34.6% | Schizophrenia (70.90%); Schizoaffective disorder (23.60%); Schizophreniform disorder (3.6%); Unspecified psychotic disorder (1.8%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Integrated Psychological Treatment (100%); Antidepressants (23.64%); Mood stabilizers (20.00%); Antiparkinsonians (40.00%); Anxiolytics (3.64%) | 7.4 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.3 y | 0.0% | Empowerment |
| Rowland 2018S38 | 263-216 | 21.3 (4.9) | 25.8% | Schizophrenia (84.52%); Delusional disorder (15.48%) | Substance use (70.03%) | Early Intervention Services (100%) | 0.0 y | 1 y | 17.9% | Meaning in life |
| Salyers 2014S39,S40 | 116-70 | 47.7 (8.9) | 20.7% | Schizophrenia (46.55%); Schizoaffective disorder (55.17%) | NR | Illness Management and Recovery (50.8%); Intensive Problem Solving (49.2%); Antipsychotics (100%) | NR | 0.8 y; 1.5 y | 40.7% | Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Schmidt 2017S41 | 120-120 | 34.3 (11.2) | 43.3% | Schizophrenia (55%); Schizoaffective disorder (19.17%); Schizophreniform disorder (14.17%); Delusional disorder (5.83%); Psychotic disorder NOS (5.83%) | Substance use disorder (41.67%) | Quetiapine (100%); ACT integrated care treatment (100%) | NR | 1 y | 15.8% | Meaning in life |
| Sikira 2021S42 | 65-50 | 43.0 (11.1) | 53.9% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Volunteer befriending intervention (50.8%); Antipsychotics (95.4%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 23.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Tabo 2017S43 | 120-120 | 40.9 (10.9) | 28.3% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | 16.3 y | 1 y | unclear | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Usui 2022S44 | 59-59 | 22.6 (5.2) | 37.0% | Schizophrenia (74.1%); Schizophreniform disorder (11.1%); Delusional disorder (3.7%); Psychotic disorder NOS (11.1%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <5 y | 2.0 y | 54.2% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Veerman 2016S45 | 25-25 | 42.0 (10.4) | 24.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Alcohol use (20%); Nicotine use (56%); Cocaine use (12%) | Clozapine (100%); Psychotherapy (8%) | 19.6 y | 1 y | 19.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Wilson-d’Almeida 2013S46 | 306-306 | 41.1 (10.1) | 30.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 12.3% | Hope and optimism; Meaning in life |
| Wunderink 2009S47 | 125-125 | 26.4 (6.4) | 31.2% | Schizophrenia (45.60%); Other nonaffective psychosis (54.40%) | Cannabis dependence (24%) | Antipsychotics (100%) | 0.7 y | 0.5 y; 1.3 y; 2 y | 14.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Xie 2005S48,S49 | 152-152 | 32.4 (7.2) | 22.4% | Schizophrenia (70.41%); Schizoaffective disorder (29.59%) | Substance use disorder (100%); Alcohol use disorder (81.58%); Cannabis use disorder (44.74%); Cocaine use disorder (15.13%); Bipolar disorder (100%) | Integrated dual disorder treatment (100%) | 12 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y; 2 y; 2.5 y; 3 y; 4 y; 5 y; 6 y; 7 y; 8 y; 9 y; 10 y | 23.1% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Zäske 2018S50 | 48-24 | 32.0 (10.1) | 45.8% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <2 y | 1 y | 50.0% | Identity; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Study Namea . | N (Baseline-FU) . | Age (SD) . | % Female . | Primary Diagnosis . | Comorbidity . | Treatment . | Baseline DOI (y) . | FU Duration (y) . | Attrition Rate . | Outcome Categories Reported . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Addington 2000S1 | 80-65 | 33.2 (8.9) | 21.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Routine care (100%) | 11.2 y | 2.5 y | 18.8% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| BeaudoinS2 | 919-919 | 41.1 (11.0) | 27.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (4.4%); Other anxiety disorder (8.5%); Major depression (13.5%); Alcohol dependence (8.4%); Alcohol abuse (8.5%); Drug dependence (6.9%); Drug abuse (11.0%); Antisocial personality disorder (0.5%); Other personality disorder (1.0%); Other comorbid diagnosis (4.0%) | NR | >10 y | 1.5 y | 24.7% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Buonocore 2018S3 | 60-60 | 34.9 (9.7) | 45.3% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Computer-assisted CRT (100%); Standard rehabilitation therapy (SRT; 100%); Risperidone (23%); Haloperidol (15%); Clozapine (39%); Olanzapine (7%); Aripiprazole (8%); Paliperidone (2%); Fluphenazine (3%); Chlorpromazine (3%) | 10.8 y | 5 y | 6.3% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Chan 2003S4 | 25-25 | 40.4 (7.8) | 44.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | 15.4 y | 0.3 y; 0.7 y; 1 y | 16.0% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Chien 2014S5,S6 | 124-124 | 25.6 (7.7) | 43.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (71.0%); Antidepressants (12.1%) | 2.6 y | 1 y; 2 y | 0.9% | Connectedness; Overall personal recovery |
| Conley 2007S7 | 2228-1167 | 41.8 (11.2) | 38.5% | Schizophrenia (57.18%); Schizoaffective disorder (33.57%); Other psychotic disorder (9.25%) | Substance use disorder: 27.96%; Personality disorder: 14.50%; Depressive disorder: 39.36% | Antidepressants (38.78%); Anti-anxiety agents (11.31%); Mood stabilizers (31.24%); Hypnotics (1.71%); Antiparkinsonian agents (44.79%); Atypical antipsychotics (59.78%); Typical antipsychotics (58.21%) | 21.6 y | 3 y | 4.3% | Connectedness; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Dellazizzo 2021S8 | 74-30 | 42.5 (12.7) | 24.3% | Schizophrenia (77.0%); Schizoaffective disorder (23.0%) | NR | Atypical antipsychotics (96%); Virtual reality (VR)-assisted therapy (50%); Cognitive behavioral therapy (50%) | 16.0 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 16.2% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Fernández-Modamio 2021S9 | 299-188 | 44.3 (13.4) | 39.5% | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | Social Cognition Training Program (SCTP; 50.0%); Neurocognitive training (100%); Antipsychotics (100%) | 22.9 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 37.1% | Connectedness; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Fowler 2012S10 | 255-207 | 37.6 (11.0) | 30.0% | Schizophrenia (85%); Schizoaffective disorder (13%); Delusional disorder (2%) | NR | NR | 10.7 y | 0.3 y; 1 y | 18.2% | Identity |
| Fowler 2018S11 | 135-93 | 24.5 (7.9) | 21.8% | Nonaffective psychosis (100%) | NR | Early Intervention Services (100%); Social recovery therapy (49.03%) | 2.1 y | 0.8 y; 1.3 y | 17.4% | Hope and optimism; Empowerment; Meaning in life |
| Galderisi 2020S12 | 921-618 | 40.2 (10.7) | 30.4% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Substance abuse (5.0%); Alcohol abuse (4.9%) | Antipsychotics (76.8%); Integrated treatment (26.8%) | 16.2 y | 4 y | 32.9% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Hope and optimism; Identity |
| Godin 2019S13 | 770-325 | 32.7 (9.9) | 26.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Anxiety disorder (37.40%); Tobacco smoking (51.56%); Cannabis use disorder (28.44%); Alcohol use disorder (20.13%) | Antipsychotics (21.17%); Antidepressants (25.71%) | 10.7 y | 1 y | 61.4% | Meaning in life |
| Gorna 2008S14 | 125-125 | 24.7 (6.7) | 37.8% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | <2 y | 1 y; 5 y | 21.3% | Connectedness; Meaning in life; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Gumley 2022S15 | 73-54 | 43.0 (12.0) | 49.3% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Empower intervention (57.5%); TAU (42.5%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 17.8% | Meaning in life; Overall personal Recovery |
| Hayhurst 2014S16 | 354-290 | 39.5 (11.4) | 32.0% | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective, schizophreniform, or delusional disorder, | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 11.6 y | 1 y | 18.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Heering 2015S17 | 648-648 | 27.7 (8.0) | 23.8% | Schizophrenia; Schizophreniform disorder; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | NR | 4.4 y | 3.3 y | 42.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Ito 2015S18 | 54-54 | 30.6 (10.1) | 53.2% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 2.0 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y | 53.9% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Jørgensen 2015S19 | 101-94 | 37.5 (12.6) | 53.5% | Schizophrenia (92.08%); Schizoaffective disorder (7.92%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Guided self-determination intervention (49.5%) | 9.8 y | 0.3 y; 0.5 y; 1 y | 7.9% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery |
| Kane 2016S20,S21 | 404-404 | 23.1 (5.1) | 27.5% | Schizophrenia (52.97%); Schizoaffective disorder, bipolar (5.94%); Schizoaffective disorder, depressive (14.11%); Schizophreniform disorder (16.58%); Brief psychotic disorder (0.50%); Psychotic disorder NOS (9.90%) | Alcohol abuse/dependence (36.39%); Cannabis abuse/dependence (35.64%) | Antipsychotics (83.42%); Personalized medication management, family psychoeducation, resilience-focused individual therapy, and supported employment and education (55.20%); Community care (44.80%) | 3.7 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y; 2 y | 43.8% | Connectedness; Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Kelly 2009S122 | 43-43 | 44.1 (8.3) | 27.9% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Haloperidol (58,14%); Olanzapine (41,86%) | 22.1 y | 1 y | 23.2% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Kim 2019S23 | 87-87 | 33.6 (9.8) | 49.4% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 8.8 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 29.9% | Meaning in life |
| Kumazaki 2012S24 | 56-36 | 60.3 (6.2) | 44.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Optimal Treatment Project (OTP) interventions (100%) | 27.6 y | 1 y; 2 y; 3 y; 4 y; 5 y; 6 y; 12 y; 15 y | 35.7% | Connectedness; Meaning in life; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Lasser 2005S25 | 582-582 | 40.9 (13.0) | 33.9% | Schizophrenia (83.39%); Schizoaffective disorder (16.61%) | NR | Antipsychotics (98.79%) | NR | 1 y | 20.3% | Connectedness |
| Lee 2023S26 | 54-54 | 32.3 (9.3) | 38.9% | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 12.7 y | 14.1 y | 40.7% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Litman 2023S27 | 215-175 | 39.3 (10.8) | 39.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 10.9 y | 0.23 y; 0.46 y; 1 y | 10.7% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Liu 2023S28 | 96-76 | 36.3 (10.2) | 55.2% | Schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder (78.1%); Other Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (21.9%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 11.3 y | 2 y | 20.8% | Meaning in life |
| Lopez-Morinigo 2022S29 | 77-28 | 47.7 (9.6) | 46.8% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Metacognitive training (50.6%); Psychoeducation (49.4%); Clozapine (15.6%); Other antipsychotics (58.4%) | >5 y | 0.15 y; 1 y | 62.8% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Marino 2015S30 | 63-15 | 22.2 (4.2) | 36.9% | Schizophrenia (66.15%); Schizoaffective disorder (13.85%); Schizophreniform disorder (6.15%); Psychosis NOS (4.62%); Brief psychotic disorder (1.54%); No diagnosis (3.08%); Unknown (4.62%) | NR | Treatment connection program (100%) | 10.2 y | 2 y | 69.2% | Connectedness; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| McNeely 2022S31 | 51-40 | 45.5 (13.7) | 41.2% | Schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders (100%) | NR | Self-management Engaging Together (SET) for Health (100%) | 21.3 y | 1.1 y | 21.6% | Hope and optimism about the future; Meaning in life |
| Moncrieff 2023S32 | 253-175 | 46.3 (11.8) | 32.4% | Schizophrenia (68.77%); Other psychotic disorders (31.23%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | >5 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 2 y | 24.9% | Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Morrison 2018S33 | 75-60 | 23.6 (6.1) | 42.7% | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or delusional disorder | NR | CBT (68%); Antipsychotics (65.33%) | <2 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 20.0% | Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Na 2016S34 | 25-25 | 28.2 (6.4) | 48.0% | Schizophrenia (60.00%); Schizoaffective disorder (12.00%); Psychotic disorder NOS (28.00%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Mind flower programs (100%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 4.0% | Empowerment; Identity |
| Neill 2022S35 | 85-43 | 39.7 (9.3) | 71.8% | Schizophrenia (91.9%); Schizoaffective disorder (8.1%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 15.7 y | 0.2 y; 0.5 y; 1 y | 49.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Ortega 2020S36 | 61-61 | 24.1 (4.3) | 24.6% | First episode Psychosis (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <5 y | 1 y | unclear | Meaning in life |
| Prouteau 2005S37 | 55-55 | 34.3 (12.0) | 34.6% | Schizophrenia (70.90%); Schizoaffective disorder (23.60%); Schizophreniform disorder (3.6%); Unspecified psychotic disorder (1.8%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Integrated Psychological Treatment (100%); Antidepressants (23.64%); Mood stabilizers (20.00%); Antiparkinsonians (40.00%); Anxiolytics (3.64%) | 7.4 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.3 y | 0.0% | Empowerment |
| Rowland 2018S38 | 263-216 | 21.3 (4.9) | 25.8% | Schizophrenia (84.52%); Delusional disorder (15.48%) | Substance use (70.03%) | Early Intervention Services (100%) | 0.0 y | 1 y | 17.9% | Meaning in life |
| Salyers 2014S39,S40 | 116-70 | 47.7 (8.9) | 20.7% | Schizophrenia (46.55%); Schizoaffective disorder (55.17%) | NR | Illness Management and Recovery (50.8%); Intensive Problem Solving (49.2%); Antipsychotics (100%) | NR | 0.8 y; 1.5 y | 40.7% | Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Schmidt 2017S41 | 120-120 | 34.3 (11.2) | 43.3% | Schizophrenia (55%); Schizoaffective disorder (19.17%); Schizophreniform disorder (14.17%); Delusional disorder (5.83%); Psychotic disorder NOS (5.83%) | Substance use disorder (41.67%) | Quetiapine (100%); ACT integrated care treatment (100%) | NR | 1 y | 15.8% | Meaning in life |
| Sikira 2021S42 | 65-50 | 43.0 (11.1) | 53.9% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Volunteer befriending intervention (50.8%); Antipsychotics (95.4%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 23.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Tabo 2017S43 | 120-120 | 40.9 (10.9) | 28.3% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | 16.3 y | 1 y | unclear | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Usui 2022S44 | 59-59 | 22.6 (5.2) | 37.0% | Schizophrenia (74.1%); Schizophreniform disorder (11.1%); Delusional disorder (3.7%); Psychotic disorder NOS (11.1%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <5 y | 2.0 y | 54.2% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Veerman 2016S45 | 25-25 | 42.0 (10.4) | 24.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Alcohol use (20%); Nicotine use (56%); Cocaine use (12%) | Clozapine (100%); Psychotherapy (8%) | 19.6 y | 1 y | 19.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Wilson-d’Almeida 2013S46 | 306-306 | 41.1 (10.1) | 30.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 12.3% | Hope and optimism; Meaning in life |
| Wunderink 2009S47 | 125-125 | 26.4 (6.4) | 31.2% | Schizophrenia (45.60%); Other nonaffective psychosis (54.40%) | Cannabis dependence (24%) | Antipsychotics (100%) | 0.7 y | 0.5 y; 1.3 y; 2 y | 14.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Xie 2005S48,S49 | 152-152 | 32.4 (7.2) | 22.4% | Schizophrenia (70.41%); Schizoaffective disorder (29.59%) | Substance use disorder (100%); Alcohol use disorder (81.58%); Cannabis use disorder (44.74%); Cocaine use disorder (15.13%); Bipolar disorder (100%) | Integrated dual disorder treatment (100%) | 12 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y; 2 y; 2.5 y; 3 y; 4 y; 5 y; 6 y; 7 y; 8 y; 9 y; 10 y | 23.1% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Zäske 2018S50 | 48-24 | 32.0 (10.1) | 45.8% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <2 y | 1 y | 50.0% | Identity; Overall subjective quality of life |
Note: DOI, duration of illness; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; y, years.
aThe reference list (S1–S50) of the included studies are presented in supplementary material 7.
| Study Namea . | N (Baseline-FU) . | Age (SD) . | % Female . | Primary Diagnosis . | Comorbidity . | Treatment . | Baseline DOI (y) . | FU Duration (y) . | Attrition Rate . | Outcome Categories Reported . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Addington 2000S1 | 80-65 | 33.2 (8.9) | 21.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Routine care (100%) | 11.2 y | 2.5 y | 18.8% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| BeaudoinS2 | 919-919 | 41.1 (11.0) | 27.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (4.4%); Other anxiety disorder (8.5%); Major depression (13.5%); Alcohol dependence (8.4%); Alcohol abuse (8.5%); Drug dependence (6.9%); Drug abuse (11.0%); Antisocial personality disorder (0.5%); Other personality disorder (1.0%); Other comorbid diagnosis (4.0%) | NR | >10 y | 1.5 y | 24.7% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Buonocore 2018S3 | 60-60 | 34.9 (9.7) | 45.3% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Computer-assisted CRT (100%); Standard rehabilitation therapy (SRT; 100%); Risperidone (23%); Haloperidol (15%); Clozapine (39%); Olanzapine (7%); Aripiprazole (8%); Paliperidone (2%); Fluphenazine (3%); Chlorpromazine (3%) | 10.8 y | 5 y | 6.3% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Chan 2003S4 | 25-25 | 40.4 (7.8) | 44.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | 15.4 y | 0.3 y; 0.7 y; 1 y | 16.0% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Chien 2014S5,S6 | 124-124 | 25.6 (7.7) | 43.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (71.0%); Antidepressants (12.1%) | 2.6 y | 1 y; 2 y | 0.9% | Connectedness; Overall personal recovery |
| Conley 2007S7 | 2228-1167 | 41.8 (11.2) | 38.5% | Schizophrenia (57.18%); Schizoaffective disorder (33.57%); Other psychotic disorder (9.25%) | Substance use disorder: 27.96%; Personality disorder: 14.50%; Depressive disorder: 39.36% | Antidepressants (38.78%); Anti-anxiety agents (11.31%); Mood stabilizers (31.24%); Hypnotics (1.71%); Antiparkinsonian agents (44.79%); Atypical antipsychotics (59.78%); Typical antipsychotics (58.21%) | 21.6 y | 3 y | 4.3% | Connectedness; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Dellazizzo 2021S8 | 74-30 | 42.5 (12.7) | 24.3% | Schizophrenia (77.0%); Schizoaffective disorder (23.0%) | NR | Atypical antipsychotics (96%); Virtual reality (VR)-assisted therapy (50%); Cognitive behavioral therapy (50%) | 16.0 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 16.2% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Fernández-Modamio 2021S9 | 299-188 | 44.3 (13.4) | 39.5% | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | Social Cognition Training Program (SCTP; 50.0%); Neurocognitive training (100%); Antipsychotics (100%) | 22.9 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 37.1% | Connectedness; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Fowler 2012S10 | 255-207 | 37.6 (11.0) | 30.0% | Schizophrenia (85%); Schizoaffective disorder (13%); Delusional disorder (2%) | NR | NR | 10.7 y | 0.3 y; 1 y | 18.2% | Identity |
| Fowler 2018S11 | 135-93 | 24.5 (7.9) | 21.8% | Nonaffective psychosis (100%) | NR | Early Intervention Services (100%); Social recovery therapy (49.03%) | 2.1 y | 0.8 y; 1.3 y | 17.4% | Hope and optimism; Empowerment; Meaning in life |
| Galderisi 2020S12 | 921-618 | 40.2 (10.7) | 30.4% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Substance abuse (5.0%); Alcohol abuse (4.9%) | Antipsychotics (76.8%); Integrated treatment (26.8%) | 16.2 y | 4 y | 32.9% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Hope and optimism; Identity |
| Godin 2019S13 | 770-325 | 32.7 (9.9) | 26.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Anxiety disorder (37.40%); Tobacco smoking (51.56%); Cannabis use disorder (28.44%); Alcohol use disorder (20.13%) | Antipsychotics (21.17%); Antidepressants (25.71%) | 10.7 y | 1 y | 61.4% | Meaning in life |
| Gorna 2008S14 | 125-125 | 24.7 (6.7) | 37.8% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | <2 y | 1 y; 5 y | 21.3% | Connectedness; Meaning in life; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Gumley 2022S15 | 73-54 | 43.0 (12.0) | 49.3% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Empower intervention (57.5%); TAU (42.5%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 17.8% | Meaning in life; Overall personal Recovery |
| Hayhurst 2014S16 | 354-290 | 39.5 (11.4) | 32.0% | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective, schizophreniform, or delusional disorder, | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 11.6 y | 1 y | 18.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Heering 2015S17 | 648-648 | 27.7 (8.0) | 23.8% | Schizophrenia; Schizophreniform disorder; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | NR | 4.4 y | 3.3 y | 42.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Ito 2015S18 | 54-54 | 30.6 (10.1) | 53.2% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 2.0 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y | 53.9% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Jørgensen 2015S19 | 101-94 | 37.5 (12.6) | 53.5% | Schizophrenia (92.08%); Schizoaffective disorder (7.92%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Guided self-determination intervention (49.5%) | 9.8 y | 0.3 y; 0.5 y; 1 y | 7.9% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery |
| Kane 2016S20,S21 | 404-404 | 23.1 (5.1) | 27.5% | Schizophrenia (52.97%); Schizoaffective disorder, bipolar (5.94%); Schizoaffective disorder, depressive (14.11%); Schizophreniform disorder (16.58%); Brief psychotic disorder (0.50%); Psychotic disorder NOS (9.90%) | Alcohol abuse/dependence (36.39%); Cannabis abuse/dependence (35.64%) | Antipsychotics (83.42%); Personalized medication management, family psychoeducation, resilience-focused individual therapy, and supported employment and education (55.20%); Community care (44.80%) | 3.7 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y; 2 y | 43.8% | Connectedness; Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Kelly 2009S122 | 43-43 | 44.1 (8.3) | 27.9% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Haloperidol (58,14%); Olanzapine (41,86%) | 22.1 y | 1 y | 23.2% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Kim 2019S23 | 87-87 | 33.6 (9.8) | 49.4% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 8.8 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 29.9% | Meaning in life |
| Kumazaki 2012S24 | 56-36 | 60.3 (6.2) | 44.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Optimal Treatment Project (OTP) interventions (100%) | 27.6 y | 1 y; 2 y; 3 y; 4 y; 5 y; 6 y; 12 y; 15 y | 35.7% | Connectedness; Meaning in life; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Lasser 2005S25 | 582-582 | 40.9 (13.0) | 33.9% | Schizophrenia (83.39%); Schizoaffective disorder (16.61%) | NR | Antipsychotics (98.79%) | NR | 1 y | 20.3% | Connectedness |
| Lee 2023S26 | 54-54 | 32.3 (9.3) | 38.9% | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 12.7 y | 14.1 y | 40.7% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Litman 2023S27 | 215-175 | 39.3 (10.8) | 39.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 10.9 y | 0.23 y; 0.46 y; 1 y | 10.7% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Liu 2023S28 | 96-76 | 36.3 (10.2) | 55.2% | Schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder (78.1%); Other Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (21.9%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 11.3 y | 2 y | 20.8% | Meaning in life |
| Lopez-Morinigo 2022S29 | 77-28 | 47.7 (9.6) | 46.8% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Metacognitive training (50.6%); Psychoeducation (49.4%); Clozapine (15.6%); Other antipsychotics (58.4%) | >5 y | 0.15 y; 1 y | 62.8% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Marino 2015S30 | 63-15 | 22.2 (4.2) | 36.9% | Schizophrenia (66.15%); Schizoaffective disorder (13.85%); Schizophreniform disorder (6.15%); Psychosis NOS (4.62%); Brief psychotic disorder (1.54%); No diagnosis (3.08%); Unknown (4.62%) | NR | Treatment connection program (100%) | 10.2 y | 2 y | 69.2% | Connectedness; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| McNeely 2022S31 | 51-40 | 45.5 (13.7) | 41.2% | Schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders (100%) | NR | Self-management Engaging Together (SET) for Health (100%) | 21.3 y | 1.1 y | 21.6% | Hope and optimism about the future; Meaning in life |
| Moncrieff 2023S32 | 253-175 | 46.3 (11.8) | 32.4% | Schizophrenia (68.77%); Other psychotic disorders (31.23%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | >5 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 2 y | 24.9% | Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Morrison 2018S33 | 75-60 | 23.6 (6.1) | 42.7% | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or delusional disorder | NR | CBT (68%); Antipsychotics (65.33%) | <2 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 20.0% | Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Na 2016S34 | 25-25 | 28.2 (6.4) | 48.0% | Schizophrenia (60.00%); Schizoaffective disorder (12.00%); Psychotic disorder NOS (28.00%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Mind flower programs (100%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 4.0% | Empowerment; Identity |
| Neill 2022S35 | 85-43 | 39.7 (9.3) | 71.8% | Schizophrenia (91.9%); Schizoaffective disorder (8.1%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 15.7 y | 0.2 y; 0.5 y; 1 y | 49.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Ortega 2020S36 | 61-61 | 24.1 (4.3) | 24.6% | First episode Psychosis (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <5 y | 1 y | unclear | Meaning in life |
| Prouteau 2005S37 | 55-55 | 34.3 (12.0) | 34.6% | Schizophrenia (70.90%); Schizoaffective disorder (23.60%); Schizophreniform disorder (3.6%); Unspecified psychotic disorder (1.8%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Integrated Psychological Treatment (100%); Antidepressants (23.64%); Mood stabilizers (20.00%); Antiparkinsonians (40.00%); Anxiolytics (3.64%) | 7.4 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.3 y | 0.0% | Empowerment |
| Rowland 2018S38 | 263-216 | 21.3 (4.9) | 25.8% | Schizophrenia (84.52%); Delusional disorder (15.48%) | Substance use (70.03%) | Early Intervention Services (100%) | 0.0 y | 1 y | 17.9% | Meaning in life |
| Salyers 2014S39,S40 | 116-70 | 47.7 (8.9) | 20.7% | Schizophrenia (46.55%); Schizoaffective disorder (55.17%) | NR | Illness Management and Recovery (50.8%); Intensive Problem Solving (49.2%); Antipsychotics (100%) | NR | 0.8 y; 1.5 y | 40.7% | Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Schmidt 2017S41 | 120-120 | 34.3 (11.2) | 43.3% | Schizophrenia (55%); Schizoaffective disorder (19.17%); Schizophreniform disorder (14.17%); Delusional disorder (5.83%); Psychotic disorder NOS (5.83%) | Substance use disorder (41.67%) | Quetiapine (100%); ACT integrated care treatment (100%) | NR | 1 y | 15.8% | Meaning in life |
| Sikira 2021S42 | 65-50 | 43.0 (11.1) | 53.9% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Volunteer befriending intervention (50.8%); Antipsychotics (95.4%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 23.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Tabo 2017S43 | 120-120 | 40.9 (10.9) | 28.3% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | 16.3 y | 1 y | unclear | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Usui 2022S44 | 59-59 | 22.6 (5.2) | 37.0% | Schizophrenia (74.1%); Schizophreniform disorder (11.1%); Delusional disorder (3.7%); Psychotic disorder NOS (11.1%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <5 y | 2.0 y | 54.2% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Veerman 2016S45 | 25-25 | 42.0 (10.4) | 24.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Alcohol use (20%); Nicotine use (56%); Cocaine use (12%) | Clozapine (100%); Psychotherapy (8%) | 19.6 y | 1 y | 19.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Wilson-d’Almeida 2013S46 | 306-306 | 41.1 (10.1) | 30.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 12.3% | Hope and optimism; Meaning in life |
| Wunderink 2009S47 | 125-125 | 26.4 (6.4) | 31.2% | Schizophrenia (45.60%); Other nonaffective psychosis (54.40%) | Cannabis dependence (24%) | Antipsychotics (100%) | 0.7 y | 0.5 y; 1.3 y; 2 y | 14.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Xie 2005S48,S49 | 152-152 | 32.4 (7.2) | 22.4% | Schizophrenia (70.41%); Schizoaffective disorder (29.59%) | Substance use disorder (100%); Alcohol use disorder (81.58%); Cannabis use disorder (44.74%); Cocaine use disorder (15.13%); Bipolar disorder (100%) | Integrated dual disorder treatment (100%) | 12 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y; 2 y; 2.5 y; 3 y; 4 y; 5 y; 6 y; 7 y; 8 y; 9 y; 10 y | 23.1% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Zäske 2018S50 | 48-24 | 32.0 (10.1) | 45.8% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <2 y | 1 y | 50.0% | Identity; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Study Namea . | N (Baseline-FU) . | Age (SD) . | % Female . | Primary Diagnosis . | Comorbidity . | Treatment . | Baseline DOI (y) . | FU Duration (y) . | Attrition Rate . | Outcome Categories Reported . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Addington 2000S1 | 80-65 | 33.2 (8.9) | 21.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Routine care (100%) | 11.2 y | 2.5 y | 18.8% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| BeaudoinS2 | 919-919 | 41.1 (11.0) | 27.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (4.4%); Other anxiety disorder (8.5%); Major depression (13.5%); Alcohol dependence (8.4%); Alcohol abuse (8.5%); Drug dependence (6.9%); Drug abuse (11.0%); Antisocial personality disorder (0.5%); Other personality disorder (1.0%); Other comorbid diagnosis (4.0%) | NR | >10 y | 1.5 y | 24.7% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Buonocore 2018S3 | 60-60 | 34.9 (9.7) | 45.3% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Computer-assisted CRT (100%); Standard rehabilitation therapy (SRT; 100%); Risperidone (23%); Haloperidol (15%); Clozapine (39%); Olanzapine (7%); Aripiprazole (8%); Paliperidone (2%); Fluphenazine (3%); Chlorpromazine (3%) | 10.8 y | 5 y | 6.3% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Chan 2003S4 | 25-25 | 40.4 (7.8) | 44.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | 15.4 y | 0.3 y; 0.7 y; 1 y | 16.0% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Chien 2014S5,S6 | 124-124 | 25.6 (7.7) | 43.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (71.0%); Antidepressants (12.1%) | 2.6 y | 1 y; 2 y | 0.9% | Connectedness; Overall personal recovery |
| Conley 2007S7 | 2228-1167 | 41.8 (11.2) | 38.5% | Schizophrenia (57.18%); Schizoaffective disorder (33.57%); Other psychotic disorder (9.25%) | Substance use disorder: 27.96%; Personality disorder: 14.50%; Depressive disorder: 39.36% | Antidepressants (38.78%); Anti-anxiety agents (11.31%); Mood stabilizers (31.24%); Hypnotics (1.71%); Antiparkinsonian agents (44.79%); Atypical antipsychotics (59.78%); Typical antipsychotics (58.21%) | 21.6 y | 3 y | 4.3% | Connectedness; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Dellazizzo 2021S8 | 74-30 | 42.5 (12.7) | 24.3% | Schizophrenia (77.0%); Schizoaffective disorder (23.0%) | NR | Atypical antipsychotics (96%); Virtual reality (VR)-assisted therapy (50%); Cognitive behavioral therapy (50%) | 16.0 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 16.2% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Fernández-Modamio 2021S9 | 299-188 | 44.3 (13.4) | 39.5% | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | Social Cognition Training Program (SCTP; 50.0%); Neurocognitive training (100%); Antipsychotics (100%) | 22.9 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 37.1% | Connectedness; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Fowler 2012S10 | 255-207 | 37.6 (11.0) | 30.0% | Schizophrenia (85%); Schizoaffective disorder (13%); Delusional disorder (2%) | NR | NR | 10.7 y | 0.3 y; 1 y | 18.2% | Identity |
| Fowler 2018S11 | 135-93 | 24.5 (7.9) | 21.8% | Nonaffective psychosis (100%) | NR | Early Intervention Services (100%); Social recovery therapy (49.03%) | 2.1 y | 0.8 y; 1.3 y | 17.4% | Hope and optimism; Empowerment; Meaning in life |
| Galderisi 2020S12 | 921-618 | 40.2 (10.7) | 30.4% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Substance abuse (5.0%); Alcohol abuse (4.9%) | Antipsychotics (76.8%); Integrated treatment (26.8%) | 16.2 y | 4 y | 32.9% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Hope and optimism; Identity |
| Godin 2019S13 | 770-325 | 32.7 (9.9) | 26.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Anxiety disorder (37.40%); Tobacco smoking (51.56%); Cannabis use disorder (28.44%); Alcohol use disorder (20.13%) | Antipsychotics (21.17%); Antidepressants (25.71%) | 10.7 y | 1 y | 61.4% | Meaning in life |
| Gorna 2008S14 | 125-125 | 24.7 (6.7) | 37.8% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | <2 y | 1 y; 5 y | 21.3% | Connectedness; Meaning in life; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Gumley 2022S15 | 73-54 | 43.0 (12.0) | 49.3% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Empower intervention (57.5%); TAU (42.5%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 17.8% | Meaning in life; Overall personal Recovery |
| Hayhurst 2014S16 | 354-290 | 39.5 (11.4) | 32.0% | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective, schizophreniform, or delusional disorder, | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 11.6 y | 1 y | 18.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Heering 2015S17 | 648-648 | 27.7 (8.0) | 23.8% | Schizophrenia; Schizophreniform disorder; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | NR | 4.4 y | 3.3 y | 42.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Ito 2015S18 | 54-54 | 30.6 (10.1) | 53.2% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 2.0 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y | 53.9% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Jørgensen 2015S19 | 101-94 | 37.5 (12.6) | 53.5% | Schizophrenia (92.08%); Schizoaffective disorder (7.92%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Guided self-determination intervention (49.5%) | 9.8 y | 0.3 y; 0.5 y; 1 y | 7.9% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery |
| Kane 2016S20,S21 | 404-404 | 23.1 (5.1) | 27.5% | Schizophrenia (52.97%); Schizoaffective disorder, bipolar (5.94%); Schizoaffective disorder, depressive (14.11%); Schizophreniform disorder (16.58%); Brief psychotic disorder (0.50%); Psychotic disorder NOS (9.90%) | Alcohol abuse/dependence (36.39%); Cannabis abuse/dependence (35.64%) | Antipsychotics (83.42%); Personalized medication management, family psychoeducation, resilience-focused individual therapy, and supported employment and education (55.20%); Community care (44.80%) | 3.7 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y; 2 y | 43.8% | Connectedness; Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Kelly 2009S122 | 43-43 | 44.1 (8.3) | 27.9% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Haloperidol (58,14%); Olanzapine (41,86%) | 22.1 y | 1 y | 23.2% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Kim 2019S23 | 87-87 | 33.6 (9.8) | 49.4% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 8.8 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 29.9% | Meaning in life |
| Kumazaki 2012S24 | 56-36 | 60.3 (6.2) | 44.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Optimal Treatment Project (OTP) interventions (100%) | 27.6 y | 1 y; 2 y; 3 y; 4 y; 5 y; 6 y; 12 y; 15 y | 35.7% | Connectedness; Meaning in life; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Lasser 2005S25 | 582-582 | 40.9 (13.0) | 33.9% | Schizophrenia (83.39%); Schizoaffective disorder (16.61%) | NR | Antipsychotics (98.79%) | NR | 1 y | 20.3% | Connectedness |
| Lee 2023S26 | 54-54 | 32.3 (9.3) | 38.9% | Schizophrenia; Schizoaffective disorder | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 12.7 y | 14.1 y | 40.7% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Litman 2023S27 | 215-175 | 39.3 (10.8) | 39.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 10.9 y | 0.23 y; 0.46 y; 1 y | 10.7% | Connectedness; Empowerment; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Liu 2023S28 | 96-76 | 36.3 (10.2) | 55.2% | Schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder (78.1%); Other Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (21.9%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 11.3 y | 2 y | 20.8% | Meaning in life |
| Lopez-Morinigo 2022S29 | 77-28 | 47.7 (9.6) | 46.8% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Metacognitive training (50.6%); Psychoeducation (49.4%); Clozapine (15.6%); Other antipsychotics (58.4%) | >5 y | 0.15 y; 1 y | 62.8% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Marino 2015S30 | 63-15 | 22.2 (4.2) | 36.9% | Schizophrenia (66.15%); Schizoaffective disorder (13.85%); Schizophreniform disorder (6.15%); Psychosis NOS (4.62%); Brief psychotic disorder (1.54%); No diagnosis (3.08%); Unknown (4.62%) | NR | Treatment connection program (100%) | 10.2 y | 2 y | 69.2% | Connectedness; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| McNeely 2022S31 | 51-40 | 45.5 (13.7) | 41.2% | Schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders (100%) | NR | Self-management Engaging Together (SET) for Health (100%) | 21.3 y | 1.1 y | 21.6% | Hope and optimism about the future; Meaning in life |
| Moncrieff 2023S32 | 253-175 | 46.3 (11.8) | 32.4% | Schizophrenia (68.77%); Other psychotic disorders (31.23%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | >5 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 2 y | 24.9% | Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Morrison 2018S33 | 75-60 | 23.6 (6.1) | 42.7% | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or delusional disorder | NR | CBT (68%); Antipsychotics (65.33%) | <2 y | 0.5 y; 1 y | 20.0% | Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Na 2016S34 | 25-25 | 28.2 (6.4) | 48.0% | Schizophrenia (60.00%); Schizoaffective disorder (12.00%); Psychotic disorder NOS (28.00%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Mind flower programs (100%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 4.0% | Empowerment; Identity |
| Neill 2022S35 | 85-43 | 39.7 (9.3) | 71.8% | Schizophrenia (91.9%); Schizoaffective disorder (8.1%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | 15.7 y | 0.2 y; 0.5 y; 1 y | 49.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Ortega 2020S36 | 61-61 | 24.1 (4.3) | 24.6% | First episode Psychosis (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <5 y | 1 y | unclear | Meaning in life |
| Prouteau 2005S37 | 55-55 | 34.3 (12.0) | 34.6% | Schizophrenia (70.90%); Schizoaffective disorder (23.60%); Schizophreniform disorder (3.6%); Unspecified psychotic disorder (1.8%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%); Integrated Psychological Treatment (100%); Antidepressants (23.64%); Mood stabilizers (20.00%); Antiparkinsonians (40.00%); Anxiolytics (3.64%) | 7.4 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.3 y | 0.0% | Empowerment |
| Rowland 2018S38 | 263-216 | 21.3 (4.9) | 25.8% | Schizophrenia (84.52%); Delusional disorder (15.48%) | Substance use (70.03%) | Early Intervention Services (100%) | 0.0 y | 1 y | 17.9% | Meaning in life |
| Salyers 2014S39,S40 | 116-70 | 47.7 (8.9) | 20.7% | Schizophrenia (46.55%); Schizoaffective disorder (55.17%) | NR | Illness Management and Recovery (50.8%); Intensive Problem Solving (49.2%); Antipsychotics (100%) | NR | 0.8 y; 1.5 y | 40.7% | Hope and optimism; Overall personal recovery; Overall subjective quality of life |
| Schmidt 2017S41 | 120-120 | 34.3 (11.2) | 43.3% | Schizophrenia (55%); Schizoaffective disorder (19.17%); Schizophreniform disorder (14.17%); Delusional disorder (5.83%); Psychotic disorder NOS (5.83%) | Substance use disorder (41.67%) | Quetiapine (100%); ACT integrated care treatment (100%) | NR | 1 y | 15.8% | Meaning in life |
| Sikira 2021S42 | 65-50 | 43.0 (11.1) | 53.9% | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (100%) | NR | Volunteer befriending intervention (50.8%); Antipsychotics (95.4%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 23.1% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Tabo 2017S43 | 120-120 | 40.9 (10.9) | 28.3% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | NR | 16.3 y | 1 y | unclear | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Usui 2022S44 | 59-59 | 22.6 (5.2) | 37.0% | Schizophrenia (74.1%); Schizophreniform disorder (11.1%); Delusional disorder (3.7%); Psychotic disorder NOS (11.1%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <5 y | 2.0 y | 54.2% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Veerman 2016S45 | 25-25 | 42.0 (10.4) | 24.0% | Schizophrenia (100%) | Alcohol use (20%); Nicotine use (56%); Cocaine use (12%) | Clozapine (100%); Psychotherapy (8%) | 19.6 y | 1 y | 19.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Wilson-d’Almeida 2013S46 | 306-306 | 41.1 (10.1) | 30.1% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | NR | 0.5 y; 1 y | 12.3% | Hope and optimism; Meaning in life |
| Wunderink 2009S47 | 125-125 | 26.4 (6.4) | 31.2% | Schizophrenia (45.60%); Other nonaffective psychosis (54.40%) | Cannabis dependence (24%) | Antipsychotics (100%) | 0.7 y | 0.5 y; 1.3 y; 2 y | 14.4% | Overall subjective quality of life |
| Xie 2005S48,S49 | 152-152 | 32.4 (7.2) | 22.4% | Schizophrenia (70.41%); Schizoaffective disorder (29.59%) | Substance use disorder (100%); Alcohol use disorder (81.58%); Cannabis use disorder (44.74%); Cocaine use disorder (15.13%); Bipolar disorder (100%) | Integrated dual disorder treatment (100%) | 12 y | 0.5 y; 1 y; 1.5 y; 2 y; 2.5 y; 3 y; 4 y; 5 y; 6 y; 7 y; 8 y; 9 y; 10 y | 23.1% | Connectedness; Meaning in life |
| Zäske 2018S50 | 48-24 | 32.0 (10.1) | 45.8% | Schizophrenia (100%) | NR | Antipsychotics (100%) | <2 y | 1 y | 50.0% | Identity; Overall subjective quality of life |
Note: DOI, duration of illness; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; y, years.
aThe reference list (S1–S50) of the included studies are presented in supplementary material 7.
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