Association between mental stress–induced HF HRV change and rest HF HRV and the study endpoints in the pooled cohort
| . | Mental stress–induced HF HRV decrease . | . | . | Low rest HRV . | . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 644) . | No (n = 104) . | Rate difference per 100 person-years (95% CI) . | HR (95% CI) . | Yes (n = 188) . | No (n = 560) . | Rate difference per 100 person-years (95% CI) . | HR (95% CI) . | |
| Cardiovascular mortalitya | ||||||||
| Total no. of events | 35 | 2 | – | – | 17 | 20 | – | – |
| Rate per 100 person-years | 1.04 | 0.35 | 0.69 (0.1, 1.27) | – | 1.7 | 0.68 | 1.01 (0.17, 1.86) | – |
| Model 1 | – | – | – | 2.79 (0.77, 10.19) | – | – | – | 2.41 (2.35, 2.48) |
| Model 2 = Model 1 + demographic factorsb | – | – | – | 3.09 (0.81, 11.86) | – | – | – | 2.62 (2.03, 3.39) |
| Model 3 = Model 2 + cardiovascular risk factorsc | – | – | – | 2.94 (1.12, 7.66) | – | – | – | 1.98 (1.75, 2.24) |
| Model 4 = Model 3 + stress testingd | – | – | – | 2.63 (1.13, 6.12) | – | – | – | 1.87 (1.71, 2.04) |
| All-cause mortalitya | ||||||||
| Total no. of events | 60 | 5 | – | – | 27 | 38 | – | – |
| Rate per 100 person-years | 1.78 | 0.88 | 0.9 (0.03, 1.77) | – | 2.69 | 1.29 | 1.4 (0.33, 2.47) | – |
| Model 1 | – | – | – | 1.95 (1.38, 2.77) | – | – | – | 2.03 (1.25, 3.31) |
| Model 2 = Model 1 + demographic factorsb | – | – | – | 2.1 (1.47, 3.01) | – | – | – | 2.06 (1.15, 3.69) |
| Model 3 = Model 2 + cardiovascular risk factorsc | – | – | – | 2 (1.5, 2.67) | – | – | – | 1.85 (1.14, 2.99) |
| Model 4 = Model 3 + stress testingd | – | – | – | 2.23 (2.18, 2.28) | – | – | – | 1.77 (1.02, 3.07) |
| . | Mental stress–induced HF HRV decrease . | . | . | Low rest HRV . | . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 644) . | No (n = 104) . | Rate difference per 100 person-years (95% CI) . | HR (95% CI) . | Yes (n = 188) . | No (n = 560) . | Rate difference per 100 person-years (95% CI) . | HR (95% CI) . | |
| Cardiovascular mortalitya | ||||||||
| Total no. of events | 35 | 2 | – | – | 17 | 20 | – | – |
| Rate per 100 person-years | 1.04 | 0.35 | 0.69 (0.1, 1.27) | – | 1.7 | 0.68 | 1.01 (0.17, 1.86) | – |
| Model 1 | – | – | – | 2.79 (0.77, 10.19) | – | – | – | 2.41 (2.35, 2.48) |
| Model 2 = Model 1 + demographic factorsb | – | – | – | 3.09 (0.81, 11.86) | – | – | – | 2.62 (2.03, 3.39) |
| Model 3 = Model 2 + cardiovascular risk factorsc | – | – | – | 2.94 (1.12, 7.66) | – | – | – | 1.98 (1.75, 2.24) |
| Model 4 = Model 3 + stress testingd | – | – | – | 2.63 (1.13, 6.12) | – | – | – | 1.87 (1.71, 2.04) |
| All-cause mortalitya | ||||||||
| Total no. of events | 60 | 5 | – | – | 27 | 38 | – | – |
| Rate per 100 person-years | 1.78 | 0.88 | 0.9 (0.03, 1.77) | – | 2.69 | 1.29 | 1.4 (0.33, 2.47) | – |
| Model 1 | – | – | – | 1.95 (1.38, 2.77) | – | – | – | 2.03 (1.25, 3.31) |
| Model 2 = Model 1 + demographic factorsb | – | – | – | 2.1 (1.47, 3.01) | – | – | – | 2.06 (1.15, 3.69) |
| Model 3 = Model 2 + cardiovascular risk factorsc | – | – | – | 2 (1.5, 2.67) | – | – | – | 1.85 (1.14, 2.99) |
| Model 4 = Model 3 + stress testingd | – | – | – | 2.23 (2.18, 2.28) | – | – | – | 1.77 (1.02, 3.07) |
HF, high frequency; HRV, heart rate variability; HR, hazard ratio.
aThe median observation period was 5.6 (IQR, 3.6–7.6)
bAge, sex, and race (Black v. non-Black participants).
cBody mass index, smoking status, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, history of dyslipidaemia, previous myocardial infarction (MIPS) or ischaemia (MIMS2) with ST changes, and heart failure were originally included. Variables that did not significantly change the effect size were removed, and only hyperlipidaemia and heart failure were retained.
dAbnormal myocardial perfusion by conventional stress testing was defined as > 4 difference between the summed rest and stress scores.
Association between mental stress–induced HF HRV change and rest HF HRV and the study endpoints in the pooled cohort
| . | Mental stress–induced HF HRV decrease . | . | . | Low rest HRV . | . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 644) . | No (n = 104) . | Rate difference per 100 person-years (95% CI) . | HR (95% CI) . | Yes (n = 188) . | No (n = 560) . | Rate difference per 100 person-years (95% CI) . | HR (95% CI) . | |
| Cardiovascular mortalitya | ||||||||
| Total no. of events | 35 | 2 | – | – | 17 | 20 | – | – |
| Rate per 100 person-years | 1.04 | 0.35 | 0.69 (0.1, 1.27) | – | 1.7 | 0.68 | 1.01 (0.17, 1.86) | – |
| Model 1 | – | – | – | 2.79 (0.77, 10.19) | – | – | – | 2.41 (2.35, 2.48) |
| Model 2 = Model 1 + demographic factorsb | – | – | – | 3.09 (0.81, 11.86) | – | – | – | 2.62 (2.03, 3.39) |
| Model 3 = Model 2 + cardiovascular risk factorsc | – | – | – | 2.94 (1.12, 7.66) | – | – | – | 1.98 (1.75, 2.24) |
| Model 4 = Model 3 + stress testingd | – | – | – | 2.63 (1.13, 6.12) | – | – | – | 1.87 (1.71, 2.04) |
| All-cause mortalitya | ||||||||
| Total no. of events | 60 | 5 | – | – | 27 | 38 | – | – |
| Rate per 100 person-years | 1.78 | 0.88 | 0.9 (0.03, 1.77) | – | 2.69 | 1.29 | 1.4 (0.33, 2.47) | – |
| Model 1 | – | – | – | 1.95 (1.38, 2.77) | – | – | – | 2.03 (1.25, 3.31) |
| Model 2 = Model 1 + demographic factorsb | – | – | – | 2.1 (1.47, 3.01) | – | – | – | 2.06 (1.15, 3.69) |
| Model 3 = Model 2 + cardiovascular risk factorsc | – | – | – | 2 (1.5, 2.67) | – | – | – | 1.85 (1.14, 2.99) |
| Model 4 = Model 3 + stress testingd | – | – | – | 2.23 (2.18, 2.28) | – | – | – | 1.77 (1.02, 3.07) |
| . | Mental stress–induced HF HRV decrease . | . | . | Low rest HRV . | . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 644) . | No (n = 104) . | Rate difference per 100 person-years (95% CI) . | HR (95% CI) . | Yes (n = 188) . | No (n = 560) . | Rate difference per 100 person-years (95% CI) . | HR (95% CI) . | |
| Cardiovascular mortalitya | ||||||||
| Total no. of events | 35 | 2 | – | – | 17 | 20 | – | – |
| Rate per 100 person-years | 1.04 | 0.35 | 0.69 (0.1, 1.27) | – | 1.7 | 0.68 | 1.01 (0.17, 1.86) | – |
| Model 1 | – | – | – | 2.79 (0.77, 10.19) | – | – | – | 2.41 (2.35, 2.48) |
| Model 2 = Model 1 + demographic factorsb | – | – | – | 3.09 (0.81, 11.86) | – | – | – | 2.62 (2.03, 3.39) |
| Model 3 = Model 2 + cardiovascular risk factorsc | – | – | – | 2.94 (1.12, 7.66) | – | – | – | 1.98 (1.75, 2.24) |
| Model 4 = Model 3 + stress testingd | – | – | – | 2.63 (1.13, 6.12) | – | – | – | 1.87 (1.71, 2.04) |
| All-cause mortalitya | ||||||||
| Total no. of events | 60 | 5 | – | – | 27 | 38 | – | – |
| Rate per 100 person-years | 1.78 | 0.88 | 0.9 (0.03, 1.77) | – | 2.69 | 1.29 | 1.4 (0.33, 2.47) | – |
| Model 1 | – | – | – | 1.95 (1.38, 2.77) | – | – | – | 2.03 (1.25, 3.31) |
| Model 2 = Model 1 + demographic factorsb | – | – | – | 2.1 (1.47, 3.01) | – | – | – | 2.06 (1.15, 3.69) |
| Model 3 = Model 2 + cardiovascular risk factorsc | – | – | – | 2 (1.5, 2.67) | – | – | – | 1.85 (1.14, 2.99) |
| Model 4 = Model 3 + stress testingd | – | – | – | 2.23 (2.18, 2.28) | – | – | – | 1.77 (1.02, 3.07) |
HF, high frequency; HRV, heart rate variability; HR, hazard ratio.
aThe median observation period was 5.6 (IQR, 3.6–7.6)
bAge, sex, and race (Black v. non-Black participants).
cBody mass index, smoking status, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, history of dyslipidaemia, previous myocardial infarction (MIPS) or ischaemia (MIMS2) with ST changes, and heart failure were originally included. Variables that did not significantly change the effect size were removed, and only hyperlipidaemia and heart failure were retained.
dAbnormal myocardial perfusion by conventional stress testing was defined as > 4 difference between the summed rest and stress scores.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
