Table 2. Open in new tab Amino acid...

	Diet
Alanine	2.28 (5.08)	2.05 (4.71)	1.98 (4.51)	2.08 (4.54)	2.12 (4.65)	2.04 (4.67)	2.04 (4.67)	2.09 (4.70)	2.25 (5.21)
Arginine	3.19 (7.10)	3.21 (7.38)	3.47 (7.90)	3.63 (7.92)	3.68 (8.07)	3.50 (8.01)	3.51 (8.03)	3.36 (7.56)	3.21 (7.43)
Aspartic acid	4.61 (10.27)	5.26 (12.09)	5.08 (11.57)	5.31 (11.58)	5.43 (11.91)	5.21 (11.92)	5.21 (11.92)	5.10 (11.47)	4.34 (10.05)
Cystine	0.63 (1.40)	0.69 (1.57)	0.70 (1.59)	0.73 (1.59)	0.75 (1.64)	0.72 (1.65)	0.71 (1.62)	0.77 (1.73)	0.66 (1.53)
Glutamic acid	8.51 (18.95)	9.97 (22.92)	9.12 (20.8)	9.58 (20.89)	9.81 (21.51)	9.37 (21.44)	9.35 (21.40)	9.40 (21.15)	8.36 (19.35)
Glycine	2.33 (5.20)	2.06 (4.74)	2.00 (4.56)	2.10 (4.58)	2.16 (4.74)	2.06 (4.71)	2.04 (4.67)	2.02 (4.54)	2.68 (6.21)
Histidine	1.24 (2.76)	1.13 (2.60)	1.20 (2.73)	1.24 (2.70)	1.28 (2.81)	1.21 (2.77)	1.20 (2.75)	1.20 (2.70)	1.10 (2.55)
Isoleucine	2.00 (4.45)	2.01 (4.62)	2.03 (4.62)	2.11 (4.60)	2.15 (4.71)	2.06 (4.71)	2.06 (4.71)	2.04 (4.59)	1.85 (4.28)
Leucine	3.58 (7.97)	3.59 (8.25)	3.64 (8.29)	3.85 (8.40)	3.92 (8.60)	3.75 (8.58)	3.73 (8.54)	3.77 (8.48)	3.39 (7.85)
Lysine	2.75 (6.12)	2.63 (6.05)	2.50 (5.69)^b	2.88 (6.28)	2.51 (5.50)	2.81 (6.43)	2.48 (5.68)	2.33 (5.24)	2.14 (4.95)
Methionine	0.86 (1.93)	0.66 (1.52)	0.97 (2.21)	1.34 (2.92)	1.03 (2.26)	0.68 (1.56)	1.30 (2.97)	0.65 (1.46)	0.66 (1.53)
Phenylalanine	2.21 (4.92)	2.29 (5.26)	2.38 (5.42)	2.48 (5.41)	2.54 (5.57)	2.43 (5.56)	2.42 (5.54)	2.40 (5.40)	2.12 (4.91)
Proline	2.69 (5.99)	3.09 (7.10)	2.77 (6.31)	2.90 (6.32)	2.99 (6.56)	2.77 (6.34)	2.74 (6.27)	2.85 (6.41)	2.89 (6.69)
Serine	2.26 (5.03)	2.42 (5.56)	2.40 (5.47)	2.51 (5.47)	2.57 (5.64)	2.47 (5.65)	2.46 (5.63)	2.47 (5.56)	2.16 (5.00)
Threonine	1.72 (3.83)	2.00 (4.60)	1.83 (4.17)	1.92 (4.19)	1.96 (4.30)	1.87 (4.28)	1.87 (4.28)	1.85 (4.16)	1.72 (3.98)
Tyrosine	1.44 (3.21)	1.51 (3.47)	1.55 (3.53)	1.58 (3.45)	1.64 (3.60)	1.56 (3.57)	1.56 (3.57)	1.54 (3.46)	1.35 (3.13)
Valine	2.24 (4.99)	2.19 (5.03)	2.16 (4.92)	2.24 (4.89)	2.27 (4.98)	2.19 (5.01)	2.21 (5.06)	2.20 (4.95)	2.09 (4.84)
TSAA^a	1.49	1.35	1.67	2.07	1.78	1.40	2.01	1.42	1.32

Diet

Amino acid

1 (control)

Alanine

2.28 (5.08)

2.05 (4.71)

1.98 (4.51)

2.08 (4.54)

2.12 (4.65)

2.04 (4.67)

2.09 (4.70)

2.25 (5.21)

Arginine

3.19 (7.10)

3.21 (7.38)

3.47 (7.90)

3.63 (7.92)

3.68 (8.07)

3.50 (8.01)

3.51 (8.03)

3.36 (7.56)

3.21 (7.43)

Aspartic acid

4.61 (10.27)

5.26 (12.09)

5.08 (11.57)

5.31 (11.58)

5.43 (11.91)

5.21 (11.92)

5.10 (11.47)

4.34 (10.05)

Cystine

0.63 (1.40)

0.69 (1.57)

0.70 (1.59)

0.73 (1.59)

0.75 (1.64)

0.72 (1.65)

0.71 (1.62)

0.77 (1.73)

0.66 (1.53)

Glutamic acid

8.51 (18.95)

9.97 (22.92)

9.12 (20.8)

9.58 (20.89)

9.81 (21.51)

9.37 (21.44)

9.35 (21.40)

9.40 (21.15)

8.36 (19.35)

Glycine

2.33 (5.20)

2.06 (4.74)

2.00 (4.56)

2.10 (4.58)

2.16 (4.74)

2.06 (4.71)

2.04 (4.67)

2.02 (4.54)

2.68 (6.21)

Histidine

1.24 (2.76)

1.13 (2.60)

1.20 (2.73)

1.24 (2.70)

1.28 (2.81)

1.21 (2.77)

1.20 (2.75)

1.20 (2.70)

1.10 (2.55)

Isoleucine

2.00 (4.45)

2.01 (4.62)

2.03 (4.62)

2.11 (4.60)

2.15 (4.71)

2.06 (4.71)

2.04 (4.59)

1.85 (4.28)

Leucine

3.58 (7.97)

3.59 (8.25)

3.64 (8.29)

3.85 (8.40)

3.92 (8.60)

3.75 (8.58)

3.73 (8.54)

3.77 (8.48)

3.39 (7.85)

Lysine

2.75 (6.12)

2.63 (6.05)

2.50 (5.69)^b

2.88 (6.28)

2.51 (5.50)

2.81 (6.43)

2.48 (5.68)

2.33 (5.24)

2.14 (4.95)

Methionine

0.86 (1.93)

0.66 (1.52)

0.97 (2.21)

1.34 (2.92)

1.03 (2.26)

0.68 (1.56)

1.30 (2.97)

0.65 (1.46)

0.66 (1.53)

Phenylalanine

2.21 (4.92)

2.29 (5.26)

2.38 (5.42)

2.48 (5.41)

2.54 (5.57)

2.43 (5.56)

2.42 (5.54)

2.40 (5.40)

2.12 (4.91)

Proline

2.69 (5.99)

3.09 (7.10)

2.77 (6.31)

2.90 (6.32)

2.99 (6.56)

2.77 (6.34)

2.74 (6.27)

2.85 (6.41)

2.89 (6.69)

Serine

2.26 (5.03)

2.42 (5.56)

2.40 (5.47)

2.51 (5.47)

2.57 (5.64)

2.47 (5.65)

2.46 (5.63)

2.47 (5.56)

2.16 (5.00)

Threonine

1.72 (3.83)

2.00 (4.60)

1.83 (4.17)

1.92 (4.19)

1.96 (4.30)

1.87 (4.28)

1.85 (4.16)

1.72 (3.98)

Tyrosine

1.44 (3.21)

1.51 (3.47)

1.55 (3.53)

1.58 (3.45)

1.64 (3.60)

1.56 (3.57)

1.54 (3.46)

1.35 (3.13)

Valine

2.24 (4.99)

2.19 (5.03)

2.16 (4.92)

2.24 (4.89)

2.27 (4.98)

2.19 (5.01)

2.21 (5.06)

2.20 (4.95)

2.09 (4.84)

TSAA^a

1.49

1.35

1.67

2.07

1.78

1.40

2.01

1.42

1.32

	Diet
Alanine	2.28 (5.08)	2.05 (4.71)	1.98 (4.51)	2.08 (4.54)	2.12 (4.65)	2.04 (4.67)	2.04 (4.67)	2.09 (4.70)	2.25 (5.21)
Arginine	3.19 (7.10)	3.21 (7.38)	3.47 (7.90)	3.63 (7.92)	3.68 (8.07)	3.50 (8.01)	3.51 (8.03)	3.36 (7.56)	3.21 (7.43)
Aspartic acid	4.61 (10.27)	5.26 (12.09)	5.08 (11.57)	5.31 (11.58)	5.43 (11.91)	5.21 (11.92)	5.21 (11.92)	5.10 (11.47)	4.34 (10.05)
Cystine	0.63 (1.40)	0.69 (1.57)	0.70 (1.59)	0.73 (1.59)	0.75 (1.64)	0.72 (1.65)	0.71 (1.62)	0.77 (1.73)	0.66 (1.53)
Glutamic acid	8.51 (18.95)	9.97 (22.92)	9.12 (20.8)	9.58 (20.89)	9.81 (21.51)	9.37 (21.44)	9.35 (21.40)	9.40 (21.15)	8.36 (19.35)
Glycine	2.33 (5.20)	2.06 (4.74)	2.00 (4.56)	2.10 (4.58)	2.16 (4.74)	2.06 (4.71)	2.04 (4.67)	2.02 (4.54)	2.68 (6.21)
Histidine	1.24 (2.76)	1.13 (2.60)	1.20 (2.73)	1.24 (2.70)	1.28 (2.81)	1.21 (2.77)	1.20 (2.75)	1.20 (2.70)	1.10 (2.55)
Isoleucine	2.00 (4.45)	2.01 (4.62)	2.03 (4.62)	2.11 (4.60)	2.15 (4.71)	2.06 (4.71)	2.06 (4.71)	2.04 (4.59)	1.85 (4.28)
Leucine	3.58 (7.97)	3.59 (8.25)	3.64 (8.29)	3.85 (8.40)	3.92 (8.60)	3.75 (8.58)	3.73 (8.54)	3.77 (8.48)	3.39 (7.85)
Lysine	2.75 (6.12)	2.63 (6.05)	2.50 (5.69)^b	2.88 (6.28)	2.51 (5.50)	2.81 (6.43)	2.48 (5.68)	2.33 (5.24)	2.14 (4.95)
Methionine	0.86 (1.93)	0.66 (1.52)	0.97 (2.21)	1.34 (2.92)	1.03 (2.26)	0.68 (1.56)	1.30 (2.97)	0.65 (1.46)	0.66 (1.53)
Phenylalanine	2.21 (4.92)	2.29 (5.26)	2.38 (5.42)	2.48 (5.41)	2.54 (5.57)	2.43 (5.56)	2.42 (5.54)	2.40 (5.40)	2.12 (4.91)
Proline	2.69 (5.99)	3.09 (7.10)	2.77 (6.31)	2.90 (6.32)	2.99 (6.56)	2.77 (6.34)	2.74 (6.27)	2.85 (6.41)	2.89 (6.69)
Serine	2.26 (5.03)	2.42 (5.56)	2.40 (5.47)	2.51 (5.47)	2.57 (5.64)	2.47 (5.65)	2.46 (5.63)	2.47 (5.56)	2.16 (5.00)
Threonine	1.72 (3.83)	2.00 (4.60)	1.83 (4.17)	1.92 (4.19)	1.96 (4.30)	1.87 (4.28)	1.87 (4.28)	1.85 (4.16)	1.72 (3.98)
Tyrosine	1.44 (3.21)	1.51 (3.47)	1.55 (3.53)	1.58 (3.45)	1.64 (3.60)	1.56 (3.57)	1.56 (3.57)	1.54 (3.46)	1.35 (3.13)
Valine	2.24 (4.99)	2.19 (5.03)	2.16 (4.92)	2.24 (4.89)	2.27 (4.98)	2.19 (5.01)	2.21 (5.06)	2.20 (4.95)	2.09 (4.84)
TSAA^a	1.49	1.35	1.67	2.07	1.78	1.40	2.01	1.42	1.32

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Amino acid composition (%) of a control diet and eight practical diets containing plant and animal protein sources either singly or in combinations, with and without amino acid supplementation, as total replacements of fish meal fed to Nile tilapia fry. Values are percentage of the diet and presented as the mean of two replications per diet. The amount of amino acid expressed as a percentage of the dietary protein is given in parentheses. TSAA = total sulfur amino acid.

	Diet
Amino acid	1 (control)	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Alanine	2.28 (5.08)	2.05 (4.71)	1.98 (4.51)	2.08 (4.54)	2.12 (4.65)	2.04 (4.67)	2.04 (4.67)	2.09 (4.70)	2.25 (5.21)
Arginine	3.19 (7.10)	3.21 (7.38)	3.47 (7.90)	3.63 (7.92)	3.68 (8.07)	3.50 (8.01)	3.51 (8.03)	3.36 (7.56)	3.21 (7.43)
Aspartic acid	4.61 (10.27)	5.26 (12.09)	5.08 (11.57)	5.31 (11.58)	5.43 (11.91)	5.21 (11.92)	5.21 (11.92)	5.10 (11.47)	4.34 (10.05)
Cystine	0.63 (1.40)	0.69 (1.57)	0.70 (1.59)	0.73 (1.59)	0.75 (1.64)	0.72 (1.65)	0.71 (1.62)	0.77 (1.73)	0.66 (1.53)
Glutamic acid	8.51 (18.95)	9.97 (22.92)	9.12 (20.8)	9.58 (20.89)	9.81 (21.51)	9.37 (21.44)	9.35 (21.40)	9.40 (21.15)	8.36 (19.35)
Glycine	2.33 (5.20)	2.06 (4.74)	2.00 (4.56)	2.10 (4.58)	2.16 (4.74)	2.06 (4.71)	2.04 (4.67)	2.02 (4.54)	2.68 (6.21)
Histidine	1.24 (2.76)	1.13 (2.60)	1.20 (2.73)	1.24 (2.70)	1.28 (2.81)	1.21 (2.77)	1.20 (2.75)	1.20 (2.70)	1.10 (2.55)
Isoleucine	2.00 (4.45)	2.01 (4.62)	2.03 (4.62)	2.11 (4.60)	2.15 (4.71)	2.06 (4.71)	2.06 (4.71)	2.04 (4.59)	1.85 (4.28)
Leucine	3.58 (7.97)	3.59 (8.25)	3.64 (8.29)	3.85 (8.40)	3.92 (8.60)	3.75 (8.58)	3.73 (8.54)	3.77 (8.48)	3.39 (7.85)
Lysine	2.75 (6.12)	2.63 (6.05)	2.50 (5.69)^b	2.88 (6.28)	2.51 (5.50)	2.81 (6.43)	2.48 (5.68)	2.33 (5.24)	2.14 (4.95)
Methionine	0.86 (1.93)	0.66 (1.52)	0.97 (2.21)	1.34 (2.92)	1.03 (2.26)	0.68 (1.56)	1.30 (2.97)	0.65 (1.46)	0.66 (1.53)
Phenylalanine	2.21 (4.92)	2.29 (5.26)	2.38 (5.42)	2.48 (5.41)	2.54 (5.57)	2.43 (5.56)	2.42 (5.54)	2.40 (5.40)	2.12 (4.91)
Proline	2.69 (5.99)	3.09 (7.10)	2.77 (6.31)	2.90 (6.32)	2.99 (6.56)	2.77 (6.34)	2.74 (6.27)	2.85 (6.41)	2.89 (6.69)
Serine	2.26 (5.03)	2.42 (5.56)	2.40 (5.47)	2.51 (5.47)	2.57 (5.64)	2.47 (5.65)	2.46 (5.63)	2.47 (5.56)	2.16 (5.00)
Threonine	1.72 (3.83)	2.00 (4.60)	1.83 (4.17)	1.92 (4.19)	1.96 (4.30)	1.87 (4.28)	1.87 (4.28)	1.85 (4.16)	1.72 (3.98)
Tyrosine	1.44 (3.21)	1.51 (3.47)	1.55 (3.53)	1.58 (3.45)	1.64 (3.60)	1.56 (3.57)	1.56 (3.57)	1.54 (3.46)	1.35 (3.13)
Valine	2.24 (4.99)	2.19 (5.03)	2.16 (4.92)	2.24 (4.89)	2.27 (4.98)	2.19 (5.01)	2.21 (5.06)	2.20 (4.95)	2.09 (4.84)
TSAA^a	1.49	1.35	1.67	2.07	1.78	1.40	2.01	1.42	1.32

	Diet
Amino acid	1 (control)	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Alanine	2.28 (5.08)	2.05 (4.71)	1.98 (4.51)	2.08 (4.54)	2.12 (4.65)	2.04 (4.67)	2.04 (4.67)	2.09 (4.70)	2.25 (5.21)
Arginine	3.19 (7.10)	3.21 (7.38)	3.47 (7.90)	3.63 (7.92)	3.68 (8.07)	3.50 (8.01)	3.51 (8.03)	3.36 (7.56)	3.21 (7.43)
Aspartic acid	4.61 (10.27)	5.26 (12.09)	5.08 (11.57)	5.31 (11.58)	5.43 (11.91)	5.21 (11.92)	5.21 (11.92)	5.10 (11.47)	4.34 (10.05)
Cystine	0.63 (1.40)	0.69 (1.57)	0.70 (1.59)	0.73 (1.59)	0.75 (1.64)	0.72 (1.65)	0.71 (1.62)	0.77 (1.73)	0.66 (1.53)
Glutamic acid	8.51 (18.95)	9.97 (22.92)	9.12 (20.8)	9.58 (20.89)	9.81 (21.51)	9.37 (21.44)	9.35 (21.40)	9.40 (21.15)	8.36 (19.35)
Glycine	2.33 (5.20)	2.06 (4.74)	2.00 (4.56)	2.10 (4.58)	2.16 (4.74)	2.06 (4.71)	2.04 (4.67)	2.02 (4.54)	2.68 (6.21)
Histidine	1.24 (2.76)	1.13 (2.60)	1.20 (2.73)	1.24 (2.70)	1.28 (2.81)	1.21 (2.77)	1.20 (2.75)	1.20 (2.70)	1.10 (2.55)
Isoleucine	2.00 (4.45)	2.01 (4.62)	2.03 (4.62)	2.11 (4.60)	2.15 (4.71)	2.06 (4.71)	2.06 (4.71)	2.04 (4.59)	1.85 (4.28)
Leucine	3.58 (7.97)	3.59 (8.25)	3.64 (8.29)	3.85 (8.40)	3.92 (8.60)	3.75 (8.58)	3.73 (8.54)	3.77 (8.48)	3.39 (7.85)
Lysine	2.75 (6.12)	2.63 (6.05)	2.50 (5.69)^b	2.88 (6.28)	2.51 (5.50)	2.81 (6.43)	2.48 (5.68)	2.33 (5.24)	2.14 (4.95)
Methionine	0.86 (1.93)	0.66 (1.52)	0.97 (2.21)	1.34 (2.92)	1.03 (2.26)	0.68 (1.56)	1.30 (2.97)	0.65 (1.46)	0.66 (1.53)
Phenylalanine	2.21 (4.92)	2.29 (5.26)	2.38 (5.42)	2.48 (5.41)	2.54 (5.57)	2.43 (5.56)	2.42 (5.54)	2.40 (5.40)	2.12 (4.91)
Proline	2.69 (5.99)	3.09 (7.10)	2.77 (6.31)	2.90 (6.32)	2.99 (6.56)	2.77 (6.34)	2.74 (6.27)	2.85 (6.41)	2.89 (6.69)
Serine	2.26 (5.03)	2.42 (5.56)	2.40 (5.47)	2.51 (5.47)	2.57 (5.64)	2.47 (5.65)	2.46 (5.63)	2.47 (5.56)	2.16 (5.00)
Threonine	1.72 (3.83)	2.00 (4.60)	1.83 (4.17)	1.92 (4.19)	1.96 (4.30)	1.87 (4.28)	1.87 (4.28)	1.85 (4.16)	1.72 (3.98)
Tyrosine	1.44 (3.21)	1.51 (3.47)	1.55 (3.53)	1.58 (3.45)	1.64 (3.60)	1.56 (3.57)	1.56 (3.57)	1.54 (3.46)	1.35 (3.13)
Valine	2.24 (4.99)	2.19 (5.03)	2.16 (4.92)	2.24 (4.89)	2.27 (4.98)	2.19 (5.01)	2.21 (5.06)	2.20 (4.95)	2.09 (4.84)
TSAA^a	1.49	1.35	1.67	2.07	1.78	1.40	2.01	1.42	1.32

TSAA (methionine plus cystine) requirement is 0.9% of the diet (Santiago and Lovell 1988).

Data cannot explain why l‐lysine in diet 3 with 0.30% supplementation is lower than diet 2 having no l‐lysine added.

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