Table 2. Open in new tab Mean whole‐body...

Fatty acid^a	Initial (i)	2×/week (8)	1×/week (4)	2×/month (2)	1×/month (1)	Pr > F
12:0	0.31 ± 0.03 z	0.05 ± 0.04 y	0.05 ± 0.04 y	0.10 ± 0.04 y	0.00 ± 0.05 y	<0.001
14:0	2.78 ± 0.25 z	1.52 ± 0.31 zy	1.41 ± 0.31 y	1.94 ± 0.31 zy	1.15 ± 0.36 y	0.011
15:0	1.41 ± 0.12 z	0.67 ± 0.14 y	0.63 ± 0.15 y	0.84 ± 0.15 zy	0.64 ± 0.17 y	0.002
16:0	17.68 ± 1.12	17.88 ± 1.37	17.08 ± 1.37	19.83 ± 1.37	16.42 ± 1.58	0.574
17:0	1.75 ± 0.07 z	1.44 ± 0.08 y	1.43 ± 0.08 y	1.75 ± 0.08 z	1.60 ± 0.10 zy	0.021
18:0	6.46 ± 0.22	6.90 ± 0.26	6.98 ± 0.26	6.59 ± 0.26	7.39 ± 0.31	0.174
19:0	1.01 ± 0.13	1.07 ± 0.16	1.14 ± 0.16	1.09 ± 0.16	1.19 ± 0.19	0.954
20:0	0.51 ± 0.05	0.54 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.06	0.63 ± 0.06	0.54 ± 0.07	0.714
21:0	2.91 ± 0.49	3.03 ± 0.60	3.26 ± 0.60	3.71 ± 0.60	3.26 ± 0.70	0.969
Sum of saturates	34.84 ± 1.48	33.10 ± 1.82	32.54 ± 1.82	36.49 ± 1.82	32.18 ± 2.10	0.449
14:1	1.33 ± 0.18	0.83 ± 0.22	0.80 ± 0.22	1.14 ± 0.22	0.66 ± 0.25	0.188
16:1	8.73 ± 0.74 z	4.94 ± 0.90 zy	4.81 ± 0.90 y	5.90 ± 0.90 zy	3.88 ± 0.90 y	0.012
18:1(n‐7) (VAC)	11.30 ± 0.98	10.24 ± 1.20	10.49 ± 1.20	11.62 ± 1.20	8.63 ± 1.38	0.492
18:1(n‐9)	5.59 ± 0.28 z	4.34 ± 0.34 zy	4.16 ± 0.34 y	4.81 ± 0.34 zy	4.25 ± 0.39 zy	0.027
20:1	1.43 ± 0.15	1.51 ± 0.19	1.59 ± 0.19	1.76 ± 0.19	1.58 ± 0.22	0.825
22:1	1.54 ± 0.30	1.65 ± 0.37	0.37 ± 0.37	0.85 ± 0.37	1.07 ± 0.42	0.166
24:1	2.63 ± 0.42	3.14 ± 0.52	2.52 ± 0.52	3.22 ± 0.52	3.54 ± 0.60	0.777
Sum of monoenes	32.56 ± 1.79	26.64 ± 2.19	24.74 ± 2.19	29.30 ± 2.19	23.62 ± 2.53	0.059
18:2(n‐6) (LA)	5.11 ± 0.42 y	7.22 ± 0.52 z	5.89 ± 0.52 zy	5.59 ± 0.52 zy	5.23 ± 0.60 zy	0.044
18:3(n‐3) (ALA)	1.47 ± 0.22	1.58 ± 0.27	1.69 ± 0.27	1.26 ± 0.27	1.73 ± 0.32	0.613
18:3(n‐6) (GLA)	2.84 ± 0.18	2.25 ± 0.23	2.19 ± 0.23	2.68 ± 0.23	1.99 ± 0.26	0.062
20:2	1.31 ± 0.17	1.50 ± 0.21	1.59 ± 0.21	1.68 ± 0.21	1.55 ± 0.24	0.762
20:3 (all)	2.25 ± 0.38	2.22 ± 0.47	2.23 ± 0.47	2.26 ± 0.47	3.01 ± 0.54	0.750
20:4 (ARA)	3.66 ± 0.60 y	6.26 ± 0.73 z	7.14 ± 0.73 z	5.54 ± 0.73 zy	8.47 ± 0.85 z	<0.001
20:5(n‐3) (EPA)	2.56 ± 0.21	2.65 ± 0.26	2.90 ± 0.26	2.70 ± 0.26	3.15 ± 0.30	0.594
22:2	0.83 ± 0.40	0.71 ± 0.49	1.13 ± 0.49	0.30 ± 0.49	1.26 ± 0.57	0.718
22:4	2.28 ± 0.35	1.85 ± 0.43	2.38 ± 0.43	0.92 ± 0.43	1.49 ± 0.49	0.108
22:5(n‐3) (DPA)	3.15 ± 0.29	3.62 ± 0.37	3.75 ± 0.37	3.63 ± 0.37	4.00 ± 0.41	0.523
22:6(n‐3) (DHA)	6.36 ± 1.17 y	9.36 ± 1.43 zy	10.61 ± 1.43 z	7.34 ± 1.43 zy	11.01 ± 1.65 z	0.018
PUFAs	31.81 ± 2.30 y	39.21 ± 2.81 z	41.50 ± 2.81 z	33.90 ± 2.81 zy	42.86 ± 3.25 z	0.032
Σn‐3	13.53 ± 1.57 y	17.20 ± 1.92 zy	18.95 ± 1.92 z	14.92 ± 1.92 zy	19.88 ± 2.21 z	0.023
Σn‐6	18.28 ± 1.03 y	22.01 ± 1.26 z	22.55 ± 1.26 z	18.98 ± 1.26 zy	22.99 ± 1.46 z	0.036
n‐6/n‐3	1.35 ± 0.10	1.38 ± 0.12	1.23 ± 0.12	1.31 ± 0.12	1.15 ± 0.14	0.710

Fatty acid^a

Initial (i)

2×/week (8)

1×/week (4)

2×/month (2)

1×/month (1)

Pr > F

12:0

0.31 ± 0.03 z

0.05 ± 0.04 y

0.10 ± 0.04 y

0.00 ± 0.05 y

<0.001

14:0

2.78 ± 0.25 z

1.52 ± 0.31 zy

1.41 ± 0.31 y

1.94 ± 0.31 zy

1.15 ± 0.36 y

0.011

15:0

1.41 ± 0.12 z

0.67 ± 0.14 y

0.63 ± 0.15 y

0.84 ± 0.15 zy

0.64 ± 0.17 y

0.002

16:0

17.68 ± 1.12

17.88 ± 1.37

17.08 ± 1.37

19.83 ± 1.37

16.42 ± 1.58

0.574

17:0

1.75 ± 0.07 z

1.44 ± 0.08 y

1.43 ± 0.08 y

1.75 ± 0.08 z

1.60 ± 0.10 zy

0.021

18:0

6.46 ± 0.22

6.90 ± 0.26

6.98 ± 0.26

6.59 ± 0.26

7.39 ± 0.31

0.174

19:0

1.01 ± 0.13

1.07 ± 0.16

1.14 ± 0.16

1.09 ± 0.16

1.19 ± 0.19

0.954

20:0

0.51 ± 0.05

0.54 ± 0.06

0.56 ± 0.06

0.63 ± 0.06

0.54 ± 0.07

0.714

21:0

2.91 ± 0.49

3.03 ± 0.60

3.26 ± 0.60

3.71 ± 0.60

3.26 ± 0.70

0.969

Sum of saturates

34.84 ± 1.48

33.10 ± 1.82

32.54 ± 1.82

36.49 ± 1.82

32.18 ± 2.10

0.449

14:1

1.33 ± 0.18

0.83 ± 0.22

0.80 ± 0.22

1.14 ± 0.22

0.66 ± 0.25

0.188

16:1

8.73 ± 0.74 z

4.94 ± 0.90 zy

4.81 ± 0.90 y

5.90 ± 0.90 zy

3.88 ± 0.90 y

0.012

18:1(n‐7) (VAC)

11.30 ± 0.98

10.24 ± 1.20

10.49 ± 1.20

11.62 ± 1.20

8.63 ± 1.38

0.492

18:1(n‐9)

5.59 ± 0.28 z

4.34 ± 0.34 zy

4.16 ± 0.34 y

4.81 ± 0.34 zy

4.25 ± 0.39 zy

0.027

20:1

1.43 ± 0.15

1.51 ± 0.19

1.59 ± 0.19

1.76 ± 0.19

1.58 ± 0.22

0.825

22:1

1.54 ± 0.30

1.65 ± 0.37

0.37 ± 0.37

0.85 ± 0.37

1.07 ± 0.42

0.166

24:1

2.63 ± 0.42

3.14 ± 0.52

2.52 ± 0.52

3.22 ± 0.52

3.54 ± 0.60

0.777

Sum of monoenes

32.56 ± 1.79

26.64 ± 2.19

24.74 ± 2.19

29.30 ± 2.19

23.62 ± 2.53

0.059

18:2(n‐6) (LA)

5.11 ± 0.42 y

7.22 ± 0.52 z

5.89 ± 0.52 zy

5.59 ± 0.52 zy

5.23 ± 0.60 zy

0.044

18:3(n‐3) (ALA)

1.47 ± 0.22

1.58 ± 0.27

1.69 ± 0.27

1.26 ± 0.27

1.73 ± 0.32

0.613

18:3(n‐6) (GLA)

2.84 ± 0.18

2.25 ± 0.23

2.19 ± 0.23

2.68 ± 0.23

1.99 ± 0.26

0.062

20:2

1.31 ± 0.17

1.50 ± 0.21

1.59 ± 0.21

1.68 ± 0.21

1.55 ± 0.24

0.762

20:3 (all)

2.25 ± 0.38

2.22 ± 0.47

2.23 ± 0.47

2.26 ± 0.47

3.01 ± 0.54

0.750

20:4 (ARA)

3.66 ± 0.60 y

6.26 ± 0.73 z

7.14 ± 0.73 z

5.54 ± 0.73 zy

8.47 ± 0.85 z

<0.001

20:5(n‐3) (EPA)

2.56 ± 0.21

2.65 ± 0.26

2.90 ± 0.26

2.70 ± 0.26

3.15 ± 0.30

0.594

22:2

0.83 ± 0.40

0.71 ± 0.49

1.13 ± 0.49

0.30 ± 0.49

1.26 ± 0.57

0.718

22:4

2.28 ± 0.35

1.85 ± 0.43

2.38 ± 0.43

0.92 ± 0.43

1.49 ± 0.49

0.108

22:5(n‐3) (DPA)

3.15 ± 0.29

3.62 ± 0.37

3.75 ± 0.37

3.63 ± 0.37

4.00 ± 0.41

0.523

22:6(n‐3) (DHA)

6.36 ± 1.17 y

9.36 ± 1.43 zy

10.61 ± 1.43 z

7.34 ± 1.43 zy

11.01 ± 1.65 z

0.018

PUFAs

31.81 ± 2.30 y

39.21 ± 2.81 z

41.50 ± 2.81 z

33.90 ± 2.81 zy

42.86 ± 3.25 z

0.032

Σn‐3

13.53 ± 1.57 y

17.20 ± 1.92 zy

18.95 ± 1.92 z

14.92 ± 1.92 zy

19.88 ± 2.21 z

0.023

Σn‐6

18.28 ± 1.03 y

22.01 ± 1.26 z

22.55 ± 1.26 z

18.98 ± 1.26 zy

22.99 ± 1.46 z

0.036

n‐6/n‐3

1.35 ± 0.10

1.38 ± 0.12

1.23 ± 0.12

1.31 ± 0.12

1.15 ± 0.14

0.710

Fatty acid^a	Initial (i)	2×/week (8)	1×/week (4)	2×/month (2)	1×/month (1)	Pr > F
12:0	0.31 ± 0.03 z	0.05 ± 0.04 y	0.05 ± 0.04 y	0.10 ± 0.04 y	0.00 ± 0.05 y	<0.001
14:0	2.78 ± 0.25 z	1.52 ± 0.31 zy	1.41 ± 0.31 y	1.94 ± 0.31 zy	1.15 ± 0.36 y	0.011
15:0	1.41 ± 0.12 z	0.67 ± 0.14 y	0.63 ± 0.15 y	0.84 ± 0.15 zy	0.64 ± 0.17 y	0.002
16:0	17.68 ± 1.12	17.88 ± 1.37	17.08 ± 1.37	19.83 ± 1.37	16.42 ± 1.58	0.574
17:0	1.75 ± 0.07 z	1.44 ± 0.08 y	1.43 ± 0.08 y	1.75 ± 0.08 z	1.60 ± 0.10 zy	0.021
18:0	6.46 ± 0.22	6.90 ± 0.26	6.98 ± 0.26	6.59 ± 0.26	7.39 ± 0.31	0.174
19:0	1.01 ± 0.13	1.07 ± 0.16	1.14 ± 0.16	1.09 ± 0.16	1.19 ± 0.19	0.954
20:0	0.51 ± 0.05	0.54 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.06	0.63 ± 0.06	0.54 ± 0.07	0.714
21:0	2.91 ± 0.49	3.03 ± 0.60	3.26 ± 0.60	3.71 ± 0.60	3.26 ± 0.70	0.969
Sum of saturates	34.84 ± 1.48	33.10 ± 1.82	32.54 ± 1.82	36.49 ± 1.82	32.18 ± 2.10	0.449
14:1	1.33 ± 0.18	0.83 ± 0.22	0.80 ± 0.22	1.14 ± 0.22	0.66 ± 0.25	0.188
16:1	8.73 ± 0.74 z	4.94 ± 0.90 zy	4.81 ± 0.90 y	5.90 ± 0.90 zy	3.88 ± 0.90 y	0.012
18:1(n‐7) (VAC)	11.30 ± 0.98	10.24 ± 1.20	10.49 ± 1.20	11.62 ± 1.20	8.63 ± 1.38	0.492
18:1(n‐9)	5.59 ± 0.28 z	4.34 ± 0.34 zy	4.16 ± 0.34 y	4.81 ± 0.34 zy	4.25 ± 0.39 zy	0.027
20:1	1.43 ± 0.15	1.51 ± 0.19	1.59 ± 0.19	1.76 ± 0.19	1.58 ± 0.22	0.825
22:1	1.54 ± 0.30	1.65 ± 0.37	0.37 ± 0.37	0.85 ± 0.37	1.07 ± 0.42	0.166
24:1	2.63 ± 0.42	3.14 ± 0.52	2.52 ± 0.52	3.22 ± 0.52	3.54 ± 0.60	0.777
Sum of monoenes	32.56 ± 1.79	26.64 ± 2.19	24.74 ± 2.19	29.30 ± 2.19	23.62 ± 2.53	0.059
18:2(n‐6) (LA)	5.11 ± 0.42 y	7.22 ± 0.52 z	5.89 ± 0.52 zy	5.59 ± 0.52 zy	5.23 ± 0.60 zy	0.044
18:3(n‐3) (ALA)	1.47 ± 0.22	1.58 ± 0.27	1.69 ± 0.27	1.26 ± 0.27	1.73 ± 0.32	0.613
18:3(n‐6) (GLA)	2.84 ± 0.18	2.25 ± 0.23	2.19 ± 0.23	2.68 ± 0.23	1.99 ± 0.26	0.062
20:2	1.31 ± 0.17	1.50 ± 0.21	1.59 ± 0.21	1.68 ± 0.21	1.55 ± 0.24	0.762
20:3 (all)	2.25 ± 0.38	2.22 ± 0.47	2.23 ± 0.47	2.26 ± 0.47	3.01 ± 0.54	0.750
20:4 (ARA)	3.66 ± 0.60 y	6.26 ± 0.73 z	7.14 ± 0.73 z	5.54 ± 0.73 zy	8.47 ± 0.85 z	<0.001
20:5(n‐3) (EPA)	2.56 ± 0.21	2.65 ± 0.26	2.90 ± 0.26	2.70 ± 0.26	3.15 ± 0.30	0.594
22:2	0.83 ± 0.40	0.71 ± 0.49	1.13 ± 0.49	0.30 ± 0.49	1.26 ± 0.57	0.718
22:4	2.28 ± 0.35	1.85 ± 0.43	2.38 ± 0.43	0.92 ± 0.43	1.49 ± 0.49	0.108
22:5(n‐3) (DPA)	3.15 ± 0.29	3.62 ± 0.37	3.75 ± 0.37	3.63 ± 0.37	4.00 ± 0.41	0.523
22:6(n‐3) (DHA)	6.36 ± 1.17 y	9.36 ± 1.43 zy	10.61 ± 1.43 z	7.34 ± 1.43 zy	11.01 ± 1.65 z	0.018
PUFAs	31.81 ± 2.30 y	39.21 ± 2.81 z	41.50 ± 2.81 z	33.90 ± 2.81 zy	42.86 ± 3.25 z	0.032
Σn‐3	13.53 ± 1.57 y	17.20 ± 1.92 zy	18.95 ± 1.92 z	14.92 ± 1.92 zy	19.88 ± 2.21 z	0.023
Σn‐6	18.28 ± 1.03 y	22.01 ± 1.26 z	22.55 ± 1.26 z	18.98 ± 1.26 zy	22.99 ± 1.46 z	0.036
n‐6/n‐3	1.35 ± 0.10	1.38 ± 0.12	1.23 ± 0.12	1.31 ± 0.12	1.15 ± 0.14	0.710

Fatty acid^a

Initial (i)

2×/week (8)

1×/week (4)

2×/month (2)

1×/month (1)

Pr > F

12:0

0.31 ± 0.03 z

0.05 ± 0.04 y

0.10 ± 0.04 y

0.00 ± 0.05 y

<0.001

14:0

2.78 ± 0.25 z

1.52 ± 0.31 zy

1.41 ± 0.31 y

1.94 ± 0.31 zy

1.15 ± 0.36 y

0.011

15:0

1.41 ± 0.12 z

0.67 ± 0.14 y

0.63 ± 0.15 y

0.84 ± 0.15 zy

0.64 ± 0.17 y

0.002

16:0

17.68 ± 1.12

17.88 ± 1.37

17.08 ± 1.37

19.83 ± 1.37

16.42 ± 1.58

0.574

17:0

1.75 ± 0.07 z

1.44 ± 0.08 y

1.43 ± 0.08 y

1.75 ± 0.08 z

1.60 ± 0.10 zy

0.021

18:0

6.46 ± 0.22

6.90 ± 0.26

6.98 ± 0.26

6.59 ± 0.26

7.39 ± 0.31

0.174

19:0

1.01 ± 0.13

1.07 ± 0.16

1.14 ± 0.16

1.09 ± 0.16

1.19 ± 0.19

0.954

20:0

0.51 ± 0.05

0.54 ± 0.06

0.56 ± 0.06

0.63 ± 0.06

0.54 ± 0.07

0.714

21:0

2.91 ± 0.49

3.03 ± 0.60

3.26 ± 0.60

3.71 ± 0.60

3.26 ± 0.70

0.969

Sum of saturates

34.84 ± 1.48

33.10 ± 1.82

32.54 ± 1.82

36.49 ± 1.82

32.18 ± 2.10

0.449

14:1

1.33 ± 0.18

0.83 ± 0.22

0.80 ± 0.22

1.14 ± 0.22

0.66 ± 0.25

0.188

16:1

8.73 ± 0.74 z

4.94 ± 0.90 zy

4.81 ± 0.90 y

5.90 ± 0.90 zy

3.88 ± 0.90 y

0.012

18:1(n‐7) (VAC)

11.30 ± 0.98

10.24 ± 1.20

10.49 ± 1.20

11.62 ± 1.20

8.63 ± 1.38

0.492

18:1(n‐9)

5.59 ± 0.28 z

4.34 ± 0.34 zy

4.16 ± 0.34 y

4.81 ± 0.34 zy

4.25 ± 0.39 zy

0.027

20:1

1.43 ± 0.15

1.51 ± 0.19

1.59 ± 0.19

1.76 ± 0.19

1.58 ± 0.22

0.825

22:1

1.54 ± 0.30

1.65 ± 0.37

0.37 ± 0.37

0.85 ± 0.37

1.07 ± 0.42

0.166

24:1

2.63 ± 0.42

3.14 ± 0.52

2.52 ± 0.52

3.22 ± 0.52

3.54 ± 0.60

0.777

Sum of monoenes

32.56 ± 1.79

26.64 ± 2.19

24.74 ± 2.19

29.30 ± 2.19

23.62 ± 2.53

0.059

18:2(n‐6) (LA)

5.11 ± 0.42 y

7.22 ± 0.52 z

5.89 ± 0.52 zy

5.59 ± 0.52 zy

5.23 ± 0.60 zy

0.044

18:3(n‐3) (ALA)

1.47 ± 0.22

1.58 ± 0.27

1.69 ± 0.27

1.26 ± 0.27

1.73 ± 0.32

0.613

18:3(n‐6) (GLA)

2.84 ± 0.18

2.25 ± 0.23

2.19 ± 0.23

2.68 ± 0.23

1.99 ± 0.26

0.062

20:2

1.31 ± 0.17

1.50 ± 0.21

1.59 ± 0.21

1.68 ± 0.21

1.55 ± 0.24

0.762

20:3 (all)

2.25 ± 0.38

2.22 ± 0.47

2.23 ± 0.47

2.26 ± 0.47

3.01 ± 0.54

0.750

20:4 (ARA)

3.66 ± 0.60 y

6.26 ± 0.73 z

7.14 ± 0.73 z

5.54 ± 0.73 zy

8.47 ± 0.85 z

<0.001

20:5(n‐3) (EPA)

2.56 ± 0.21

2.65 ± 0.26

2.90 ± 0.26

2.70 ± 0.26

3.15 ± 0.30

0.594

22:2

0.83 ± 0.40

0.71 ± 0.49

1.13 ± 0.49

0.30 ± 0.49

1.26 ± 0.57

0.718

22:4

2.28 ± 0.35

1.85 ± 0.43

2.38 ± 0.43

0.92 ± 0.43

1.49 ± 0.49

0.108

22:5(n‐3) (DPA)

3.15 ± 0.29

3.62 ± 0.37

3.75 ± 0.37

3.63 ± 0.37

4.00 ± 0.41

0.523

22:6(n‐3) (DHA)

6.36 ± 1.17 y

9.36 ± 1.43 zy

10.61 ± 1.43 z

7.34 ± 1.43 zy

11.01 ± 1.65 z

0.018

PUFAs

31.81 ± 2.30 y

39.21 ± 2.81 z

41.50 ± 2.81 z

33.90 ± 2.81 zy

42.86 ± 3.25 z

0.032

Σn‐3

13.53 ± 1.57 y

17.20 ± 1.92 zy

18.95 ± 1.92 z

14.92 ± 1.92 zy

19.88 ± 2.21 z

0.023

Σn‐6

18.28 ± 1.03 y

22.01 ± 1.26 z

22.55 ± 1.26 z

18.98 ± 1.26 zy

22.99 ± 1.46 z

0.036

n‐6/n‐3

1.35 ± 0.10

1.38 ± 0.12

1.23 ± 0.12

1.31 ± 0.12

1.15 ± 0.14

0.710

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Mean whole‐body fatty acid composition (%) of initial and fed Coppernose Bluegill reared in outdoor tanks at 0–16°C for 95 d. Treatment designations are as follows: initial (i) = fish acclimated to trial conditions but collected prior to the onset of feeding; 2×/week (8) = fish fed twice per week (i.e., 8×/month); 1×/week (4) = fish fed once per week (i.e., 4×/month); 2×/month (2) = fish fed twice per month; and 1×/month (1) = fish fed once per month. Values are least‐squares means (±SE) of 3–4 replicates/treatment. Within a given row, fatty acid means without a letter in common are significantly different (P ≤ 0.05).

Fatty acid^a	Initial (i)	2×/week (8)	1×/week (4)	2×/month (2)	1×/month (1)	Pr > F
12:0	0.31 ± 0.03 z	0.05 ± 0.04 y	0.05 ± 0.04 y	0.10 ± 0.04 y	0.00 ± 0.05 y	<0.001
14:0	2.78 ± 0.25 z	1.52 ± 0.31 zy	1.41 ± 0.31 y	1.94 ± 0.31 zy	1.15 ± 0.36 y	0.011
15:0	1.41 ± 0.12 z	0.67 ± 0.14 y	0.63 ± 0.15 y	0.84 ± 0.15 zy	0.64 ± 0.17 y	0.002
16:0	17.68 ± 1.12	17.88 ± 1.37	17.08 ± 1.37	19.83 ± 1.37	16.42 ± 1.58	0.574
17:0	1.75 ± 0.07 z	1.44 ± 0.08 y	1.43 ± 0.08 y	1.75 ± 0.08 z	1.60 ± 0.10 zy	0.021
18:0	6.46 ± 0.22	6.90 ± 0.26	6.98 ± 0.26	6.59 ± 0.26	7.39 ± 0.31	0.174
19:0	1.01 ± 0.13	1.07 ± 0.16	1.14 ± 0.16	1.09 ± 0.16	1.19 ± 0.19	0.954
20:0	0.51 ± 0.05	0.54 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.06	0.63 ± 0.06	0.54 ± 0.07	0.714
21:0	2.91 ± 0.49	3.03 ± 0.60	3.26 ± 0.60	3.71 ± 0.60	3.26 ± 0.70	0.969
Sum of saturates	34.84 ± 1.48	33.10 ± 1.82	32.54 ± 1.82	36.49 ± 1.82	32.18 ± 2.10	0.449
14:1	1.33 ± 0.18	0.83 ± 0.22	0.80 ± 0.22	1.14 ± 0.22	0.66 ± 0.25	0.188
16:1	8.73 ± 0.74 z	4.94 ± 0.90 zy	4.81 ± 0.90 y	5.90 ± 0.90 zy	3.88 ± 0.90 y	0.012
18:1(n‐7) (VAC)	11.30 ± 0.98	10.24 ± 1.20	10.49 ± 1.20	11.62 ± 1.20	8.63 ± 1.38	0.492
18:1(n‐9)	5.59 ± 0.28 z	4.34 ± 0.34 zy	4.16 ± 0.34 y	4.81 ± 0.34 zy	4.25 ± 0.39 zy	0.027
20:1	1.43 ± 0.15	1.51 ± 0.19	1.59 ± 0.19	1.76 ± 0.19	1.58 ± 0.22	0.825
22:1	1.54 ± 0.30	1.65 ± 0.37	0.37 ± 0.37	0.85 ± 0.37	1.07 ± 0.42	0.166
24:1	2.63 ± 0.42	3.14 ± 0.52	2.52 ± 0.52	3.22 ± 0.52	3.54 ± 0.60	0.777
Sum of monoenes	32.56 ± 1.79	26.64 ± 2.19	24.74 ± 2.19	29.30 ± 2.19	23.62 ± 2.53	0.059
18:2(n‐6) (LA)	5.11 ± 0.42 y	7.22 ± 0.52 z	5.89 ± 0.52 zy	5.59 ± 0.52 zy	5.23 ± 0.60 zy	0.044
18:3(n‐3) (ALA)	1.47 ± 0.22	1.58 ± 0.27	1.69 ± 0.27	1.26 ± 0.27	1.73 ± 0.32	0.613
18:3(n‐6) (GLA)	2.84 ± 0.18	2.25 ± 0.23	2.19 ± 0.23	2.68 ± 0.23	1.99 ± 0.26	0.062
20:2	1.31 ± 0.17	1.50 ± 0.21	1.59 ± 0.21	1.68 ± 0.21	1.55 ± 0.24	0.762
20:3 (all)	2.25 ± 0.38	2.22 ± 0.47	2.23 ± 0.47	2.26 ± 0.47	3.01 ± 0.54	0.750
20:4 (ARA)	3.66 ± 0.60 y	6.26 ± 0.73 z	7.14 ± 0.73 z	5.54 ± 0.73 zy	8.47 ± 0.85 z	<0.001
20:5(n‐3) (EPA)	2.56 ± 0.21	2.65 ± 0.26	2.90 ± 0.26	2.70 ± 0.26	3.15 ± 0.30	0.594
22:2	0.83 ± 0.40	0.71 ± 0.49	1.13 ± 0.49	0.30 ± 0.49	1.26 ± 0.57	0.718
22:4	2.28 ± 0.35	1.85 ± 0.43	2.38 ± 0.43	0.92 ± 0.43	1.49 ± 0.49	0.108
22:5(n‐3) (DPA)	3.15 ± 0.29	3.62 ± 0.37	3.75 ± 0.37	3.63 ± 0.37	4.00 ± 0.41	0.523
22:6(n‐3) (DHA)	6.36 ± 1.17 y	9.36 ± 1.43 zy	10.61 ± 1.43 z	7.34 ± 1.43 zy	11.01 ± 1.65 z	0.018
PUFAs	31.81 ± 2.30 y	39.21 ± 2.81 z	41.50 ± 2.81 z	33.90 ± 2.81 zy	42.86 ± 3.25 z	0.032
Σn‐3	13.53 ± 1.57 y	17.20 ± 1.92 zy	18.95 ± 1.92 z	14.92 ± 1.92 zy	19.88 ± 2.21 z	0.023
Σn‐6	18.28 ± 1.03 y	22.01 ± 1.26 z	22.55 ± 1.26 z	18.98 ± 1.26 zy	22.99 ± 1.46 z	0.036
n‐6/n‐3	1.35 ± 0.10	1.38 ± 0.12	1.23 ± 0.12	1.31 ± 0.12	1.15 ± 0.14	0.710

Fatty acid^a	Initial (i)	2×/week (8)	1×/week (4)	2×/month (2)	1×/month (1)	Pr > F
12:0	0.31 ± 0.03 z	0.05 ± 0.04 y	0.05 ± 0.04 y	0.10 ± 0.04 y	0.00 ± 0.05 y	<0.001
14:0	2.78 ± 0.25 z	1.52 ± 0.31 zy	1.41 ± 0.31 y	1.94 ± 0.31 zy	1.15 ± 0.36 y	0.011
15:0	1.41 ± 0.12 z	0.67 ± 0.14 y	0.63 ± 0.15 y	0.84 ± 0.15 zy	0.64 ± 0.17 y	0.002
16:0	17.68 ± 1.12	17.88 ± 1.37	17.08 ± 1.37	19.83 ± 1.37	16.42 ± 1.58	0.574
17:0	1.75 ± 0.07 z	1.44 ± 0.08 y	1.43 ± 0.08 y	1.75 ± 0.08 z	1.60 ± 0.10 zy	0.021
18:0	6.46 ± 0.22	6.90 ± 0.26	6.98 ± 0.26	6.59 ± 0.26	7.39 ± 0.31	0.174
19:0	1.01 ± 0.13	1.07 ± 0.16	1.14 ± 0.16	1.09 ± 0.16	1.19 ± 0.19	0.954
20:0	0.51 ± 0.05	0.54 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.06	0.63 ± 0.06	0.54 ± 0.07	0.714
21:0	2.91 ± 0.49	3.03 ± 0.60	3.26 ± 0.60	3.71 ± 0.60	3.26 ± 0.70	0.969
Sum of saturates	34.84 ± 1.48	33.10 ± 1.82	32.54 ± 1.82	36.49 ± 1.82	32.18 ± 2.10	0.449
14:1	1.33 ± 0.18	0.83 ± 0.22	0.80 ± 0.22	1.14 ± 0.22	0.66 ± 0.25	0.188
16:1	8.73 ± 0.74 z	4.94 ± 0.90 zy	4.81 ± 0.90 y	5.90 ± 0.90 zy	3.88 ± 0.90 y	0.012
18:1(n‐7) (VAC)	11.30 ± 0.98	10.24 ± 1.20	10.49 ± 1.20	11.62 ± 1.20	8.63 ± 1.38	0.492
18:1(n‐9)	5.59 ± 0.28 z	4.34 ± 0.34 zy	4.16 ± 0.34 y	4.81 ± 0.34 zy	4.25 ± 0.39 zy	0.027
20:1	1.43 ± 0.15	1.51 ± 0.19	1.59 ± 0.19	1.76 ± 0.19	1.58 ± 0.22	0.825
22:1	1.54 ± 0.30	1.65 ± 0.37	0.37 ± 0.37	0.85 ± 0.37	1.07 ± 0.42	0.166
24:1	2.63 ± 0.42	3.14 ± 0.52	2.52 ± 0.52	3.22 ± 0.52	3.54 ± 0.60	0.777
Sum of monoenes	32.56 ± 1.79	26.64 ± 2.19	24.74 ± 2.19	29.30 ± 2.19	23.62 ± 2.53	0.059
18:2(n‐6) (LA)	5.11 ± 0.42 y	7.22 ± 0.52 z	5.89 ± 0.52 zy	5.59 ± 0.52 zy	5.23 ± 0.60 zy	0.044
18:3(n‐3) (ALA)	1.47 ± 0.22	1.58 ± 0.27	1.69 ± 0.27	1.26 ± 0.27	1.73 ± 0.32	0.613
18:3(n‐6) (GLA)	2.84 ± 0.18	2.25 ± 0.23	2.19 ± 0.23	2.68 ± 0.23	1.99 ± 0.26	0.062
20:2	1.31 ± 0.17	1.50 ± 0.21	1.59 ± 0.21	1.68 ± 0.21	1.55 ± 0.24	0.762
20:3 (all)	2.25 ± 0.38	2.22 ± 0.47	2.23 ± 0.47	2.26 ± 0.47	3.01 ± 0.54	0.750
20:4 (ARA)	3.66 ± 0.60 y	6.26 ± 0.73 z	7.14 ± 0.73 z	5.54 ± 0.73 zy	8.47 ± 0.85 z	<0.001
20:5(n‐3) (EPA)	2.56 ± 0.21	2.65 ± 0.26	2.90 ± 0.26	2.70 ± 0.26	3.15 ± 0.30	0.594
22:2	0.83 ± 0.40	0.71 ± 0.49	1.13 ± 0.49	0.30 ± 0.49	1.26 ± 0.57	0.718
22:4	2.28 ± 0.35	1.85 ± 0.43	2.38 ± 0.43	0.92 ± 0.43	1.49 ± 0.49	0.108
22:5(n‐3) (DPA)	3.15 ± 0.29	3.62 ± 0.37	3.75 ± 0.37	3.63 ± 0.37	4.00 ± 0.41	0.523
22:6(n‐3) (DHA)	6.36 ± 1.17 y	9.36 ± 1.43 zy	10.61 ± 1.43 z	7.34 ± 1.43 zy	11.01 ± 1.65 z	0.018
PUFAs	31.81 ± 2.30 y	39.21 ± 2.81 z	41.50 ± 2.81 z	33.90 ± 2.81 zy	42.86 ± 3.25 z	0.032
Σn‐3	13.53 ± 1.57 y	17.20 ± 1.92 zy	18.95 ± 1.92 z	14.92 ± 1.92 zy	19.88 ± 2.21 z	0.023
Σn‐6	18.28 ± 1.03 y	22.01 ± 1.26 z	22.55 ± 1.26 z	18.98 ± 1.26 zy	22.99 ± 1.46 z	0.036
n‐6/n‐3	1.35 ± 0.10	1.38 ± 0.12	1.23 ± 0.12	1.31 ± 0.12	1.15 ± 0.14	0.710

Fatty acid classes and abbreviations are as follows: VAC = cis‐vaccenic acid; LA = linoleic acid; ALA = alpha‐linolenic acid; GLA = gamma‐linolenic acid; ARA = arachidonic acid; EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid; DPA = docosapentaenoic acid; DHA = docosahexaenoic acid; PUFAs = polyunsaturated fatty acids; Σn‐3 = sum of n‐3 fatty acids; Σn‐6 = sum of n‐6 fatty acids; and n‐6/n‐3 = ratio of Σn‐6 to Σn‐3.

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