| . | . | Quartile (Q) of SBC . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Overall: N = 1485, n = 6612 . | 1st (<20.5 mmol/L): N = 371, n = 1449 . | 2nd (20.5–22.9 mmol/L): N = 350, n = 1602 . | 3rd (23.0–25.5 mmol/L): N = 391, n = 1904 . | 4th (>25.5 mmol/L): N = 373, n = 1657 . | P-value . |
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 76.0 (10.7) | 74.6 (11.4) | 75.9 (10.8) | 76.3 (10.8) | 77.0 (10.3) | .003 |
| Sex, female, N (%) | 495 (33.4) | 96 (25.9) | 113 (32.4) | 132 (33.8) | 154 (41.6) | <.001 |
| Country, N (%) | <.001 | |||||
| Germany | 121 (8.1) | 27 (7.3) | 28 (8.0) | 29 (7.4) | 37 (9.9) | |
| Italy | 378 (25.5) | 82 (22.1) | 76 (21.7) | 90 (23.0) | 130 (34.9) | |
| Netherlands | 249 (16.8) | 45 (12.1) | 54 (15.4) | 78 (19.9) | 72 (19.3) | |
| Poland | 86 (5.8) | 44 (11.9) | 32 (9.1) | 7 (1.8) | 3 (0.8) | |
| Sweden | 174 (11.7) | 38 (10.2) | 53 (15.1) | 55 (14.1) | 28 (7.5) | |
| UK | 477 (32.1) | 135 (36.4) | 107 (30.6) | 132 (33.8) | 103 (27.6) | |
| Level of education, N (%) | .002 | |||||
| None/low | 383 (32.7) | 90 (31.1) | 83 (29.7) | 99 (31.8) | 111 (37.8) | |
| Intermediate | 570 (48.6) | 126 (43.6) | 144 (51.6) | 160 (51.4) | 140 (47.6) | |
| High | 169 (14.4) | 64 (22.1) | 39 (14.0) | 39 (12.5) | 27 (9.2) | |
| Other | 51 (4.3) | 9 (3.1) | 13 (4.7) | 13 (4.2) | 16 (5.4) | |
| Examination data | ||||||
| SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 141.9 (22.0) | 143.6 (21.7) | 143.3 (21.4) | 142.0 (21.9) | 138.8 (22.9) | .013 |
| DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 73.3 (11.3) | 74.7 (11.1) | 74.2 (10.8) | 73.1 (11.2) | 71.3 (12.0) | <.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 27.9 (6.6) | 27.3 (7.0) | 27.8 (6.5) | 28.2 (6.0) | 28.3 (7.3) | .082 |
| Urea, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 19.5 (9.0) | 21.4 (9.9) | 19.2 (8.2) | 18.7 (8.2) | 19.3 (9.4) | <.001 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 23.1 (4.0) | 18.2 (2.0) | 21.6 (0.6) | 24.1 (0.8) | 28.2 (2.4) | <.001 |
| K+, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.9 (0.7) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.6) | <.001 |
| Albumin, g/L, median (IQR) | 38.4 (6.6) | 38.0 (7.0) | 39.0 (5.7) | 39.0 (6.0) | 38.0 (7.0) | <.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, median (IQR) | 16.7 (6.7) | 15.1 (6.5) | 16.1 (6.6) | 17.6 (6.4) | 17.4 (7.0) | <.001 |
| SGA, median (IQR) | 6.0 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.0) | 6.1 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.0) | .012 |
| Primary renal disease, N (%) | .093 | |||||
| Glomerular disease | 124 (8.4) | 41 (11.2) | 28 (8.1) | 27 (6.9) | 28 (7.6) | |
| Tubulo-interstitial disease | 129 (8.8) | 38 (10.4) | 37 (10.7) | 29 (7.4) | 25 (6.8) | |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 309 (21.0) | 68 (18.5) | 65 (18.7) | 94 (24.1) | 82 (22.3) | |
| Hypertension | 531 (36.1) | 119 (32.4) | 120 (34.6) | 147 (37.7) | 145 (39.5) | |
| Other/unknown | 378 (25.7) | 101 (27.5) | 97 (28.0) | 93 (23.8) | 87 (23.7) | |
| Comorbidities, N (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1250 (88.8) | 317 (89.8) | 297 (89.5) | 332 (89.0) | 304 (87.1) | .676 |
| Diabetes | 621 (42.8) | 143 (39.5) | 139 (40.9) | 168 (43.3) | 171 (47.4) | .155 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 224 (15.6) | 53 (14.6) | 44 (13.1) | 60 (15.5) | 67 (18.9) | .184 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 233 (16.3) | 53 (14.7) | 51 (15.1) | 60 (15.8) | 69 (19.5) | .286 |
| Coronary artery disease | 383 (27.1) | 83 (23.4) | 90 (26.7) | 107 (28.3) | 103 (29.9) | .249 |
| Myocardial infarction | 258 (17.8) | 57 (15.7) | 61 (18.0) | 73 (18.8) | 67 (18.7) | .670 |
| Heart failure | 239 (17.0) | 47 (13.4) | 45 (13.6) | 61 (16.2) | 86 (24.8) | <.001 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 324 (25.2) | 77 (24.1) | 62 (20.9) | 92 (25.9) | 93 (29.4) | .105 |
| Malignancies | 304 (21.2) | 70 (19.3) | 78 (23.6) | 91 (23.7) | 65 (18.2) | .150 |
| Psychiatric diseases | 94 (6.5) | 25 (6.9) | 15 (4.4) | 25 (6.4) | 29 (8.1) | .265 |
| Connective tissue disorders | 41 (2.8) | 8 (2.2) | 10 (2.9) | 13 (3.4) | 10 (2.8) | .821 |
| Respiratory diseases | 225 (15.5) | 44 (12.1) | 48 (14.2) | 53 (13.7) | 80 (22.3) | .001 |
| Medications, N (%) | ||||||
| Vitamin D active | 28 (1.9) | 5 (1.4) | 5 (1.4) | 8 (2.1) | 10 (2.7) | .504 |
| Phosphate binders calcium based | 15 (1.0) | 5 (1.4) | 3 (0.9) | 3 (0.8) | 4 (1.1) | .862 |
| Phosphate binders calcium free | 27 (1.8) | 8 (2.2) | 7 (2.0) | 6 (1.5) | 6 (1.6) | .903 |
| Calcimimetic | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| RAASi | 100 (6.8) | 21 (5.7) | 26 (7.5) | 22 (5.6) | 31 (8.4) | .333 |
| Beta-blocker | 112 (7.6) | 23 (6.2) | 21 (6.1) | 24 (6.2) | 44 (12.0) | .004 |
| Statin | 84 (5.7) | 16 (4.3) | 19 (5.5) | 21 (5.4) | 28 (7.6) | .272 |
| Diuretic | 140 (9.5) | 23 (6.2) | 30 (8.7) | 39 (10.0) | 48 (13.1) | .015 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 52 (3.5) | 17 (4.6) | 13 (3.8) | 8 (2.1) | 14 (3.8) | .272 |
| . | . | Quartile (Q) of SBC . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Overall: N = 1485, n = 6612 . | 1st (<20.5 mmol/L): N = 371, n = 1449 . | 2nd (20.5–22.9 mmol/L): N = 350, n = 1602 . | 3rd (23.0–25.5 mmol/L): N = 391, n = 1904 . | 4th (>25.5 mmol/L): N = 373, n = 1657 . | P-value . |
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 76.0 (10.7) | 74.6 (11.4) | 75.9 (10.8) | 76.3 (10.8) | 77.0 (10.3) | .003 |
| Sex, female, N (%) | 495 (33.4) | 96 (25.9) | 113 (32.4) | 132 (33.8) | 154 (41.6) | <.001 |
| Country, N (%) | <.001 | |||||
| Germany | 121 (8.1) | 27 (7.3) | 28 (8.0) | 29 (7.4) | 37 (9.9) | |
| Italy | 378 (25.5) | 82 (22.1) | 76 (21.7) | 90 (23.0) | 130 (34.9) | |
| Netherlands | 249 (16.8) | 45 (12.1) | 54 (15.4) | 78 (19.9) | 72 (19.3) | |
| Poland | 86 (5.8) | 44 (11.9) | 32 (9.1) | 7 (1.8) | 3 (0.8) | |
| Sweden | 174 (11.7) | 38 (10.2) | 53 (15.1) | 55 (14.1) | 28 (7.5) | |
| UK | 477 (32.1) | 135 (36.4) | 107 (30.6) | 132 (33.8) | 103 (27.6) | |
| Level of education, N (%) | .002 | |||||
| None/low | 383 (32.7) | 90 (31.1) | 83 (29.7) | 99 (31.8) | 111 (37.8) | |
| Intermediate | 570 (48.6) | 126 (43.6) | 144 (51.6) | 160 (51.4) | 140 (47.6) | |
| High | 169 (14.4) | 64 (22.1) | 39 (14.0) | 39 (12.5) | 27 (9.2) | |
| Other | 51 (4.3) | 9 (3.1) | 13 (4.7) | 13 (4.2) | 16 (5.4) | |
| Examination data | ||||||
| SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 141.9 (22.0) | 143.6 (21.7) | 143.3 (21.4) | 142.0 (21.9) | 138.8 (22.9) | .013 |
| DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 73.3 (11.3) | 74.7 (11.1) | 74.2 (10.8) | 73.1 (11.2) | 71.3 (12.0) | <.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 27.9 (6.6) | 27.3 (7.0) | 27.8 (6.5) | 28.2 (6.0) | 28.3 (7.3) | .082 |
| Urea, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 19.5 (9.0) | 21.4 (9.9) | 19.2 (8.2) | 18.7 (8.2) | 19.3 (9.4) | <.001 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 23.1 (4.0) | 18.2 (2.0) | 21.6 (0.6) | 24.1 (0.8) | 28.2 (2.4) | <.001 |
| K+, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.9 (0.7) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.6) | <.001 |
| Albumin, g/L, median (IQR) | 38.4 (6.6) | 38.0 (7.0) | 39.0 (5.7) | 39.0 (6.0) | 38.0 (7.0) | <.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, median (IQR) | 16.7 (6.7) | 15.1 (6.5) | 16.1 (6.6) | 17.6 (6.4) | 17.4 (7.0) | <.001 |
| SGA, median (IQR) | 6.0 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.0) | 6.1 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.0) | .012 |
| Primary renal disease, N (%) | .093 | |||||
| Glomerular disease | 124 (8.4) | 41 (11.2) | 28 (8.1) | 27 (6.9) | 28 (7.6) | |
| Tubulo-interstitial disease | 129 (8.8) | 38 (10.4) | 37 (10.7) | 29 (7.4) | 25 (6.8) | |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 309 (21.0) | 68 (18.5) | 65 (18.7) | 94 (24.1) | 82 (22.3) | |
| Hypertension | 531 (36.1) | 119 (32.4) | 120 (34.6) | 147 (37.7) | 145 (39.5) | |
| Other/unknown | 378 (25.7) | 101 (27.5) | 97 (28.0) | 93 (23.8) | 87 (23.7) | |
| Comorbidities, N (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1250 (88.8) | 317 (89.8) | 297 (89.5) | 332 (89.0) | 304 (87.1) | .676 |
| Diabetes | 621 (42.8) | 143 (39.5) | 139 (40.9) | 168 (43.3) | 171 (47.4) | .155 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 224 (15.6) | 53 (14.6) | 44 (13.1) | 60 (15.5) | 67 (18.9) | .184 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 233 (16.3) | 53 (14.7) | 51 (15.1) | 60 (15.8) | 69 (19.5) | .286 |
| Coronary artery disease | 383 (27.1) | 83 (23.4) | 90 (26.7) | 107 (28.3) | 103 (29.9) | .249 |
| Myocardial infarction | 258 (17.8) | 57 (15.7) | 61 (18.0) | 73 (18.8) | 67 (18.7) | .670 |
| Heart failure | 239 (17.0) | 47 (13.4) | 45 (13.6) | 61 (16.2) | 86 (24.8) | <.001 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 324 (25.2) | 77 (24.1) | 62 (20.9) | 92 (25.9) | 93 (29.4) | .105 |
| Malignancies | 304 (21.2) | 70 (19.3) | 78 (23.6) | 91 (23.7) | 65 (18.2) | .150 |
| Psychiatric diseases | 94 (6.5) | 25 (6.9) | 15 (4.4) | 25 (6.4) | 29 (8.1) | .265 |
| Connective tissue disorders | 41 (2.8) | 8 (2.2) | 10 (2.9) | 13 (3.4) | 10 (2.8) | .821 |
| Respiratory diseases | 225 (15.5) | 44 (12.1) | 48 (14.2) | 53 (13.7) | 80 (22.3) | .001 |
| Medications, N (%) | ||||||
| Vitamin D active | 28 (1.9) | 5 (1.4) | 5 (1.4) | 8 (2.1) | 10 (2.7) | .504 |
| Phosphate binders calcium based | 15 (1.0) | 5 (1.4) | 3 (0.9) | 3 (0.8) | 4 (1.1) | .862 |
| Phosphate binders calcium free | 27 (1.8) | 8 (2.2) | 7 (2.0) | 6 (1.5) | 6 (1.6) | .903 |
| Calcimimetic | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| RAASi | 100 (6.8) | 21 (5.7) | 26 (7.5) | 22 (5.6) | 31 (8.4) | .333 |
| Beta-blocker | 112 (7.6) | 23 (6.2) | 21 (6.1) | 24 (6.2) | 44 (12.0) | .004 |
| Statin | 84 (5.7) | 16 (4.3) | 19 (5.5) | 21 (5.4) | 28 (7.6) | .272 |
| Diuretic | 140 (9.5) | 23 (6.2) | 30 (8.7) | 39 (10.0) | 48 (13.1) | .015 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 52 (3.5) | 17 (4.6) | 13 (3.8) | 8 (2.1) | 14 (3.8) | .272 |
Missing data at baseline: 0.3% age, 0.3% sex, 21.0% level of education, 2.3% SBP, 2.3% DBP, 9.2% BMI, 3.0% urea, 0.3% K+, 8.4% albumin, 0.1% eGFR, 14.5% SGA, 0.9% primary renal disease, 2.3% diabetes, 3.1% cerebrovascular disease, 3.8% peripheral vascular disease, 4.7% coronary artery disease, 2.4% myocardial infarction, 5.4% heart failure, 13.4% left ventricular hypertrophy, 3.4% malignancies, 2.4% psychiatric diseases, 2.4% connective tissue disorders, 2.4% lung diseases, 0.9% medications.
eGFR is by CKD-EPI equation.
RAASi, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SGA, subjective global assessment; K+, serum potassium; N, number of patients; n, number of observations; SD, standard deviation.
| . | . | Quartile (Q) of SBC . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Overall: N = 1485, n = 6612 . | 1st (<20.5 mmol/L): N = 371, n = 1449 . | 2nd (20.5–22.9 mmol/L): N = 350, n = 1602 . | 3rd (23.0–25.5 mmol/L): N = 391, n = 1904 . | 4th (>25.5 mmol/L): N = 373, n = 1657 . | P-value . |
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 76.0 (10.7) | 74.6 (11.4) | 75.9 (10.8) | 76.3 (10.8) | 77.0 (10.3) | .003 |
| Sex, female, N (%) | 495 (33.4) | 96 (25.9) | 113 (32.4) | 132 (33.8) | 154 (41.6) | <.001 |
| Country, N (%) | <.001 | |||||
| Germany | 121 (8.1) | 27 (7.3) | 28 (8.0) | 29 (7.4) | 37 (9.9) | |
| Italy | 378 (25.5) | 82 (22.1) | 76 (21.7) | 90 (23.0) | 130 (34.9) | |
| Netherlands | 249 (16.8) | 45 (12.1) | 54 (15.4) | 78 (19.9) | 72 (19.3) | |
| Poland | 86 (5.8) | 44 (11.9) | 32 (9.1) | 7 (1.8) | 3 (0.8) | |
| Sweden | 174 (11.7) | 38 (10.2) | 53 (15.1) | 55 (14.1) | 28 (7.5) | |
| UK | 477 (32.1) | 135 (36.4) | 107 (30.6) | 132 (33.8) | 103 (27.6) | |
| Level of education, N (%) | .002 | |||||
| None/low | 383 (32.7) | 90 (31.1) | 83 (29.7) | 99 (31.8) | 111 (37.8) | |
| Intermediate | 570 (48.6) | 126 (43.6) | 144 (51.6) | 160 (51.4) | 140 (47.6) | |
| High | 169 (14.4) | 64 (22.1) | 39 (14.0) | 39 (12.5) | 27 (9.2) | |
| Other | 51 (4.3) | 9 (3.1) | 13 (4.7) | 13 (4.2) | 16 (5.4) | |
| Examination data | ||||||
| SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 141.9 (22.0) | 143.6 (21.7) | 143.3 (21.4) | 142.0 (21.9) | 138.8 (22.9) | .013 |
| DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 73.3 (11.3) | 74.7 (11.1) | 74.2 (10.8) | 73.1 (11.2) | 71.3 (12.0) | <.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 27.9 (6.6) | 27.3 (7.0) | 27.8 (6.5) | 28.2 (6.0) | 28.3 (7.3) | .082 |
| Urea, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 19.5 (9.0) | 21.4 (9.9) | 19.2 (8.2) | 18.7 (8.2) | 19.3 (9.4) | <.001 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 23.1 (4.0) | 18.2 (2.0) | 21.6 (0.6) | 24.1 (0.8) | 28.2 (2.4) | <.001 |
| K+, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.9 (0.7) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.6) | <.001 |
| Albumin, g/L, median (IQR) | 38.4 (6.6) | 38.0 (7.0) | 39.0 (5.7) | 39.0 (6.0) | 38.0 (7.0) | <.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, median (IQR) | 16.7 (6.7) | 15.1 (6.5) | 16.1 (6.6) | 17.6 (6.4) | 17.4 (7.0) | <.001 |
| SGA, median (IQR) | 6.0 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.0) | 6.1 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.0) | .012 |
| Primary renal disease, N (%) | .093 | |||||
| Glomerular disease | 124 (8.4) | 41 (11.2) | 28 (8.1) | 27 (6.9) | 28 (7.6) | |
| Tubulo-interstitial disease | 129 (8.8) | 38 (10.4) | 37 (10.7) | 29 (7.4) | 25 (6.8) | |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 309 (21.0) | 68 (18.5) | 65 (18.7) | 94 (24.1) | 82 (22.3) | |
| Hypertension | 531 (36.1) | 119 (32.4) | 120 (34.6) | 147 (37.7) | 145 (39.5) | |
| Other/unknown | 378 (25.7) | 101 (27.5) | 97 (28.0) | 93 (23.8) | 87 (23.7) | |
| Comorbidities, N (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1250 (88.8) | 317 (89.8) | 297 (89.5) | 332 (89.0) | 304 (87.1) | .676 |
| Diabetes | 621 (42.8) | 143 (39.5) | 139 (40.9) | 168 (43.3) | 171 (47.4) | .155 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 224 (15.6) | 53 (14.6) | 44 (13.1) | 60 (15.5) | 67 (18.9) | .184 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 233 (16.3) | 53 (14.7) | 51 (15.1) | 60 (15.8) | 69 (19.5) | .286 |
| Coronary artery disease | 383 (27.1) | 83 (23.4) | 90 (26.7) | 107 (28.3) | 103 (29.9) | .249 |
| Myocardial infarction | 258 (17.8) | 57 (15.7) | 61 (18.0) | 73 (18.8) | 67 (18.7) | .670 |
| Heart failure | 239 (17.0) | 47 (13.4) | 45 (13.6) | 61 (16.2) | 86 (24.8) | <.001 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 324 (25.2) | 77 (24.1) | 62 (20.9) | 92 (25.9) | 93 (29.4) | .105 |
| Malignancies | 304 (21.2) | 70 (19.3) | 78 (23.6) | 91 (23.7) | 65 (18.2) | .150 |
| Psychiatric diseases | 94 (6.5) | 25 (6.9) | 15 (4.4) | 25 (6.4) | 29 (8.1) | .265 |
| Connective tissue disorders | 41 (2.8) | 8 (2.2) | 10 (2.9) | 13 (3.4) | 10 (2.8) | .821 |
| Respiratory diseases | 225 (15.5) | 44 (12.1) | 48 (14.2) | 53 (13.7) | 80 (22.3) | .001 |
| Medications, N (%) | ||||||
| Vitamin D active | 28 (1.9) | 5 (1.4) | 5 (1.4) | 8 (2.1) | 10 (2.7) | .504 |
| Phosphate binders calcium based | 15 (1.0) | 5 (1.4) | 3 (0.9) | 3 (0.8) | 4 (1.1) | .862 |
| Phosphate binders calcium free | 27 (1.8) | 8 (2.2) | 7 (2.0) | 6 (1.5) | 6 (1.6) | .903 |
| Calcimimetic | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| RAASi | 100 (6.8) | 21 (5.7) | 26 (7.5) | 22 (5.6) | 31 (8.4) | .333 |
| Beta-blocker | 112 (7.6) | 23 (6.2) | 21 (6.1) | 24 (6.2) | 44 (12.0) | .004 |
| Statin | 84 (5.7) | 16 (4.3) | 19 (5.5) | 21 (5.4) | 28 (7.6) | .272 |
| Diuretic | 140 (9.5) | 23 (6.2) | 30 (8.7) | 39 (10.0) | 48 (13.1) | .015 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 52 (3.5) | 17 (4.6) | 13 (3.8) | 8 (2.1) | 14 (3.8) | .272 |
| . | . | Quartile (Q) of SBC . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Overall: N = 1485, n = 6612 . | 1st (<20.5 mmol/L): N = 371, n = 1449 . | 2nd (20.5–22.9 mmol/L): N = 350, n = 1602 . | 3rd (23.0–25.5 mmol/L): N = 391, n = 1904 . | 4th (>25.5 mmol/L): N = 373, n = 1657 . | P-value . |
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 76.0 (10.7) | 74.6 (11.4) | 75.9 (10.8) | 76.3 (10.8) | 77.0 (10.3) | .003 |
| Sex, female, N (%) | 495 (33.4) | 96 (25.9) | 113 (32.4) | 132 (33.8) | 154 (41.6) | <.001 |
| Country, N (%) | <.001 | |||||
| Germany | 121 (8.1) | 27 (7.3) | 28 (8.0) | 29 (7.4) | 37 (9.9) | |
| Italy | 378 (25.5) | 82 (22.1) | 76 (21.7) | 90 (23.0) | 130 (34.9) | |
| Netherlands | 249 (16.8) | 45 (12.1) | 54 (15.4) | 78 (19.9) | 72 (19.3) | |
| Poland | 86 (5.8) | 44 (11.9) | 32 (9.1) | 7 (1.8) | 3 (0.8) | |
| Sweden | 174 (11.7) | 38 (10.2) | 53 (15.1) | 55 (14.1) | 28 (7.5) | |
| UK | 477 (32.1) | 135 (36.4) | 107 (30.6) | 132 (33.8) | 103 (27.6) | |
| Level of education, N (%) | .002 | |||||
| None/low | 383 (32.7) | 90 (31.1) | 83 (29.7) | 99 (31.8) | 111 (37.8) | |
| Intermediate | 570 (48.6) | 126 (43.6) | 144 (51.6) | 160 (51.4) | 140 (47.6) | |
| High | 169 (14.4) | 64 (22.1) | 39 (14.0) | 39 (12.5) | 27 (9.2) | |
| Other | 51 (4.3) | 9 (3.1) | 13 (4.7) | 13 (4.2) | 16 (5.4) | |
| Examination data | ||||||
| SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 141.9 (22.0) | 143.6 (21.7) | 143.3 (21.4) | 142.0 (21.9) | 138.8 (22.9) | .013 |
| DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 73.3 (11.3) | 74.7 (11.1) | 74.2 (10.8) | 73.1 (11.2) | 71.3 (12.0) | <.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 27.9 (6.6) | 27.3 (7.0) | 27.8 (6.5) | 28.2 (6.0) | 28.3 (7.3) | .082 |
| Urea, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 19.5 (9.0) | 21.4 (9.9) | 19.2 (8.2) | 18.7 (8.2) | 19.3 (9.4) | <.001 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 23.1 (4.0) | 18.2 (2.0) | 21.6 (0.6) | 24.1 (0.8) | 28.2 (2.4) | <.001 |
| K+, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.9 (0.7) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.6) | <.001 |
| Albumin, g/L, median (IQR) | 38.4 (6.6) | 38.0 (7.0) | 39.0 (5.7) | 39.0 (6.0) | 38.0 (7.0) | <.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, median (IQR) | 16.7 (6.7) | 15.1 (6.5) | 16.1 (6.6) | 17.6 (6.4) | 17.4 (7.0) | <.001 |
| SGA, median (IQR) | 6.0 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.0) | 6.1 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.0) | .012 |
| Primary renal disease, N (%) | .093 | |||||
| Glomerular disease | 124 (8.4) | 41 (11.2) | 28 (8.1) | 27 (6.9) | 28 (7.6) | |
| Tubulo-interstitial disease | 129 (8.8) | 38 (10.4) | 37 (10.7) | 29 (7.4) | 25 (6.8) | |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 309 (21.0) | 68 (18.5) | 65 (18.7) | 94 (24.1) | 82 (22.3) | |
| Hypertension | 531 (36.1) | 119 (32.4) | 120 (34.6) | 147 (37.7) | 145 (39.5) | |
| Other/unknown | 378 (25.7) | 101 (27.5) | 97 (28.0) | 93 (23.8) | 87 (23.7) | |
| Comorbidities, N (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1250 (88.8) | 317 (89.8) | 297 (89.5) | 332 (89.0) | 304 (87.1) | .676 |
| Diabetes | 621 (42.8) | 143 (39.5) | 139 (40.9) | 168 (43.3) | 171 (47.4) | .155 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 224 (15.6) | 53 (14.6) | 44 (13.1) | 60 (15.5) | 67 (18.9) | .184 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 233 (16.3) | 53 (14.7) | 51 (15.1) | 60 (15.8) | 69 (19.5) | .286 |
| Coronary artery disease | 383 (27.1) | 83 (23.4) | 90 (26.7) | 107 (28.3) | 103 (29.9) | .249 |
| Myocardial infarction | 258 (17.8) | 57 (15.7) | 61 (18.0) | 73 (18.8) | 67 (18.7) | .670 |
| Heart failure | 239 (17.0) | 47 (13.4) | 45 (13.6) | 61 (16.2) | 86 (24.8) | <.001 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 324 (25.2) | 77 (24.1) | 62 (20.9) | 92 (25.9) | 93 (29.4) | .105 |
| Malignancies | 304 (21.2) | 70 (19.3) | 78 (23.6) | 91 (23.7) | 65 (18.2) | .150 |
| Psychiatric diseases | 94 (6.5) | 25 (6.9) | 15 (4.4) | 25 (6.4) | 29 (8.1) | .265 |
| Connective tissue disorders | 41 (2.8) | 8 (2.2) | 10 (2.9) | 13 (3.4) | 10 (2.8) | .821 |
| Respiratory diseases | 225 (15.5) | 44 (12.1) | 48 (14.2) | 53 (13.7) | 80 (22.3) | .001 |
| Medications, N (%) | ||||||
| Vitamin D active | 28 (1.9) | 5 (1.4) | 5 (1.4) | 8 (2.1) | 10 (2.7) | .504 |
| Phosphate binders calcium based | 15 (1.0) | 5 (1.4) | 3 (0.9) | 3 (0.8) | 4 (1.1) | .862 |
| Phosphate binders calcium free | 27 (1.8) | 8 (2.2) | 7 (2.0) | 6 (1.5) | 6 (1.6) | .903 |
| Calcimimetic | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| RAASi | 100 (6.8) | 21 (5.7) | 26 (7.5) | 22 (5.6) | 31 (8.4) | .333 |
| Beta-blocker | 112 (7.6) | 23 (6.2) | 21 (6.1) | 24 (6.2) | 44 (12.0) | .004 |
| Statin | 84 (5.7) | 16 (4.3) | 19 (5.5) | 21 (5.4) | 28 (7.6) | .272 |
| Diuretic | 140 (9.5) | 23 (6.2) | 30 (8.7) | 39 (10.0) | 48 (13.1) | .015 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 52 (3.5) | 17 (4.6) | 13 (3.8) | 8 (2.1) | 14 (3.8) | .272 |
Missing data at baseline: 0.3% age, 0.3% sex, 21.0% level of education, 2.3% SBP, 2.3% DBP, 9.2% BMI, 3.0% urea, 0.3% K+, 8.4% albumin, 0.1% eGFR, 14.5% SGA, 0.9% primary renal disease, 2.3% diabetes, 3.1% cerebrovascular disease, 3.8% peripheral vascular disease, 4.7% coronary artery disease, 2.4% myocardial infarction, 5.4% heart failure, 13.4% left ventricular hypertrophy, 3.4% malignancies, 2.4% psychiatric diseases, 2.4% connective tissue disorders, 2.4% lung diseases, 0.9% medications.
eGFR is by CKD-EPI equation.
RAASi, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SGA, subjective global assessment; K+, serum potassium; N, number of patients; n, number of observations; SD, standard deviation.
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