Table 1 Open in new tab Baseline...

Characteristics^a

No new-onset AF (n = 247)

New-onset AF (n = 37)

P value

Demographics

Age (year)

57 ± 16

61 ± 14

0.16

Male

157 (64)

20 (54)

0.27

Body mass index (kg/m²⁾

30 ± 6

32 ± 7

0.04

NYHA functional Class ≥ 2

117 (47)

20 (54)

0.45

Race/ethnicity

0.94

Caucasian

182 (74)

31 (84)

African-American

17 (7)

2 (5)

Asian

7 (3)

1 (3)

Other or unidentified

41 (17)

3 (8)

Medical and family history

Diabetes mellitus

22 (10)

3 (10)

>0.99

Hypertension

125 (51)

19 (51)

0.99

Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

1.0 ± 0.5

1.0 ± 0.2

0.49

Prior VT/VF

9 (4)

2 (5)

0.64

Prior non-sustained VT

33 (13)

8 (22)

0.18

Prior syncope

47 (19)

6 (16)

0.68

Prior septal myectomy

15 (6)

4 (11)

0.29

Prior alcohol septal ablation

17 (7)

3 (8)

0.73

Prior ICD implantation

57 (23)

13 (35)

0.11

Family history of sudden cardiac death

25 (10)

3 (8)

0.99

Family history of HCM

59 (24)

11 (30)

0.44

HCM-AF score

19.6 (3.4)

21.0 (3.1)

0.02

Medications

β-Blocker

153 (62)

26 (70)

0.45

Calcium channel blocker

44 (18)

4 (11)

0.29

ACE inhibitor

21 (9)

4 (11)

0.55

ARB

34 (14)

4 (11)

0.80

Diuretic

Loop diuretic

17 (7)

4 (11)

0.50

Thiazide

16 (6)

5 (14)

0.17

Potassium sparing diuretic

14 (6)

0 (0)

0.23

Disopyramide

9 (4)

3 (8)

0.20

Anticoagulant

6 (2.5%)

1 (2.9%)

>0.99

Blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

124 ± 15

129 ± 13

0.06

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74 ± 10

75 ± 8

0.66

Echocardiographic measurements

Left atrial diameter (mm)

40 ± 6

42 ± 5

0.13

Left atrial volume index (mL/m²)

39 (12)

43 (6)

0.47

Interventricular septum thickness (mm)

16 ± 4

17 ± 4

0.20

Posterior wall thickness (mm)

12 ± 2

13 ± 3

<0.001

LVOT gradient at rest (mmHg)

9 [0–40]

32 [0–81]

0.006

LVOT gradient with Valsalva manoeuvre (mmHg)

16 [0–70]

50 [0–87]

0.07

Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)

69 ± 10

71 ± 6

0.21

Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm)

43 ± 6

41 ± 7

0.07

Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm)

27 ± 5

25 ± 5

0.06

Systolic anterior motion of mitral valve leaflet

106 (43)

21 (57)

0.11

Degree of mitral regurgitation^b

2 [1–2.5]

2 [1–2]

0.28

Exercise stress test characteristics (n = 200)

n = 179

n = 21

METs achieved with stress test

10.0 ± 3.8

7.9 ± 2.5

0.06

Peak heart rate during stress (b.p.m.)

142 ± 28

138 ± 25

0.57

Peak systolic blood pressure during stress (mmHg)

168 ± 29

172 ± 28

0.62

Peak diastolic blood pressure during stress (mmHg)

80 ± 13

83 ± 11

0.26

LVOT gradient with stress (mmHg)

34 [14–68]

54 [42–79]

0.12

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (n = 176)

n = 158

n = 18

Late gadolinium enhancement

90 (57)

6 (33)

0.06

Genetic testing (n = 158)

n = 138

n = 20

Pathogenic or likely pathogenic

42 (30)

4 (20)

0.80

Characteristics^a

No new-onset AF (n = 247)

New-onset AF (n = 37)

P value

Demographics

Age (year)

57 ± 16

61 ± 14

0.16

Male

157 (64)

20 (54)

0.27

Body mass index (kg/m²⁾

30 ± 6

32 ± 7

0.04

NYHA functional Class ≥ 2

117 (47)

20 (54)

0.45

Race/ethnicity

0.94

Caucasian

182 (74)

31 (84)

African-American

17 (7)

2 (5)

Asian

7 (3)

1 (3)

Other or unidentified

41 (17)

3 (8)

Medical and family history

Diabetes mellitus

22 (10)

3 (10)

>0.99

Hypertension

125 (51)

19 (51)

0.99

Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

1.0 ± 0.5

1.0 ± 0.2

0.49

Prior VT/VF

9 (4)

2 (5)

0.64

Prior non-sustained VT

33 (13)

8 (22)

0.18

Prior syncope

47 (19)

6 (16)

0.68

Prior septal myectomy

15 (6)

4 (11)

0.29

Prior alcohol septal ablation

17 (7)

3 (8)

0.73

Prior ICD implantation

57 (23)

13 (35)

0.11

Family history of sudden cardiac death

25 (10)

3 (8)

0.99

Family history of HCM

59 (24)

11 (30)

0.44

HCM-AF score

19.6 (3.4)

21.0 (3.1)

0.02

Medications

β-Blocker

153 (62)

26 (70)

0.45

Calcium channel blocker

44 (18)

4 (11)

0.29

ACE inhibitor

21 (9)

4 (11)

0.55

ARB

34 (14)

4 (11)

0.80

Diuretic

Loop diuretic

17 (7)

4 (11)

0.50

Thiazide

16 (6)

5 (14)

0.17

Potassium sparing diuretic

14 (6)

0 (0)

0.23

Disopyramide

9 (4)

3 (8)

0.20

Anticoagulant

6 (2.5%)

1 (2.9%)

>0.99

Blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

124 ± 15

129 ± 13

0.06

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74 ± 10

75 ± 8

0.66

Echocardiographic measurements

Left atrial diameter (mm)

40 ± 6

42 ± 5

0.13

Left atrial volume index (mL/m²)

39 (12)

43 (6)

0.47

Interventricular septum thickness (mm)

16 ± 4

17 ± 4

0.20

Posterior wall thickness (mm)

12 ± 2

13 ± 3

<0.001

LVOT gradient at rest (mmHg)

9 [0–40]

32 [0–81]

0.006

LVOT gradient with Valsalva manoeuvre (mmHg)

16 [0–70]

50 [0–87]

0.07

Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)

69 ± 10

71 ± 6

0.21

Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm)

43 ± 6

41 ± 7

0.07

Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm)

27 ± 5

25 ± 5

0.06

Systolic anterior motion of mitral valve leaflet

106 (43)

21 (57)

0.11

Degree of mitral regurgitation^b

2 [1–2.5]

2 [1–2]

0.28

Exercise stress test characteristics (n = 200)

n = 179

n = 21

METs achieved with stress test

10.0 ± 3.8

7.9 ± 2.5

0.06

Peak heart rate during stress (b.p.m.)

142 ± 28

138 ± 25

0.57

Peak systolic blood pressure during stress (mmHg)

168 ± 29

172 ± 28

0.62

Peak diastolic blood pressure during stress (mmHg)

80 ± 13

83 ± 11

0.26

LVOT gradient with stress (mmHg)

34 [14–68]

54 [42–79]

0.12

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (n = 176)

n = 158

n = 18

Late gadolinium enhancement

90 (57)

6 (33)

0.06

Genetic testing (n = 158)

n = 138

n = 20

Pathogenic or likely pathogenic

42 (30)

4 (20)

0.80

Table 1

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Baseline clinical characteristics of the study sample

Characteristics^a	No new-onset AF (n = 247)	New-onset AF (n = 37)	P value
Demographics
Age (year)	57 ± 16	61 ± 14	0.16
Male	157 (64)	20 (54)	0.27
Body mass index (kg/m²⁾	30 ± 6	32 ± 7	0.04
NYHA functional Class ≥ 2	117 (47)	20 (54)	0.45
Race/ethnicity			0.94
Caucasian	182 (74)	31 (84)
African-American	17 (7)	2 (5)
Asian	7 (3)	1 (3)
Other or unidentified	41 (17)	3 (8)
Medical and family history
Diabetes mellitus	22 (10)	3 (10)	>0.99
Hypertension	125 (51)	19 (51)	0.99
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	1.0 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.2	0.49
Prior VT/VF	9 (4)	2 (5)	0.64
Prior non-sustained VT	33 (13)	8 (22)	0.18
Prior syncope	47 (19)	6 (16)	0.68
Prior septal myectomy	15 (6)	4 (11)	0.29
Prior alcohol septal ablation	17 (7)	3 (8)	0.73
Prior ICD implantation	57 (23)	13 (35)	0.11
Family history of sudden cardiac death	25 (10)	3 (8)	0.99
Family history of HCM	59 (24)	11 (30)	0.44
HCM-AF score	19.6 (3.4)	21.0 (3.1)	0.02
Medications
β-Blocker	153 (62)	26 (70)	0.45
Calcium channel blocker	44 (18)	4 (11)	0.29
ACE inhibitor	21 (9)	4 (11)	0.55
ARB	34 (14)	4 (11)	0.80
Diuretic
Loop diuretic	17 (7)	4 (11)	0.50
Thiazide	16 (6)	5 (14)	0.17
Potassium sparing diuretic	14 (6)	0 (0)	0.23
Disopyramide	9 (4)	3 (8)	0.20
Anticoagulant	6 (2.5%)	1 (2.9%)	>0.99
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	124 ± 15	129 ± 13	0.06
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74 ± 10	75 ± 8	0.66
Echocardiographic measurements
Left atrial diameter (mm)	40 ± 6	42 ± 5	0.13
Left atrial volume index (mL/m²)	39 (12)	43 (6)	0.47
Interventricular septum thickness (mm)	16 ± 4	17 ± 4	0.20
Posterior wall thickness (mm)	12 ± 2	13 ± 3	<0.001
LVOT gradient at rest (mmHg)	9 [0–40]	32 [0–81]	0.006
LVOT gradient with Valsalva manoeuvre (mmHg)	16 [0–70]	50 [0–87]	0.07
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)	69 ± 10	71 ± 6	0.21
Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm)	43 ± 6	41 ± 7	0.07
Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm)	27 ± 5	25 ± 5	0.06
Systolic anterior motion of mitral valve leaflet	106 (43)	21 (57)	0.11
Degree of mitral regurgitation^b	2 [1–2.5]	2 [1–2]	0.28
Exercise stress test characteristics (n = 200)	n = 179	n = 21
METs achieved with stress test	10.0 ± 3.8	7.9 ± 2.5	0.06
Peak heart rate during stress (b.p.m.)	142 ± 28	138 ± 25	0.57
Peak systolic blood pressure during stress (mmHg)	168 ± 29	172 ± 28	0.62
Peak diastolic blood pressure during stress (mmHg)	80 ± 13	83 ± 11	0.26
LVOT gradient with stress (mmHg)	34 [14–68]	54 [42–79]	0.12
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (n = 176)	n = 158	n = 18
Late gadolinium enhancement	90 (57)	6 (33)	0.06
Genetic testing (n = 158)	n = 138	n = 20
Pathogenic or likely pathogenic	42 (30)	4 (20)	0.80

Characteristics^a	No new-onset AF (n = 247)	New-onset AF (n = 37)	P value
Demographics
Age (year)	57 ± 16	61 ± 14	0.16
Male	157 (64)	20 (54)	0.27
Body mass index (kg/m²⁾	30 ± 6	32 ± 7	0.04
NYHA functional Class ≥ 2	117 (47)	20 (54)	0.45
Race/ethnicity			0.94
Caucasian	182 (74)	31 (84)
African-American	17 (7)	2 (5)
Asian	7 (3)	1 (3)
Other or unidentified	41 (17)	3 (8)
Medical and family history
Diabetes mellitus	22 (10)	3 (10)	>0.99
Hypertension	125 (51)	19 (51)	0.99
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	1.0 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.2	0.49
Prior VT/VF	9 (4)	2 (5)	0.64
Prior non-sustained VT	33 (13)	8 (22)	0.18
Prior syncope	47 (19)	6 (16)	0.68
Prior septal myectomy	15 (6)	4 (11)	0.29
Prior alcohol septal ablation	17 (7)	3 (8)	0.73
Prior ICD implantation	57 (23)	13 (35)	0.11
Family history of sudden cardiac death	25 (10)	3 (8)	0.99
Family history of HCM	59 (24)	11 (30)	0.44
HCM-AF score	19.6 (3.4)	21.0 (3.1)	0.02
Medications
β-Blocker	153 (62)	26 (70)	0.45
Calcium channel blocker	44 (18)	4 (11)	0.29
ACE inhibitor	21 (9)	4 (11)	0.55
ARB	34 (14)	4 (11)	0.80
Diuretic
Loop diuretic	17 (7)	4 (11)	0.50
Thiazide	16 (6)	5 (14)	0.17
Potassium sparing diuretic	14 (6)	0 (0)	0.23
Disopyramide	9 (4)	3 (8)	0.20
Anticoagulant	6 (2.5%)	1 (2.9%)	>0.99
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	124 ± 15	129 ± 13	0.06
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74 ± 10	75 ± 8	0.66
Echocardiographic measurements
Left atrial diameter (mm)	40 ± 6	42 ± 5	0.13
Left atrial volume index (mL/m²)	39 (12)	43 (6)	0.47
Interventricular septum thickness (mm)	16 ± 4	17 ± 4	0.20
Posterior wall thickness (mm)	12 ± 2	13 ± 3	<0.001
LVOT gradient at rest (mmHg)	9 [0–40]	32 [0–81]	0.006
LVOT gradient with Valsalva manoeuvre (mmHg)	16 [0–70]	50 [0–87]	0.07
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)	69 ± 10	71 ± 6	0.21
Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm)	43 ± 6	41 ± 7	0.07
Left ventricular end-systolic diameter (mm)	27 ± 5	25 ± 5	0.06
Systolic anterior motion of mitral valve leaflet	106 (43)	21 (57)	0.11
Degree of mitral regurgitation^b	2 [1–2.5]	2 [1–2]	0.28
Exercise stress test characteristics (n = 200)	n = 179	n = 21
METs achieved with stress test	10.0 ± 3.8	7.9 ± 2.5	0.06
Peak heart rate during stress (b.p.m.)	142 ± 28	138 ± 25	0.57
Peak systolic blood pressure during stress (mmHg)	168 ± 29	172 ± 28	0.62
Peak diastolic blood pressure during stress (mmHg)	80 ± 13	83 ± 11	0.26
LVOT gradient with stress (mmHg)	34 [14–68]	54 [42–79]	0.12
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (n = 176)	n = 158	n = 18
Late gadolinium enhancement	90 (57)	6 (33)	0.06
Genetic testing (n = 158)	n = 138	n = 20
Pathogenic or likely pathogenic	42 (30)	4 (20)	0.80

^aData are expressed as number (percentage), mean ± standard deviation, or median [25 percentile–75 percentile].

^bDegree of mitral regurgitation was converted to numerical values according to the following rule: none = 0, trace = 1, trace to mild = 1.5, mild = 2, mild to moderate = 2.5, moderate = 3, moderate to severe = 3.5, and severe = 4.

ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; MET, metabolic equivalent; NYHA, New York Heart Association; VT/VF, ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.

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