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Table 1

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Supply and demand policies. Examples and main objectives.

	Supply-side industrial policies	Demand-side industrial policies
Examples	Tax exemptions (e.g. for R&D) Subsidies for technology purchasing Policies for skills/education improvement Access to venture capital Grants to overcome the ‘valley of death’	Public procurement Local content policies Incentives to export Public companies support/action Import quotas
Main objectives	Upgrade capabilities through the provision of cheaper goods, pools of skills, R&D incentives into specific sectors.	Fostering the formation of capabilities through the provision of stable demand that can allow increases in productivity, economies of scale, scope and learning mechanisms.

	Supply-side industrial policies	Demand-side industrial policies
Examples	Tax exemptions (e.g. for R&D) Subsidies for technology purchasing Policies for skills/education improvement Access to venture capital Grants to overcome the ‘valley of death’	Public procurement Local content policies Incentives to export Public companies support/action Import quotas
Main objectives	Upgrade capabilities through the provision of cheaper goods, pools of skills, R&D incentives into specific sectors.	Fostering the formation of capabilities through the provision of stable demand that can allow increases in productivity, economies of scale, scope and learning mechanisms.

Source: Authors.

Table 1

Open in new tab

Supply and demand policies. Examples and main objectives.

	Supply-side industrial policies	Demand-side industrial policies
Examples	Tax exemptions (e.g. for R&D) Subsidies for technology purchasing Policies for skills/education improvement Access to venture capital Grants to overcome the ‘valley of death’	Public procurement Local content policies Incentives to export Public companies support/action Import quotas
Main objectives	Upgrade capabilities through the provision of cheaper goods, pools of skills, R&D incentives into specific sectors.	Fostering the formation of capabilities through the provision of stable demand that can allow increases in productivity, economies of scale, scope and learning mechanisms.

	Supply-side industrial policies	Demand-side industrial policies
Examples	Tax exemptions (e.g. for R&D) Subsidies for technology purchasing Policies for skills/education improvement Access to venture capital Grants to overcome the ‘valley of death’	Public procurement Local content policies Incentives to export Public companies support/action Import quotas
Main objectives	Upgrade capabilities through the provision of cheaper goods, pools of skills, R&D incentives into specific sectors.	Fostering the formation of capabilities through the provision of stable demand that can allow increases in productivity, economies of scale, scope and learning mechanisms.

Source: Authors.