| Type of technology in the system . | Methodology description . | Performance, energy gain, and efficiency . | Key findings . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed- and double-axis STS | Initially, PV systems were of a fixed nature; however, later on, they were regulated to follow the movement of the sun along two axes by making use of solar altitude and azimuth angles. | • The PV system with a fixed tilt generates 11.53 MWh of electricity. • The PV system mounted on a double-axis sun tracker generates 15.98 MWh. | • According to the calculations, the double-axis sun-tracking system generates 30.79% more electricity than the latitude-tilt fixed PV system does. • This difference can be seen when comparing the two systems. | [116] |
| Single-axis scheduled STS | This research endeavour is being undertaken to assess the efficiency of a solar system that is stationary, an LDR photo sensor, and a solitary-axis solar tracking mechanism that operates on a programmed schedule under a variety of climatic circumstances. | • The tracker utilized 0.557 Wh of energy during the 5-day experiment, and astronomical estimates put its efficiency at 5.7% when the mechanism that spun the sensor was considered. • On days with cloudy and rainy weather, the planned ST was 4.2% more effective than the LDR ST, but only 1.15% on days with variable cloud cover. | • In diverse weather conditions, the schedule-based STS is 4.2% more efficient than the LDR STS. The proposed tracker was 5.7% more efficient than a fixed PV panel tilted to its ideal angle. • The use of an encoder has resulted in the creation of a method that is capable of accurately determining the azimuth angle of the Sun. | [117] |
| Single-axis multiple-position V-trough tracker | PV multiple-position V-trough tracker with reduced reflections and an INSA are theoretically examined for their performance. | When compared to nonconcentrating solar panels of a similar type, concentrating solar panels showed a maximum power point increase of 62%. | • V-trough concentrators are ideal for concentrating sunlight on commercially available solar cells because they are much easier to manufacture than compound concentrators (CPCs). • They have more uniform solar irradiation at their bases, and they are better equipped to disperse excess heat through their sidewalls. | [118] |
| Bifacial fixed-tilt single-axis tracking system | • It is possible to model the energy yield of a fixed-tilt bifacial system as a function of the placement height, the number of rows and modules in each row, or all of these factors together. • The data that were measured from a PV system that had constantly shifting tilt angles and the data that were simulated were compared. | In most cases, the GCR for HSAT systems is lower than 35%, but the GCR for fixed systems is often more than 50%. | When comparing monofacial and bifacial tracking gains for a given GCR, the tracking gain for monofacial systems is somewhat higher than that of bifacial systems. | [119] |
| One-axis three-position polar-axis-aligned sun tracking | This research proposes and conceptually investigates a new design concept for PV applications that is dubbed one-axis three-position sun-tracking polar-axis-aligned CPCs (3P-CPCs). | The yearly solar gain that was captured by 1P-CPCs was approximately 65%–74% of that which was gathered by fixed EW-aligned CPCs, while the annual solar gain that was obtained by 3P-CPCs was approximately 26%–45% greater. | • The polar-axis single-axis sun-tracking techniques were oriented in the polar-axis direction for effective beam radiation collection practically all day long. | [120] |
| Dual-axis PV tracking system | • In this paper, both the design of a dual-axis PV tracking system and the results of experimental testing are discussed. • The output and presentation aspects of the tracking system are handled separately by their respective mechanical and electrical components. | • According to the findings of this investigation, the performance of the dual-axis PV tracking system in comparison to that of the stationary systems was superior by more than 27%. • In regard to solar modules following the course of the sun, the dual-axis tracking system design that is suggested in conjunction with an open-loop control system of electric drives gives outstanding results. | The dual-axis tracking gadget incorporates both mechanical and electronic parts into its construction. The electric circuit of the dual-axis tracking system does a comparison of the resistances of two resistors that depend on the amount of light. (LDR). | [119] |
| Azimuth- and sensor-based control strategies for a PV solar tracking application | • Within the scope of this research, a single-axis STS is put into operation, and an azimuth control strategy is developed to improve tracking of the sun. • Real-time calculations of the ideal azimuth angle can be performed by an embedded microprocessor, which takes into account the altitude, date, and time. | Based on the findings, it was determined that the sensor-based STS created 14.8% more net power compared to the azimuth-based STS, whereas the latter generated 7.8% greater power overall. On the other hand, the STS that relied on sensors consumed 192% less power than the latter. | The energy consumption of the STS that was based on sensors was 65% lower than that of the STS that was based on azimuth, which was 150% higher. | [121] |
| Filtered sun sensor for solar tracking in HCPV and CSP systems | Infrared and linear polarizing optical filters will be incorporated into a four-quadrant photodiode solar sensor to demonstrate the benefits of doing so. The goal of this effort is to demonstrate such benefits. | • Both indoor and outdoor tracking studies make use of the algorithms found in STs. • These include the PI and PID controllers, as well as a cascade control rule that was recently proposed. | The value of diffuse radiation is rather low when there is no cloud cover, accounting for approximately 7.5% of the total solar radiation. This value in the solar sensor results in low measurement noise levels as compared to other values. | [122] |
| Microcontroller-based single-axis PV tracker system on solar panel performance | A solar panel was used in the construction of the system. In addition, two LDR sensors were linked to the north and south sides of the PV, and a servo motor was connected to the Uno board. | The objective of SASTS is to get the most accurate readings possible from the solar panel while the weather is clear and sunny. The precision of this tracking system is 0.85 W/m2, which is rather impressive. | • As a result of the fixed solar panel housing and the high deflection angle, the MPP was significantly less than what was predicted by SASTS. • The mechanism known as SASTS lends a hand in ensuring that the solar panel remains oriented toward the sun and makes full use of the consistent incoming rays, which is the intended result. | [123] |
| ST system for solar panels that makes use of the Proteus ISIS 7.6 software | • Proteus 7.6 ISIS was put to use to synchronize an independent STS, and it was successful in doing so. | A STS, utilizing a microcontroller and a low-cost solar sensor, has been developed and simulated. The outcomes of the simulation have been remarkably significant. | The greatest current draw from the sensor is less than 0.5 mA, which demonstrates how little power the sensor consumes while functioning as it is designed. | [124] |
| Two-axis STS using flat-mirror reflectors | This study investigated the voltage, electric current, power, and efficiency of a STS equipped with two- and four-sided reflectors positioned at angles of 90°, 120°, and 150° relative to the solar panel. | At a 90° angle, the four-sided flat mirrors were more effective at blocking some sun rays than the two-sided ones; however, at a 150° angle, the rays could not be reflected to the panel. Because of this, two-sided flat mirrors were preferred to four-sided ones. | The fact that the four-sided flat mirrors had an additional two flat mirrors that blocked some of the sun’s rays gave the reflectors with two flat mirrors on each side an advantage when viewed from an angle of 90°. | [125] |
| Three-axis STS | In the proposed approach, both the manufacturing and installation of a solar panel mount that is outfitted with a solar tracking controller that has multiple axes are detailed. | • According to this study, the three-axis ST has a high efficiency as compared with the fixed-axis STS. • In comparison, the efficiency of the STS with a fixed axis is just 18%, while the STS with three axes achieves 24.9%. | The concept of the suggested model can be put into action by connecting to the national grid, which can provide exceptional assistance at a time when it is most needed. | [126] |
| A multistage hybrid deep learning model for enhanced solar tracking | Through the combination of normalization techniques and the transformation of numerical data into pictures, the suggested model enhances the representation of features in the data. | On a freely accessible dataset, the suggested hybrid model performs better than current approaches, obtaining exceptional results with MAE, MAPE, and RMSE scores of 0.0073, 1.4635, and 0.0097, respectively. | • Approximately 25% of the data acquired over a period of 3 years, or 272 days, were used to train the model. • This could restrict how broadly applicable the model is. Therefore, for better sun tracking, future research should look at training the model on a larger dataset and examining the integration of image and tabular data. | [127] |
| Type of technology in the system . | Methodology description . | Performance, energy gain, and efficiency . | Key findings . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed- and double-axis STS | Initially, PV systems were of a fixed nature; however, later on, they were regulated to follow the movement of the sun along two axes by making use of solar altitude and azimuth angles. | • The PV system with a fixed tilt generates 11.53 MWh of electricity. • The PV system mounted on a double-axis sun tracker generates 15.98 MWh. | • According to the calculations, the double-axis sun-tracking system generates 30.79% more electricity than the latitude-tilt fixed PV system does. • This difference can be seen when comparing the two systems. | [116] |
| Single-axis scheduled STS | This research endeavour is being undertaken to assess the efficiency of a solar system that is stationary, an LDR photo sensor, and a solitary-axis solar tracking mechanism that operates on a programmed schedule under a variety of climatic circumstances. | • The tracker utilized 0.557 Wh of energy during the 5-day experiment, and astronomical estimates put its efficiency at 5.7% when the mechanism that spun the sensor was considered. • On days with cloudy and rainy weather, the planned ST was 4.2% more effective than the LDR ST, but only 1.15% on days with variable cloud cover. | • In diverse weather conditions, the schedule-based STS is 4.2% more efficient than the LDR STS. The proposed tracker was 5.7% more efficient than a fixed PV panel tilted to its ideal angle. • The use of an encoder has resulted in the creation of a method that is capable of accurately determining the azimuth angle of the Sun. | [117] |
| Single-axis multiple-position V-trough tracker | PV multiple-position V-trough tracker with reduced reflections and an INSA are theoretically examined for their performance. | When compared to nonconcentrating solar panels of a similar type, concentrating solar panels showed a maximum power point increase of 62%. | • V-trough concentrators are ideal for concentrating sunlight on commercially available solar cells because they are much easier to manufacture than compound concentrators (CPCs). • They have more uniform solar irradiation at their bases, and they are better equipped to disperse excess heat through their sidewalls. | [118] |
| Bifacial fixed-tilt single-axis tracking system | • It is possible to model the energy yield of a fixed-tilt bifacial system as a function of the placement height, the number of rows and modules in each row, or all of these factors together. • The data that were measured from a PV system that had constantly shifting tilt angles and the data that were simulated were compared. | In most cases, the GCR for HSAT systems is lower than 35%, but the GCR for fixed systems is often more than 50%. | When comparing monofacial and bifacial tracking gains for a given GCR, the tracking gain for monofacial systems is somewhat higher than that of bifacial systems. | [119] |
| One-axis three-position polar-axis-aligned sun tracking | This research proposes and conceptually investigates a new design concept for PV applications that is dubbed one-axis three-position sun-tracking polar-axis-aligned CPCs (3P-CPCs). | The yearly solar gain that was captured by 1P-CPCs was approximately 65%–74% of that which was gathered by fixed EW-aligned CPCs, while the annual solar gain that was obtained by 3P-CPCs was approximately 26%–45% greater. | • The polar-axis single-axis sun-tracking techniques were oriented in the polar-axis direction for effective beam radiation collection practically all day long. | [120] |
| Dual-axis PV tracking system | • In this paper, both the design of a dual-axis PV tracking system and the results of experimental testing are discussed. • The output and presentation aspects of the tracking system are handled separately by their respective mechanical and electrical components. | • According to the findings of this investigation, the performance of the dual-axis PV tracking system in comparison to that of the stationary systems was superior by more than 27%. • In regard to solar modules following the course of the sun, the dual-axis tracking system design that is suggested in conjunction with an open-loop control system of electric drives gives outstanding results. | The dual-axis tracking gadget incorporates both mechanical and electronic parts into its construction. The electric circuit of the dual-axis tracking system does a comparison of the resistances of two resistors that depend on the amount of light. (LDR). | [119] |
| Azimuth- and sensor-based control strategies for a PV solar tracking application | • Within the scope of this research, a single-axis STS is put into operation, and an azimuth control strategy is developed to improve tracking of the sun. • Real-time calculations of the ideal azimuth angle can be performed by an embedded microprocessor, which takes into account the altitude, date, and time. | Based on the findings, it was determined that the sensor-based STS created 14.8% more net power compared to the azimuth-based STS, whereas the latter generated 7.8% greater power overall. On the other hand, the STS that relied on sensors consumed 192% less power than the latter. | The energy consumption of the STS that was based on sensors was 65% lower than that of the STS that was based on azimuth, which was 150% higher. | [121] |
| Filtered sun sensor for solar tracking in HCPV and CSP systems | Infrared and linear polarizing optical filters will be incorporated into a four-quadrant photodiode solar sensor to demonstrate the benefits of doing so. The goal of this effort is to demonstrate such benefits. | • Both indoor and outdoor tracking studies make use of the algorithms found in STs. • These include the PI and PID controllers, as well as a cascade control rule that was recently proposed. | The value of diffuse radiation is rather low when there is no cloud cover, accounting for approximately 7.5% of the total solar radiation. This value in the solar sensor results in low measurement noise levels as compared to other values. | [122] |
| Microcontroller-based single-axis PV tracker system on solar panel performance | A solar panel was used in the construction of the system. In addition, two LDR sensors were linked to the north and south sides of the PV, and a servo motor was connected to the Uno board. | The objective of SASTS is to get the most accurate readings possible from the solar panel while the weather is clear and sunny. The precision of this tracking system is 0.85 W/m2, which is rather impressive. | • As a result of the fixed solar panel housing and the high deflection angle, the MPP was significantly less than what was predicted by SASTS. • The mechanism known as SASTS lends a hand in ensuring that the solar panel remains oriented toward the sun and makes full use of the consistent incoming rays, which is the intended result. | [123] |
| ST system for solar panels that makes use of the Proteus ISIS 7.6 software | • Proteus 7.6 ISIS was put to use to synchronize an independent STS, and it was successful in doing so. | A STS, utilizing a microcontroller and a low-cost solar sensor, has been developed and simulated. The outcomes of the simulation have been remarkably significant. | The greatest current draw from the sensor is less than 0.5 mA, which demonstrates how little power the sensor consumes while functioning as it is designed. | [124] |
| Two-axis STS using flat-mirror reflectors | This study investigated the voltage, electric current, power, and efficiency of a STS equipped with two- and four-sided reflectors positioned at angles of 90°, 120°, and 150° relative to the solar panel. | At a 90° angle, the four-sided flat mirrors were more effective at blocking some sun rays than the two-sided ones; however, at a 150° angle, the rays could not be reflected to the panel. Because of this, two-sided flat mirrors were preferred to four-sided ones. | The fact that the four-sided flat mirrors had an additional two flat mirrors that blocked some of the sun’s rays gave the reflectors with two flat mirrors on each side an advantage when viewed from an angle of 90°. | [125] |
| Three-axis STS | In the proposed approach, both the manufacturing and installation of a solar panel mount that is outfitted with a solar tracking controller that has multiple axes are detailed. | • According to this study, the three-axis ST has a high efficiency as compared with the fixed-axis STS. • In comparison, the efficiency of the STS with a fixed axis is just 18%, while the STS with three axes achieves 24.9%. | The concept of the suggested model can be put into action by connecting to the national grid, which can provide exceptional assistance at a time when it is most needed. | [126] |
| A multistage hybrid deep learning model for enhanced solar tracking | Through the combination of normalization techniques and the transformation of numerical data into pictures, the suggested model enhances the representation of features in the data. | On a freely accessible dataset, the suggested hybrid model performs better than current approaches, obtaining exceptional results with MAE, MAPE, and RMSE scores of 0.0073, 1.4635, and 0.0097, respectively. | • Approximately 25% of the data acquired over a period of 3 years, or 272 days, were used to train the model. • This could restrict how broadly applicable the model is. Therefore, for better sun tracking, future research should look at training the model on a larger dataset and examining the integration of image and tabular data. | [127] |
CPC, compound parabolic concentrator; CSP, concentrated solar power; EW, east–west; GCR, ground coverage ratio; HCPV, high-concentration PV; INSA, inclination north‒south axis; LDR, light-dependent resistor; MAE, mean absolute error; MAPE, mean absolute percentage error; MPP, maximum power point; PI, proportional–integral; PID, proportional–integral–derivative; RMSE, root mean square error; SASTS, single-axis solar tracking system; ST, solar tracker.
| Type of technology in the system . | Methodology description . | Performance, energy gain, and efficiency . | Key findings . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed- and double-axis STS | Initially, PV systems were of a fixed nature; however, later on, they were regulated to follow the movement of the sun along two axes by making use of solar altitude and azimuth angles. | • The PV system with a fixed tilt generates 11.53 MWh of electricity. • The PV system mounted on a double-axis sun tracker generates 15.98 MWh. | • According to the calculations, the double-axis sun-tracking system generates 30.79% more electricity than the latitude-tilt fixed PV system does. • This difference can be seen when comparing the two systems. | [116] |
| Single-axis scheduled STS | This research endeavour is being undertaken to assess the efficiency of a solar system that is stationary, an LDR photo sensor, and a solitary-axis solar tracking mechanism that operates on a programmed schedule under a variety of climatic circumstances. | • The tracker utilized 0.557 Wh of energy during the 5-day experiment, and astronomical estimates put its efficiency at 5.7% when the mechanism that spun the sensor was considered. • On days with cloudy and rainy weather, the planned ST was 4.2% more effective than the LDR ST, but only 1.15% on days with variable cloud cover. | • In diverse weather conditions, the schedule-based STS is 4.2% more efficient than the LDR STS. The proposed tracker was 5.7% more efficient than a fixed PV panel tilted to its ideal angle. • The use of an encoder has resulted in the creation of a method that is capable of accurately determining the azimuth angle of the Sun. | [117] |
| Single-axis multiple-position V-trough tracker | PV multiple-position V-trough tracker with reduced reflections and an INSA are theoretically examined for their performance. | When compared to nonconcentrating solar panels of a similar type, concentrating solar panels showed a maximum power point increase of 62%. | • V-trough concentrators are ideal for concentrating sunlight on commercially available solar cells because they are much easier to manufacture than compound concentrators (CPCs). • They have more uniform solar irradiation at their bases, and they are better equipped to disperse excess heat through their sidewalls. | [118] |
| Bifacial fixed-tilt single-axis tracking system | • It is possible to model the energy yield of a fixed-tilt bifacial system as a function of the placement height, the number of rows and modules in each row, or all of these factors together. • The data that were measured from a PV system that had constantly shifting tilt angles and the data that were simulated were compared. | In most cases, the GCR for HSAT systems is lower than 35%, but the GCR for fixed systems is often more than 50%. | When comparing monofacial and bifacial tracking gains for a given GCR, the tracking gain for monofacial systems is somewhat higher than that of bifacial systems. | [119] |
| One-axis three-position polar-axis-aligned sun tracking | This research proposes and conceptually investigates a new design concept for PV applications that is dubbed one-axis three-position sun-tracking polar-axis-aligned CPCs (3P-CPCs). | The yearly solar gain that was captured by 1P-CPCs was approximately 65%–74% of that which was gathered by fixed EW-aligned CPCs, while the annual solar gain that was obtained by 3P-CPCs was approximately 26%–45% greater. | • The polar-axis single-axis sun-tracking techniques were oriented in the polar-axis direction for effective beam radiation collection practically all day long. | [120] |
| Dual-axis PV tracking system | • In this paper, both the design of a dual-axis PV tracking system and the results of experimental testing are discussed. • The output and presentation aspects of the tracking system are handled separately by their respective mechanical and electrical components. | • According to the findings of this investigation, the performance of the dual-axis PV tracking system in comparison to that of the stationary systems was superior by more than 27%. • In regard to solar modules following the course of the sun, the dual-axis tracking system design that is suggested in conjunction with an open-loop control system of electric drives gives outstanding results. | The dual-axis tracking gadget incorporates both mechanical and electronic parts into its construction. The electric circuit of the dual-axis tracking system does a comparison of the resistances of two resistors that depend on the amount of light. (LDR). | [119] |
| Azimuth- and sensor-based control strategies for a PV solar tracking application | • Within the scope of this research, a single-axis STS is put into operation, and an azimuth control strategy is developed to improve tracking of the sun. • Real-time calculations of the ideal azimuth angle can be performed by an embedded microprocessor, which takes into account the altitude, date, and time. | Based on the findings, it was determined that the sensor-based STS created 14.8% more net power compared to the azimuth-based STS, whereas the latter generated 7.8% greater power overall. On the other hand, the STS that relied on sensors consumed 192% less power than the latter. | The energy consumption of the STS that was based on sensors was 65% lower than that of the STS that was based on azimuth, which was 150% higher. | [121] |
| Filtered sun sensor for solar tracking in HCPV and CSP systems | Infrared and linear polarizing optical filters will be incorporated into a four-quadrant photodiode solar sensor to demonstrate the benefits of doing so. The goal of this effort is to demonstrate such benefits. | • Both indoor and outdoor tracking studies make use of the algorithms found in STs. • These include the PI and PID controllers, as well as a cascade control rule that was recently proposed. | The value of diffuse radiation is rather low when there is no cloud cover, accounting for approximately 7.5% of the total solar radiation. This value in the solar sensor results in low measurement noise levels as compared to other values. | [122] |
| Microcontroller-based single-axis PV tracker system on solar panel performance | A solar panel was used in the construction of the system. In addition, two LDR sensors were linked to the north and south sides of the PV, and a servo motor was connected to the Uno board. | The objective of SASTS is to get the most accurate readings possible from the solar panel while the weather is clear and sunny. The precision of this tracking system is 0.85 W/m2, which is rather impressive. | • As a result of the fixed solar panel housing and the high deflection angle, the MPP was significantly less than what was predicted by SASTS. • The mechanism known as SASTS lends a hand in ensuring that the solar panel remains oriented toward the sun and makes full use of the consistent incoming rays, which is the intended result. | [123] |
| ST system for solar panels that makes use of the Proteus ISIS 7.6 software | • Proteus 7.6 ISIS was put to use to synchronize an independent STS, and it was successful in doing so. | A STS, utilizing a microcontroller and a low-cost solar sensor, has been developed and simulated. The outcomes of the simulation have been remarkably significant. | The greatest current draw from the sensor is less than 0.5 mA, which demonstrates how little power the sensor consumes while functioning as it is designed. | [124] |
| Two-axis STS using flat-mirror reflectors | This study investigated the voltage, electric current, power, and efficiency of a STS equipped with two- and four-sided reflectors positioned at angles of 90°, 120°, and 150° relative to the solar panel. | At a 90° angle, the four-sided flat mirrors were more effective at blocking some sun rays than the two-sided ones; however, at a 150° angle, the rays could not be reflected to the panel. Because of this, two-sided flat mirrors were preferred to four-sided ones. | The fact that the four-sided flat mirrors had an additional two flat mirrors that blocked some of the sun’s rays gave the reflectors with two flat mirrors on each side an advantage when viewed from an angle of 90°. | [125] |
| Three-axis STS | In the proposed approach, both the manufacturing and installation of a solar panel mount that is outfitted with a solar tracking controller that has multiple axes are detailed. | • According to this study, the three-axis ST has a high efficiency as compared with the fixed-axis STS. • In comparison, the efficiency of the STS with a fixed axis is just 18%, while the STS with three axes achieves 24.9%. | The concept of the suggested model can be put into action by connecting to the national grid, which can provide exceptional assistance at a time when it is most needed. | [126] |
| A multistage hybrid deep learning model for enhanced solar tracking | Through the combination of normalization techniques and the transformation of numerical data into pictures, the suggested model enhances the representation of features in the data. | On a freely accessible dataset, the suggested hybrid model performs better than current approaches, obtaining exceptional results with MAE, MAPE, and RMSE scores of 0.0073, 1.4635, and 0.0097, respectively. | • Approximately 25% of the data acquired over a period of 3 years, or 272 days, were used to train the model. • This could restrict how broadly applicable the model is. Therefore, for better sun tracking, future research should look at training the model on a larger dataset and examining the integration of image and tabular data. | [127] |
| Type of technology in the system . | Methodology description . | Performance, energy gain, and efficiency . | Key findings . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed- and double-axis STS | Initially, PV systems were of a fixed nature; however, later on, they were regulated to follow the movement of the sun along two axes by making use of solar altitude and azimuth angles. | • The PV system with a fixed tilt generates 11.53 MWh of electricity. • The PV system mounted on a double-axis sun tracker generates 15.98 MWh. | • According to the calculations, the double-axis sun-tracking system generates 30.79% more electricity than the latitude-tilt fixed PV system does. • This difference can be seen when comparing the two systems. | [116] |
| Single-axis scheduled STS | This research endeavour is being undertaken to assess the efficiency of a solar system that is stationary, an LDR photo sensor, and a solitary-axis solar tracking mechanism that operates on a programmed schedule under a variety of climatic circumstances. | • The tracker utilized 0.557 Wh of energy during the 5-day experiment, and astronomical estimates put its efficiency at 5.7% when the mechanism that spun the sensor was considered. • On days with cloudy and rainy weather, the planned ST was 4.2% more effective than the LDR ST, but only 1.15% on days with variable cloud cover. | • In diverse weather conditions, the schedule-based STS is 4.2% more efficient than the LDR STS. The proposed tracker was 5.7% more efficient than a fixed PV panel tilted to its ideal angle. • The use of an encoder has resulted in the creation of a method that is capable of accurately determining the azimuth angle of the Sun. | [117] |
| Single-axis multiple-position V-trough tracker | PV multiple-position V-trough tracker with reduced reflections and an INSA are theoretically examined for their performance. | When compared to nonconcentrating solar panels of a similar type, concentrating solar panels showed a maximum power point increase of 62%. | • V-trough concentrators are ideal for concentrating sunlight on commercially available solar cells because they are much easier to manufacture than compound concentrators (CPCs). • They have more uniform solar irradiation at their bases, and they are better equipped to disperse excess heat through their sidewalls. | [118] |
| Bifacial fixed-tilt single-axis tracking system | • It is possible to model the energy yield of a fixed-tilt bifacial system as a function of the placement height, the number of rows and modules in each row, or all of these factors together. • The data that were measured from a PV system that had constantly shifting tilt angles and the data that were simulated were compared. | In most cases, the GCR for HSAT systems is lower than 35%, but the GCR for fixed systems is often more than 50%. | When comparing monofacial and bifacial tracking gains for a given GCR, the tracking gain for monofacial systems is somewhat higher than that of bifacial systems. | [119] |
| One-axis three-position polar-axis-aligned sun tracking | This research proposes and conceptually investigates a new design concept for PV applications that is dubbed one-axis three-position sun-tracking polar-axis-aligned CPCs (3P-CPCs). | The yearly solar gain that was captured by 1P-CPCs was approximately 65%–74% of that which was gathered by fixed EW-aligned CPCs, while the annual solar gain that was obtained by 3P-CPCs was approximately 26%–45% greater. | • The polar-axis single-axis sun-tracking techniques were oriented in the polar-axis direction for effective beam radiation collection practically all day long. | [120] |
| Dual-axis PV tracking system | • In this paper, both the design of a dual-axis PV tracking system and the results of experimental testing are discussed. • The output and presentation aspects of the tracking system are handled separately by their respective mechanical and electrical components. | • According to the findings of this investigation, the performance of the dual-axis PV tracking system in comparison to that of the stationary systems was superior by more than 27%. • In regard to solar modules following the course of the sun, the dual-axis tracking system design that is suggested in conjunction with an open-loop control system of electric drives gives outstanding results. | The dual-axis tracking gadget incorporates both mechanical and electronic parts into its construction. The electric circuit of the dual-axis tracking system does a comparison of the resistances of two resistors that depend on the amount of light. (LDR). | [119] |
| Azimuth- and sensor-based control strategies for a PV solar tracking application | • Within the scope of this research, a single-axis STS is put into operation, and an azimuth control strategy is developed to improve tracking of the sun. • Real-time calculations of the ideal azimuth angle can be performed by an embedded microprocessor, which takes into account the altitude, date, and time. | Based on the findings, it was determined that the sensor-based STS created 14.8% more net power compared to the azimuth-based STS, whereas the latter generated 7.8% greater power overall. On the other hand, the STS that relied on sensors consumed 192% less power than the latter. | The energy consumption of the STS that was based on sensors was 65% lower than that of the STS that was based on azimuth, which was 150% higher. | [121] |
| Filtered sun sensor for solar tracking in HCPV and CSP systems | Infrared and linear polarizing optical filters will be incorporated into a four-quadrant photodiode solar sensor to demonstrate the benefits of doing so. The goal of this effort is to demonstrate such benefits. | • Both indoor and outdoor tracking studies make use of the algorithms found in STs. • These include the PI and PID controllers, as well as a cascade control rule that was recently proposed. | The value of diffuse radiation is rather low when there is no cloud cover, accounting for approximately 7.5% of the total solar radiation. This value in the solar sensor results in low measurement noise levels as compared to other values. | [122] |
| Microcontroller-based single-axis PV tracker system on solar panel performance | A solar panel was used in the construction of the system. In addition, two LDR sensors were linked to the north and south sides of the PV, and a servo motor was connected to the Uno board. | The objective of SASTS is to get the most accurate readings possible from the solar panel while the weather is clear and sunny. The precision of this tracking system is 0.85 W/m2, which is rather impressive. | • As a result of the fixed solar panel housing and the high deflection angle, the MPP was significantly less than what was predicted by SASTS. • The mechanism known as SASTS lends a hand in ensuring that the solar panel remains oriented toward the sun and makes full use of the consistent incoming rays, which is the intended result. | [123] |
| ST system for solar panels that makes use of the Proteus ISIS 7.6 software | • Proteus 7.6 ISIS was put to use to synchronize an independent STS, and it was successful in doing so. | A STS, utilizing a microcontroller and a low-cost solar sensor, has been developed and simulated. The outcomes of the simulation have been remarkably significant. | The greatest current draw from the sensor is less than 0.5 mA, which demonstrates how little power the sensor consumes while functioning as it is designed. | [124] |
| Two-axis STS using flat-mirror reflectors | This study investigated the voltage, electric current, power, and efficiency of a STS equipped with two- and four-sided reflectors positioned at angles of 90°, 120°, and 150° relative to the solar panel. | At a 90° angle, the four-sided flat mirrors were more effective at blocking some sun rays than the two-sided ones; however, at a 150° angle, the rays could not be reflected to the panel. Because of this, two-sided flat mirrors were preferred to four-sided ones. | The fact that the four-sided flat mirrors had an additional two flat mirrors that blocked some of the sun’s rays gave the reflectors with two flat mirrors on each side an advantage when viewed from an angle of 90°. | [125] |
| Three-axis STS | In the proposed approach, both the manufacturing and installation of a solar panel mount that is outfitted with a solar tracking controller that has multiple axes are detailed. | • According to this study, the three-axis ST has a high efficiency as compared with the fixed-axis STS. • In comparison, the efficiency of the STS with a fixed axis is just 18%, while the STS with three axes achieves 24.9%. | The concept of the suggested model can be put into action by connecting to the national grid, which can provide exceptional assistance at a time when it is most needed. | [126] |
| A multistage hybrid deep learning model for enhanced solar tracking | Through the combination of normalization techniques and the transformation of numerical data into pictures, the suggested model enhances the representation of features in the data. | On a freely accessible dataset, the suggested hybrid model performs better than current approaches, obtaining exceptional results with MAE, MAPE, and RMSE scores of 0.0073, 1.4635, and 0.0097, respectively. | • Approximately 25% of the data acquired over a period of 3 years, or 272 days, were used to train the model. • This could restrict how broadly applicable the model is. Therefore, for better sun tracking, future research should look at training the model on a larger dataset and examining the integration of image and tabular data. | [127] |
CPC, compound parabolic concentrator; CSP, concentrated solar power; EW, east–west; GCR, ground coverage ratio; HCPV, high-concentration PV; INSA, inclination north‒south axis; LDR, light-dependent resistor; MAE, mean absolute error; MAPE, mean absolute percentage error; MPP, maximum power point; PI, proportional–integral; PID, proportional–integral–derivative; RMSE, root mean square error; SASTS, single-axis solar tracking system; ST, solar tracker.
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