Standardized coefficients table for models relating environmental predictors and the species richness, abundance, or rarity index of bird assemblages in the USA, for the year 2017.a
| Predictor . | Richness (GLM) . | Abundance (GLM) . | Rarity index (GAM)^ . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open-habitat birds | 0.17*** | 0.63*** | −0.14*** |
| Urban birds | −0.11*** | 0.75*** | −0.91*** |
| HPI | 0.03*** | 0.15*** | — |
| NDVI | 0.50*** | 0.58*** | — |
| HPI: NDVI | 0.05*** | 0.12*** | *** |
| HPI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | ** |
| HPI: Open-habitat birds | −0.10*** | −0.19*** | * |
| HPI: Urban birds | −0.14*** | −0.28*** | — |
| NDVI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | *** |
| NDVI: Open-habitat birds | −0.59*** | −0.82*** | *** |
| NDVI: Urban birds | −0.31*** | −0.36*** | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Open-habitat birds | −0.08*** | −0.16*** | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Urban birds | −0.07*** | −0.14*** | *** |
| Latitude | 0.02*** | — | *** |
| Proportion of urban land | — | — | *** |
| Proportion of cropland | −0.01* | 0.07*** | *** |
| Distance to coast | — | −0.03** | *** |
| Deviance explained | 39.94% | 28.23% | 65.36% |
| Predictor . | Richness (GLM) . | Abundance (GLM) . | Rarity index (GAM)^ . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open-habitat birds | 0.17*** | 0.63*** | −0.14*** |
| Urban birds | −0.11*** | 0.75*** | −0.91*** |
| HPI | 0.03*** | 0.15*** | — |
| NDVI | 0.50*** | 0.58*** | — |
| HPI: NDVI | 0.05*** | 0.12*** | *** |
| HPI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | ** |
| HPI: Open-habitat birds | −0.10*** | −0.19*** | * |
| HPI: Urban birds | −0.14*** | −0.28*** | — |
| NDVI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | *** |
| NDVI: Open-habitat birds | −0.59*** | −0.82*** | *** |
| NDVI: Urban birds | −0.31*** | −0.36*** | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Open-habitat birds | −0.08*** | −0.16*** | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Urban birds | −0.07*** | −0.14*** | *** |
| Latitude | 0.02*** | — | *** |
| Proportion of urban land | — | — | *** |
| Proportion of cropland | −0.01* | 0.07*** | *** |
| Distance to coast | — | −0.03** | *** |
| Deviance explained | 39.94% | 28.23% | 65.36% |
HPI: House Price Index; NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; GLM: Generalized Linear Model, GAM: Generalized Additive Model. For the GLMs and the parametric coefficients of the GAM, open-habitat and urban birds’ results are in comparison to the woodland birds (treated as baseline). Significant P-values are represented as follows: ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. Non-significant predictors are denoted with a dash. We also present the proportion of the variability explained by the model (Deviance Explained). NDVI and the proportion of urban and crop land cover were calculated using a 25 km buffer around the BBS route.
^Coefficients for the GAM are shown for the parametric terms when significant. For the smooth terms, only their significance is shown.
Standardized coefficients table for models relating environmental predictors and the species richness, abundance, or rarity index of bird assemblages in the USA, for the year 2017.a
| Predictor . | Richness (GLM) . | Abundance (GLM) . | Rarity index (GAM)^ . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open-habitat birds | 0.17*** | 0.63*** | −0.14*** |
| Urban birds | −0.11*** | 0.75*** | −0.91*** |
| HPI | 0.03*** | 0.15*** | — |
| NDVI | 0.50*** | 0.58*** | — |
| HPI: NDVI | 0.05*** | 0.12*** | *** |
| HPI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | ** |
| HPI: Open-habitat birds | −0.10*** | −0.19*** | * |
| HPI: Urban birds | −0.14*** | −0.28*** | — |
| NDVI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | *** |
| NDVI: Open-habitat birds | −0.59*** | −0.82*** | *** |
| NDVI: Urban birds | −0.31*** | −0.36*** | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Open-habitat birds | −0.08*** | −0.16*** | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Urban birds | −0.07*** | −0.14*** | *** |
| Latitude | 0.02*** | — | *** |
| Proportion of urban land | — | — | *** |
| Proportion of cropland | −0.01* | 0.07*** | *** |
| Distance to coast | — | −0.03** | *** |
| Deviance explained | 39.94% | 28.23% | 65.36% |
| Predictor . | Richness (GLM) . | Abundance (GLM) . | Rarity index (GAM)^ . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open-habitat birds | 0.17*** | 0.63*** | −0.14*** |
| Urban birds | −0.11*** | 0.75*** | −0.91*** |
| HPI | 0.03*** | 0.15*** | — |
| NDVI | 0.50*** | 0.58*** | — |
| HPI: NDVI | 0.05*** | 0.12*** | *** |
| HPI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | ** |
| HPI: Open-habitat birds | −0.10*** | −0.19*** | * |
| HPI: Urban birds | −0.14*** | −0.28*** | — |
| NDVI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | *** |
| NDVI: Open-habitat birds | −0.59*** | −0.82*** | *** |
| NDVI: Urban birds | −0.31*** | −0.36*** | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Woodland birds | (baseline) | (baseline) | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Open-habitat birds | −0.08*** | −0.16*** | *** |
| HPI: NDVI: Urban birds | −0.07*** | −0.14*** | *** |
| Latitude | 0.02*** | — | *** |
| Proportion of urban land | — | — | *** |
| Proportion of cropland | −0.01* | 0.07*** | *** |
| Distance to coast | — | −0.03** | *** |
| Deviance explained | 39.94% | 28.23% | 65.36% |
HPI: House Price Index; NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; GLM: Generalized Linear Model, GAM: Generalized Additive Model. For the GLMs and the parametric coefficients of the GAM, open-habitat and urban birds’ results are in comparison to the woodland birds (treated as baseline). Significant P-values are represented as follows: ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. Non-significant predictors are denoted with a dash. We also present the proportion of the variability explained by the model (Deviance Explained). NDVI and the proportion of urban and crop land cover were calculated using a 25 km buffer around the BBS route.
^Coefficients for the GAM are shown for the parametric terms when significant. For the smooth terms, only their significance is shown.
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