Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) example using available literature for carbon dioxide (CO2) development as an invasive carp deterrent technology. Each reference is categorized into an estimated TRL ranking using the research scale, purpose, and complexity based on descriptions in Table 1.
| Technology Readiness Level (TRL) | Reference | Objective |
| TRL 1 | Noatch and Suski (2012) | Literature review |
| TRL 2 | USACE GLMRIS (2014) | Scoping document |
| Suski (2020) | Literature review | |
| TRL 3 | Kates et al. (2012) | Fish behavior (laboratory) |
| Dennis et al. (2015a) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Dennis et al. (2015b) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Hasler et al. (2017) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Tix et al. (2018) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Hannan et al. (2016) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Waller et al. (2017) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Jeffrey et al. (2018) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Waller et al. (2019) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Cupp et al. (2020) | Nontarget organisms (fish) | |
| TRL 4 | Donaldson et al. (2016) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) |
| Cupp et al. (2017) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| Hasler et al. (2019) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| TRL 5 | USEPA (2019) | USEPA pesticide registration |
| Zolper et al. (2019) | Gas‐system engineering | |
| Cupp et al. (2021b) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| TRL 6 | Cupp et al. (2018) | Limited field application |
| Politano et al. (In press) | Model simulations | |
| TRL 7 | Zolper et al. (2022) | Technology demonstration |
| Cupp et al. (2023) | Technology demonstration | |
| Raboin et al. (2023) | Technology demonstration | |
| TRL 8 | – | – |
| TRL 9 | – | – |
| Technology Readiness Level (TRL) | Reference | Objective |
| TRL 1 | Noatch and Suski (2012) | Literature review |
| TRL 2 | USACE GLMRIS (2014) | Scoping document |
| Suski (2020) | Literature review | |
| TRL 3 | Kates et al. (2012) | Fish behavior (laboratory) |
| Dennis et al. (2015a) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Dennis et al. (2015b) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Hasler et al. (2017) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Tix et al. (2018) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Hannan et al. (2016) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Waller et al. (2017) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Jeffrey et al. (2018) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Waller et al. (2019) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Cupp et al. (2020) | Nontarget organisms (fish) | |
| TRL 4 | Donaldson et al. (2016) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) |
| Cupp et al. (2017) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| Hasler et al. (2019) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| TRL 5 | USEPA (2019) | USEPA pesticide registration |
| Zolper et al. (2019) | Gas‐system engineering | |
| Cupp et al. (2021b) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| TRL 6 | Cupp et al. (2018) | Limited field application |
| Politano et al. (In press) | Model simulations | |
| TRL 7 | Zolper et al. (2022) | Technology demonstration |
| Cupp et al. (2023) | Technology demonstration | |
| Raboin et al. (2023) | Technology demonstration | |
| TRL 8 | – | – |
| TRL 9 | – | – |
Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) example using available literature for carbon dioxide (CO2) development as an invasive carp deterrent technology. Each reference is categorized into an estimated TRL ranking using the research scale, purpose, and complexity based on descriptions in Table 1.
| Technology Readiness Level (TRL) | Reference | Objective |
| TRL 1 | Noatch and Suski (2012) | Literature review |
| TRL 2 | USACE GLMRIS (2014) | Scoping document |
| Suski (2020) | Literature review | |
| TRL 3 | Kates et al. (2012) | Fish behavior (laboratory) |
| Dennis et al. (2015a) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Dennis et al. (2015b) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Hasler et al. (2017) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Tix et al. (2018) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Hannan et al. (2016) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Waller et al. (2017) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Jeffrey et al. (2018) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Waller et al. (2019) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Cupp et al. (2020) | Nontarget organisms (fish) | |
| TRL 4 | Donaldson et al. (2016) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) |
| Cupp et al. (2017) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| Hasler et al. (2019) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| TRL 5 | USEPA (2019) | USEPA pesticide registration |
| Zolper et al. (2019) | Gas‐system engineering | |
| Cupp et al. (2021b) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| TRL 6 | Cupp et al. (2018) | Limited field application |
| Politano et al. (In press) | Model simulations | |
| TRL 7 | Zolper et al. (2022) | Technology demonstration |
| Cupp et al. (2023) | Technology demonstration | |
| Raboin et al. (2023) | Technology demonstration | |
| TRL 8 | – | – |
| TRL 9 | – | – |
| Technology Readiness Level (TRL) | Reference | Objective |
| TRL 1 | Noatch and Suski (2012) | Literature review |
| TRL 2 | USACE GLMRIS (2014) | Scoping document |
| Suski (2020) | Literature review | |
| TRL 3 | Kates et al. (2012) | Fish behavior (laboratory) |
| Dennis et al. (2015a) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Dennis et al. (2015b) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Hasler et al. (2017) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Tix et al. (2018) | Fish behavior (laboratory) | |
| Hannan et al. (2016) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Waller et al. (2017) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Jeffrey et al. (2018) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Waller et al. (2019) | Nontarget organisms (mussels) | |
| Cupp et al. (2020) | Nontarget organisms (fish) | |
| TRL 4 | Donaldson et al. (2016) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) |
| Cupp et al. (2017) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| Hasler et al. (2019) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| TRL 5 | USEPA (2019) | USEPA pesticide registration |
| Zolper et al. (2019) | Gas‐system engineering | |
| Cupp et al. (2021b) | Fish behavior (mesocosm) | |
| TRL 6 | Cupp et al. (2018) | Limited field application |
| Politano et al. (In press) | Model simulations | |
| TRL 7 | Zolper et al. (2022) | Technology demonstration |
| Cupp et al. (2023) | Technology demonstration | |
| Raboin et al. (2023) | Technology demonstration | |
| TRL 8 | – | – |
| TRL 9 | – | – |
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