| Cancer type . | Cell line (in vitro) . | Animal model (in vivo) . | Dose . | Effect . | Mechanism . | Refs. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer | HCT116, RKO, SW480 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg | Viability and proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; invasion and metastases↓ | STAT3↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; EMT ↓; E-Cadherin↑; Vimentin↓ | [23] |
| HCT116, HT29 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ER↑; mTORC1↓; caspase-12↑ | [24] | |
| SW480, EOMA (xenograft in mice) | 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg | Angiogenesis↓; apoptosis↑ | mOTRC1↓; HIF-1α↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑ | [25] | ||
| SW480, SW1116 | Apoptosis↑; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | p53↓; p21↓; ROS↑ | [26] | |||
| Colon cancer | LoVo/ADR, HCT116/L and Cao-2/ADR | Drug resistance↓ | p-gp↓ | [27] | ||
| HCT116, HT29 | Invasion and metastases↓ | Cortactin↓ | [28] | |||
| HCT116, HT30 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 1.5 mg/kg | Apoptosis↑ | HIF-1α↓ | [29] | |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | CAL-27 | Invasion and metastases↓; apoptosis↑ | STAT3↓; ANO1↓; ANO1 mRNA↓; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑ | [30] | ||
| Osteosarcoma | U2OS, 143B | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg | Viability↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; GSH↓; GSH reductase↓; cytochrome C↑; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; pgH2AX↑; Apaf-1↑ | [31] |
| 143B | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 5 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; Notch↓ | [32] | |
| U2OS, 143B, MG-63 | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 4 mg/kg | Apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; Notch↓ | [33] | |
| U2OS, MG-63, SaOS-2 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | xIAP↓; cIAP-1↓; Bcl-2↓; Bax↑; cleaved PARP↑; GSK-3β/NF-κB↓ | [34] | |||
| MNNG/HOS, U2OS | Viability↓; invasion and metastases↓ | FOXO1↑; EMT↓ | [35] | |||
| Autophagy↓ | ROS/JNK/p38↓ | [36] | ||||
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | HK-1 | S cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | CDK2↓; Cyclin E↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑ | [37] | ||
| Invasion and metastases↓ | ENKUR↑; p53↑; EMT↓ | [38] | ||||
| Melanoma | A375, A2058, G361 | Viability and proliferation↓ | LEF1↓; Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway↓; c-Myc↓; cyclin D1↓; Axin-2↓ | [39] | ||
| A375 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑; PI3K/p-PI3K/AKT/p-AKT↓; ATM↑; Chk2↑; CDC25C↓; CDK1↓; cyclin B↓ | [40] | |||
| Uveal Melanoma | OCM1 | OCM1(xenograft in mice) | 5 mg/kg | Viability and proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑ | [41] |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | QBC939, RBE | QBC939(xenograft in mice) | 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; Notch↓ | [42] |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | U87MG-EGFR | U87MG-EGFR (xenograft in mice) | 1 mg/kg, 5mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | EGFR↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓ | [43] |
| Glioblastoma | U87 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; PI3K-AKT-4EBP1↓ | [42] | ||
| eOesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma | EC-109, Kyse-150, Kyse-520 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; Puma↑; p73↑; B-CDC2↓; CDC2↓; p21↑; Wee1↑ | [44] | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | HepG2, SK-HEP-1 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | TYMS↓; DDR↑ | [45] | ||
| Huh7 | Viability↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑; | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; p73↑ | [46] | |||
| DNA damage↑ | AUPKA↓; mTOR↓; p-mTOR↓; eIF4E↓; p-eIF4E↓;4E-BP1↑ | [47] | ||||
| HepG2 | Apoptosis↑ | Fas↑; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓ | [48] | |||
| Apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; NF-κB↓ | [49] | ||||
| Bel-7402 | G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓ | [50] | |||
| HepG2, SMMC-7721 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | EPK↓; c-Myc↓ | [51] | |||
| Gastric cancer | SGC-7901 | Autophagy↓; proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑ | [52] | ||
| Acute myeloid leukaemia | HL60, Kasumi-1 | Proliferation↓ | c-Myc↓ | [53] | ||
| Non-small-cell lung cancer | A549 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; invasion and metastases↓ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; FOXO1↑; G9a↓ | [54] | ||
| A549, H1299, H460, SK-MES-1 | A549(xenograft in mice) | 1.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; cleaved caspase-3↑; invasion and metastases ↓; AKT/mTOR↓; ROS↑ | [55] | |
| Human multiple myeloma | U266 | Apoptosis↑ | EPK/JNK/p38/MAPKs↑; ROS↑; cleaved caspase-3↑ | [56] | ||
| Prostate cancer | LNCaP, DU145, PC3 | Apoptosis↑ | p53↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑ | [57] | ||
| Breast cancer | MCF-7 | G1 cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax/Bcl-2↑ | [58] | ||
| MDA-MB-231 | S cell cycle arrest↑ | [59] | ||||
| Cervical carcinoma | HeLa | G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | [60] |
| Cancer type . | Cell line (in vitro) . | Animal model (in vivo) . | Dose . | Effect . | Mechanism . | Refs. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer | HCT116, RKO, SW480 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg | Viability and proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; invasion and metastases↓ | STAT3↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; EMT ↓; E-Cadherin↑; Vimentin↓ | [23] |
| HCT116, HT29 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ER↑; mTORC1↓; caspase-12↑ | [24] | |
| SW480, EOMA (xenograft in mice) | 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg | Angiogenesis↓; apoptosis↑ | mOTRC1↓; HIF-1α↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑ | [25] | ||
| SW480, SW1116 | Apoptosis↑; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | p53↓; p21↓; ROS↑ | [26] | |||
| Colon cancer | LoVo/ADR, HCT116/L and Cao-2/ADR | Drug resistance↓ | p-gp↓ | [27] | ||
| HCT116, HT29 | Invasion and metastases↓ | Cortactin↓ | [28] | |||
| HCT116, HT30 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 1.5 mg/kg | Apoptosis↑ | HIF-1α↓ | [29] | |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | CAL-27 | Invasion and metastases↓; apoptosis↑ | STAT3↓; ANO1↓; ANO1 mRNA↓; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑ | [30] | ||
| Osteosarcoma | U2OS, 143B | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg | Viability↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; GSH↓; GSH reductase↓; cytochrome C↑; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; pgH2AX↑; Apaf-1↑ | [31] |
| 143B | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 5 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; Notch↓ | [32] | |
| U2OS, 143B, MG-63 | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 4 mg/kg | Apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; Notch↓ | [33] | |
| U2OS, MG-63, SaOS-2 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | xIAP↓; cIAP-1↓; Bcl-2↓; Bax↑; cleaved PARP↑; GSK-3β/NF-κB↓ | [34] | |||
| MNNG/HOS, U2OS | Viability↓; invasion and metastases↓ | FOXO1↑; EMT↓ | [35] | |||
| Autophagy↓ | ROS/JNK/p38↓ | [36] | ||||
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | HK-1 | S cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | CDK2↓; Cyclin E↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑ | [37] | ||
| Invasion and metastases↓ | ENKUR↑; p53↑; EMT↓ | [38] | ||||
| Melanoma | A375, A2058, G361 | Viability and proliferation↓ | LEF1↓; Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway↓; c-Myc↓; cyclin D1↓; Axin-2↓ | [39] | ||
| A375 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑; PI3K/p-PI3K/AKT/p-AKT↓; ATM↑; Chk2↑; CDC25C↓; CDK1↓; cyclin B↓ | [40] | |||
| Uveal Melanoma | OCM1 | OCM1(xenograft in mice) | 5 mg/kg | Viability and proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑ | [41] |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | QBC939, RBE | QBC939(xenograft in mice) | 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; Notch↓ | [42] |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | U87MG-EGFR | U87MG-EGFR (xenograft in mice) | 1 mg/kg, 5mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | EGFR↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓ | [43] |
| Glioblastoma | U87 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; PI3K-AKT-4EBP1↓ | [42] | ||
| eOesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma | EC-109, Kyse-150, Kyse-520 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; Puma↑; p73↑; B-CDC2↓; CDC2↓; p21↑; Wee1↑ | [44] | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | HepG2, SK-HEP-1 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | TYMS↓; DDR↑ | [45] | ||
| Huh7 | Viability↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑; | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; p73↑ | [46] | |||
| DNA damage↑ | AUPKA↓; mTOR↓; p-mTOR↓; eIF4E↓; p-eIF4E↓;4E-BP1↑ | [47] | ||||
| HepG2 | Apoptosis↑ | Fas↑; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓ | [48] | |||
| Apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; NF-κB↓ | [49] | ||||
| Bel-7402 | G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓ | [50] | |||
| HepG2, SMMC-7721 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | EPK↓; c-Myc↓ | [51] | |||
| Gastric cancer | SGC-7901 | Autophagy↓; proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑ | [52] | ||
| Acute myeloid leukaemia | HL60, Kasumi-1 | Proliferation↓ | c-Myc↓ | [53] | ||
| Non-small-cell lung cancer | A549 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; invasion and metastases↓ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; FOXO1↑; G9a↓ | [54] | ||
| A549, H1299, H460, SK-MES-1 | A549(xenograft in mice) | 1.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; cleaved caspase-3↑; invasion and metastases ↓; AKT/mTOR↓; ROS↑ | [55] | |
| Human multiple myeloma | U266 | Apoptosis↑ | EPK/JNK/p38/MAPKs↑; ROS↑; cleaved caspase-3↑ | [56] | ||
| Prostate cancer | LNCaP, DU145, PC3 | Apoptosis↑ | p53↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑ | [57] | ||
| Breast cancer | MCF-7 | G1 cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax/Bcl-2↑ | [58] | ||
| MDA-MB-231 | S cell cycle arrest↑ | [59] | ||||
| Cervical carcinoma | HeLa | G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | [60] |
↑Increase; ↓Decrease. JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase.
| Cancer type . | Cell line (in vitro) . | Animal model (in vivo) . | Dose . | Effect . | Mechanism . | Refs. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer | HCT116, RKO, SW480 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg | Viability and proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; invasion and metastases↓ | STAT3↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; EMT ↓; E-Cadherin↑; Vimentin↓ | [23] |
| HCT116, HT29 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ER↑; mTORC1↓; caspase-12↑ | [24] | |
| SW480, EOMA (xenograft in mice) | 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg | Angiogenesis↓; apoptosis↑ | mOTRC1↓; HIF-1α↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑ | [25] | ||
| SW480, SW1116 | Apoptosis↑; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | p53↓; p21↓; ROS↑ | [26] | |||
| Colon cancer | LoVo/ADR, HCT116/L and Cao-2/ADR | Drug resistance↓ | p-gp↓ | [27] | ||
| HCT116, HT29 | Invasion and metastases↓ | Cortactin↓ | [28] | |||
| HCT116, HT30 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 1.5 mg/kg | Apoptosis↑ | HIF-1α↓ | [29] | |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | CAL-27 | Invasion and metastases↓; apoptosis↑ | STAT3↓; ANO1↓; ANO1 mRNA↓; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑ | [30] | ||
| Osteosarcoma | U2OS, 143B | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg | Viability↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; GSH↓; GSH reductase↓; cytochrome C↑; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; pgH2AX↑; Apaf-1↑ | [31] |
| 143B | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 5 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; Notch↓ | [32] | |
| U2OS, 143B, MG-63 | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 4 mg/kg | Apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; Notch↓ | [33] | |
| U2OS, MG-63, SaOS-2 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | xIAP↓; cIAP-1↓; Bcl-2↓; Bax↑; cleaved PARP↑; GSK-3β/NF-κB↓ | [34] | |||
| MNNG/HOS, U2OS | Viability↓; invasion and metastases↓ | FOXO1↑; EMT↓ | [35] | |||
| Autophagy↓ | ROS/JNK/p38↓ | [36] | ||||
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | HK-1 | S cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | CDK2↓; Cyclin E↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑ | [37] | ||
| Invasion and metastases↓ | ENKUR↑; p53↑; EMT↓ | [38] | ||||
| Melanoma | A375, A2058, G361 | Viability and proliferation↓ | LEF1↓; Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway↓; c-Myc↓; cyclin D1↓; Axin-2↓ | [39] | ||
| A375 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑; PI3K/p-PI3K/AKT/p-AKT↓; ATM↑; Chk2↑; CDC25C↓; CDK1↓; cyclin B↓ | [40] | |||
| Uveal Melanoma | OCM1 | OCM1(xenograft in mice) | 5 mg/kg | Viability and proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑ | [41] |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | QBC939, RBE | QBC939(xenograft in mice) | 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; Notch↓ | [42] |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | U87MG-EGFR | U87MG-EGFR (xenograft in mice) | 1 mg/kg, 5mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | EGFR↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓ | [43] |
| Glioblastoma | U87 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; PI3K-AKT-4EBP1↓ | [42] | ||
| eOesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma | EC-109, Kyse-150, Kyse-520 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; Puma↑; p73↑; B-CDC2↓; CDC2↓; p21↑; Wee1↑ | [44] | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | HepG2, SK-HEP-1 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | TYMS↓; DDR↑ | [45] | ||
| Huh7 | Viability↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑; | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; p73↑ | [46] | |||
| DNA damage↑ | AUPKA↓; mTOR↓; p-mTOR↓; eIF4E↓; p-eIF4E↓;4E-BP1↑ | [47] | ||||
| HepG2 | Apoptosis↑ | Fas↑; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓ | [48] | |||
| Apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; NF-κB↓ | [49] | ||||
| Bel-7402 | G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓ | [50] | |||
| HepG2, SMMC-7721 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | EPK↓; c-Myc↓ | [51] | |||
| Gastric cancer | SGC-7901 | Autophagy↓; proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑ | [52] | ||
| Acute myeloid leukaemia | HL60, Kasumi-1 | Proliferation↓ | c-Myc↓ | [53] | ||
| Non-small-cell lung cancer | A549 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; invasion and metastases↓ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; FOXO1↑; G9a↓ | [54] | ||
| A549, H1299, H460, SK-MES-1 | A549(xenograft in mice) | 1.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; cleaved caspase-3↑; invasion and metastases ↓; AKT/mTOR↓; ROS↑ | [55] | |
| Human multiple myeloma | U266 | Apoptosis↑ | EPK/JNK/p38/MAPKs↑; ROS↑; cleaved caspase-3↑ | [56] | ||
| Prostate cancer | LNCaP, DU145, PC3 | Apoptosis↑ | p53↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑ | [57] | ||
| Breast cancer | MCF-7 | G1 cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax/Bcl-2↑ | [58] | ||
| MDA-MB-231 | S cell cycle arrest↑ | [59] | ||||
| Cervical carcinoma | HeLa | G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | [60] |
| Cancer type . | Cell line (in vitro) . | Animal model (in vivo) . | Dose . | Effect . | Mechanism . | Refs. . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer | HCT116, RKO, SW480 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg | Viability and proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; invasion and metastases↓ | STAT3↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; EMT ↓; E-Cadherin↑; Vimentin↓ | [23] |
| HCT116, HT29 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ER↑; mTORC1↓; caspase-12↑ | [24] | |
| SW480, EOMA (xenograft in mice) | 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg | Angiogenesis↓; apoptosis↑ | mOTRC1↓; HIF-1α↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑ | [25] | ||
| SW480, SW1116 | Apoptosis↑; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | p53↓; p21↓; ROS↑ | [26] | |||
| Colon cancer | LoVo/ADR, HCT116/L and Cao-2/ADR | Drug resistance↓ | p-gp↓ | [27] | ||
| HCT116, HT29 | Invasion and metastases↓ | Cortactin↓ | [28] | |||
| HCT116, HT30 | HCT116(xenograft in mice) | 1.5 mg/kg | Apoptosis↑ | HIF-1α↓ | [29] | |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | CAL-27 | Invasion and metastases↓; apoptosis↑ | STAT3↓; ANO1↓; ANO1 mRNA↓; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑ | [30] | ||
| Osteosarcoma | U2OS, 143B | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg | Viability↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; GSH↓; GSH reductase↓; cytochrome C↑; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; pgH2AX↑; Apaf-1↑ | [31] |
| 143B | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 5 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; Notch↓ | [32] | |
| U2OS, 143B, MG-63 | 143B (xenograft in mice) | 4 mg/kg | Apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; Notch↓ | [33] | |
| U2OS, MG-63, SaOS-2 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | xIAP↓; cIAP-1↓; Bcl-2↓; Bax↑; cleaved PARP↑; GSK-3β/NF-κB↓ | [34] | |||
| MNNG/HOS, U2OS | Viability↓; invasion and metastases↓ | FOXO1↑; EMT↓ | [35] | |||
| Autophagy↓ | ROS/JNK/p38↓ | [36] | ||||
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | HK-1 | S cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | CDK2↓; Cyclin E↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑ | [37] | ||
| Invasion and metastases↓ | ENKUR↑; p53↑; EMT↓ | [38] | ||||
| Melanoma | A375, A2058, G361 | Viability and proliferation↓ | LEF1↓; Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway↓; c-Myc↓; cyclin D1↓; Axin-2↓ | [39] | ||
| A375 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; cytochrome C↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP-1↑; Apaf-1↑; PI3K/p-PI3K/AKT/p-AKT↓; ATM↑; Chk2↑; CDC25C↓; CDK1↓; cyclin B↓ | [40] | |||
| Uveal Melanoma | OCM1 | OCM1(xenograft in mice) | 5 mg/kg | Viability and proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑ | [41] |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | QBC939, RBE | QBC939(xenograft in mice) | 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; Notch↓ | [42] |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | U87MG-EGFR | U87MG-EGFR (xenograft in mice) | 1 mg/kg, 5mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | EGFR↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓ | [43] |
| Glioblastoma | U87 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑; PI3K-AKT-4EBP1↓ | [42] | ||
| eOesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma | EC-109, Kyse-150, Kyse-520 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; Puma↑; p73↑; B-CDC2↓; CDC2↓; p21↑; Wee1↑ | [44] | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | HepG2, SK-HEP-1 | Proliferation↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | TYMS↓; DDR↑ | [45] | ||
| Huh7 | Viability↓; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑; | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; p73↑ | [46] | |||
| DNA damage↑ | AUPKA↓; mTOR↓; p-mTOR↓; eIF4E↓; p-eIF4E↓;4E-BP1↑ | [47] | ||||
| HepG2 | Apoptosis↑ | Fas↑; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; ROS↑; ΔΨm↓ | [48] | |||
| Apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; NF-κB↓ | [49] | ||||
| Bel-7402 | G2/M cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bax↑; Bcl-2↓ | [50] | |||
| HepG2, SMMC-7721 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; S cell cycle arrest↑ | EPK↓; c-Myc↓ | [51] | |||
| Gastric cancer | SGC-7901 | Autophagy↓; proliferation↓; apoptosis↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑; cleaved PARP↑ | [52] | ||
| Acute myeloid leukaemia | HL60, Kasumi-1 | Proliferation↓ | c-Myc↓ | [53] | ||
| Non-small-cell lung cancer | A549 | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; invasion and metastases↓ | Bax↑; Bcl-2↓; caspase-3↑; FOXO1↑; G9a↓ | [54] | ||
| A549, H1299, H460, SK-MES-1 | A549(xenograft in mice) | 1.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg | Proliferation↓; apoptosis↑; G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | ROS↑; ΔΨm↓; Bad, Bax↑; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl↓; cleaved caspase-3↑; invasion and metastases ↓; AKT/mTOR↓; ROS↑ | [55] | |
| Human multiple myeloma | U266 | Apoptosis↑ | EPK/JNK/p38/MAPKs↑; ROS↑; cleaved caspase-3↑ | [56] | ||
| Prostate cancer | LNCaP, DU145, PC3 | Apoptosis↑ | p53↑; caspase-9↑; caspase-3↑ | [57] | ||
| Breast cancer | MCF-7 | G1 cell cycle arrest↑; apoptosis↑ | Bax/Bcl-2↑ | [58] | ||
| MDA-MB-231 | S cell cycle arrest↑ | [59] | ||||
| Cervical carcinoma | HeLa | G2/M cell cycle arrest↑ | [60] |
↑Increase; ↓Decrease. JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase.
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