Table 4. Open in new tab Comparison of...

Model VIII

Model XI

Model XII

Model XIII

Model XIV

Race

Asian

-

3.211 (1.021)^b

-

2.381 (1.141)^c

-

2.867 (1.090)^b

-

2.591 (1.235)^c

-

2.772 (1.155)^c

Black

0.538 (0.441)

0.205 (0.530)

0.381 (0.495)

0.202 (0.630)

0.375 (0.515)

Indigenous

-

1.135 (1.417)

-

2.079 (1.533)

-

1.637 (1.483)

-

2.855 (1.907)

-

1.596 (1.545)

Latinx

0.172 (0.380)

-

0.257 (0.452)

-

0.065 (0.424)

-

0.171 (0.543)

0.097 (0.458)

Pacific

25.326 (12.674)^c

20.487 (13.761)

23.054 (12.903)

0.440 (17.254)

19.402 (13.862)

ARI

-

13.620 (16.859)

-

5.503 (17.395)

-

10.431 (16.417)

-

12.919 (18.550)

-

16.715 (18.066)

Multi

-

1.585 (4.038)

-

3.514 (4.293)

-

2.425 (4.143)

-

7.699 (5.065)

-

2.978 (4.401)

NPL

HRS

-

0.032 (0.007)^a

-

0.033 (0.007)^a

-

0.032 (0.007)^a

-

0.032 (0.007)^a

-

0.033 (0.007)^a

Years listed

0.092 (0.010)^a

0.098 (0.011)^a

0.095 (0.010)^a

0.104 (0.011)^a

0.095 (0.011)^a

Geography

None

Region FE

Region RE

State FE

State RE

Table 4.

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Comparison of baseline Model VIII with four alternative specifications incorporating geographic effects for Superfund site deletion.

	Model VIII	Model XI	Model XII	Model XIII	Model XIV
Race
Asian	$-$ 3.211 (1.021)^b	$-$ 2.381 (1.141)^c	$-$ 2.867 (1.090)^b	$-$ 2.591 (1.235)^c	$-$ 2.772 (1.155)^c
Black	0.538 (0.441)	0.205 (0.530)	0.381 (0.495)	0.202 (0.630)	0.375 (0.515)
Indigenous	$-$ 1.135 (1.417)	$-$ 2.079 (1.533)	$-$ 1.637 (1.483)	$-$ 2.855 (1.907)	$-$ 1.596 (1.545)
Latinx	0.172 (0.380)	$-$ 0.257 (0.452)	$-$ 0.065 (0.424)	$-$ 0.171 (0.543)	0.097 (0.458)
Pacific	25.326 (12.674)^c	20.487 (13.761)	23.054 (12.903)	0.440 (17.254)	19.402 (13.862)
ARI	$-$ 13.620 (16.859)	$-$ 5.503 (17.395)	$-$ 10.431 (16.417)	$-$ 12.919 (18.550)	$-$ 16.715 (18.066)
Multi	$-$ 1.585 (4.038)	$-$ 3.514 (4.293)	$-$ 2.425 (4.143)	$-$ 7.699 (5.065)	$-$ 2.978 (4.401)
NPL
HRS	$-$ 0.032 (0.007)^a	$-$ 0.033 (0.007)^a	$-$ 0.032 (0.007)^a	$-$ 0.032 (0.007)^a	$-$ 0.033 (0.007)^a
Years listed	0.092 (0.010)^a	0.098 (0.011)^a	0.095 (0.010)^a	0.104 (0.011)^a	0.095 (0.011)^a
Geography	None	Region FE	Region RE	State FE	State RE

	Model VIII	Model XI	Model XII	Model XIII	Model XIV
Race
Asian	$-$ 3.211 (1.021)^b	$-$ 2.381 (1.141)^c	$-$ 2.867 (1.090)^b	$-$ 2.591 (1.235)^c	$-$ 2.772 (1.155)^c
Black	0.538 (0.441)	0.205 (0.530)	0.381 (0.495)	0.202 (0.630)	0.375 (0.515)
Indigenous	$-$ 1.135 (1.417)	$-$ 2.079 (1.533)	$-$ 1.637 (1.483)	$-$ 2.855 (1.907)	$-$ 1.596 (1.545)
Latinx	0.172 (0.380)	$-$ 0.257 (0.452)	$-$ 0.065 (0.424)	$-$ 0.171 (0.543)	0.097 (0.458)
Pacific	25.326 (12.674)^c	20.487 (13.761)	23.054 (12.903)	0.440 (17.254)	19.402 (13.862)
ARI	$-$ 13.620 (16.859)	$-$ 5.503 (17.395)	$-$ 10.431 (16.417)	$-$ 12.919 (18.550)	$-$ 16.715 (18.066)
Multi	$-$ 1.585 (4.038)	$-$ 3.514 (4.293)	$-$ 2.425 (4.143)	$-$ 7.699 (5.065)	$-$ 2.978 (4.401)
NPL
HRS	$-$ 0.032 (0.007)^a	$-$ 0.033 (0.007)^a	$-$ 0.032 (0.007)^a	$-$ 0.032 (0.007)^a	$-$ 0.033 (0.007)^a
Years listed	0.092 (0.010)^a	0.098 (0.011)^a	0.095 (0.010)^a	0.104 (0.011)^a	0.095 (0.011)^a
Geography	None	Region FE	Region RE	State FE	State RE

Max VIF

1.551

1.291

1.654

AUC

0.702

0.718

0.714

0.766

0.748

AIC

1,711.391

1,705.021

1,709.263

1,701.189

1,698.691

BIC

1,765.704

1,808.216

1,769.007

2,027.066

1,758.436

Log likelihood

-

845.695

-

833.510

-

843.631

-

790.594

-

838.346

Deviance

1,691.391

1,667.021

1,581.189

Num. obs.

1,688

Models XI and XII treat EPA region (10 categories) as fixed and random effects, respectively. Models XIII and XIV repeat this approach for state (51 categories). All models use 2021 American Community Survey data and a 4-mile buffer. Standard errors appear in parentheses. Significant effects and their directions are identical across the models, with the exception of the Pacific Islander coefficient in Model VIII, which may be less reliable due to its nonsignificance in other model specifications (see Table 1). Model metrics are as in Table 1. For models with categorical predictors, the reported VIF is a scaled Generalized Variance Inflation Factor (GFIV), namely ${GVIF}^{1 / 2 d f}$ where df is degrees of freedom. R does not provide variance inflation factors and deviance for mixed effect models.

^aP < 0.001; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.05.

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