Table 1 Open in new tab Baseline...

	All patients	AF categorical		Symptom categorical
Demographics
Age (years), mean ± SD	62.2 ± 9.9	62.1 ± 10.1	62.9 ± 9.1	0.490	61.1 ± 10.2	63.0 ± 9.6	0.044
Male	290 (60%)	246 (61%)	44 (56%)	0.452	148 (73%)	142 (51%)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²), median (IQR)	26.8 (4.9); n = 482	26.7 (5.1); n = 403	27.2 (4.6)	0.564	26.9 (4.4); n = 201	26.9 (5.6)	0.999
AF
Paroxysmal AF	251 (69%); n = 364	207 (70%); n = 297	44 (66%); n = 67	0.560	99 (69%); n = 144	152 (69%); n = 220	0.518
Persistent AF	113 (31%); n = 364	90 (30%); n = 297	23 (34%); n = 67		45 (31%); n = 144	68 (31%); n = 220
Previous cardioversion	198 (53%); n = 373	156 (51%); n = 306	42 (63%); n = 67	0.104	79 (53%); n = 149	119 (53%); n = 224	0.534
Previous AF ablation	249 (67%); n = 374	203 (66%); n = 307	46 (69%); n = 67	0.776	103 (69%); n = 149	146 (65%); n = 225	0.230
Medical history
Hypertension	245 (51%)	203 (50%)	42 (47%)	0.625	93 (46%)	152 (54%)	0.044
Diabetes mellitus	32 (6.6%)	24 (5.9%)	8 (10%)	0.340	12 (5.9%)	20 (7.1%)	0.370
Congestive heart failure	57 (12%)	46 (11%)	11 (14%)	0.556	27 (13%)	30 (11%)	0.229
Ischaemic stroke/TIA	36 (7.4%)	32 (8.0%)	6 (8%)	0.747	12 (3.4%)	24 (3.6%); n = 280	0.272
Coronary artery disease	58 (12%)	51 (13%)	7 (9%)	0.450	23 (11%)	35 (13%)	0.410
Valvular heart disease	88 (18.1%)	72 (18%)	16 (20%)	0.400	35 (18%); n = 200	47 (17%); n = 278	0.480
Congenital heart disease	13 (3.4%); n = 374	10 (3.2%); n = 307	3 (5%); n = 67	0.203	6 (4.0%); n = 149	7 (3.1%); n = 225	0.636
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	22 (4.5%)	18 (4.4%)	4 (5%)	0.769	5 (2.5%)	17 (6.0%)	0.047
Sleep apnoea	36 (9.5%); n = 377	30 (9.4%); n = 320	6 (11%); n = 57	0.807	11 (6.8%); n = 161	25 (11.6%); n = 216	0.084
Chronic kidney disease	26 (5.4%)	23 (5.7%)	3 (4%)	0.784	10 (4.9%)	16 (5.7%)	0.438
Peripheral vascular disease	7 (1.4%)	6 (1.5%)	1 (1%)	1.000	4 (2.0%)	3 (1.1%)	0.327
Smoking (current/former)	121 (36%); n = 338	103 (38%); n = 275	18 (29%); n = 63	0.194	55 (40%); n = 136	66 (33%); n = 202	0.090
Thromboembolic risk
CHA₂DS₂-VASc score median (IQR)	2 (2); n = 476	2 (2); n = 397	2 (2)	0.394	1 (2); n = 200	2 (2); n = 276	<0.001
CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥2 (m), ≥3 (f)	203 (47%); n = 435	168 (47%); n = 360	35 (47%); n = 75	1.000	78 (44%); n = 177	125 (48%); n = 258	0.211
TTE measurements
LVEF (%), median (IQR)	60 (12); n = 261	60 (11); n = 216	55 (12); n = 45	0.050	60 (11); n = 110	60 (12); n = 151	0.917
LA volume (mL), median (IQR)	81 (34); n = 170	82 (37); n = 144	76 (34); n = 26	0.493	83 (28); n = 73	79 (41); n = 97	0.442
LA diameter (mm), median (IQR)	42.5 (13); n = 198	42.5 (12); n = 162	42.5 (14); n = 36	0.608	42 (15); n = 81	43 (13); n = 117	0.544
Medication
Oral anticoagulants	421 (87%); n = 483	348 (86%); n = 404	73 (92%)	0.144	173 (86%); n = 202	248 (88%)	0.238
Antiplatelets	8 (1.7%); n = 483	7 (1.7%); n = 404	1 (1%)	1.000	3 (1.5%); n = 202	5 (1.8%)	0.552
RAAS blockade	205 (42%); n = 483	173 (43%); n = 404	32 (41%)	0.804	87 (43%); n = 202	118 (42%)	0.443
MRA	24 (5.0%); n = 483	19 (4.7%); n = 404	5 (6%)	0.570	10 (5.0%); n = 202	14 (5.0%)	0.582
Diuretics	74 (15%); n = 482	57 (14%); n = 403	17 (22%)	0.123	26 (13%); n = 202	48 (17%); n = 280	0.124
Beta-blockers	261 (54%); n = 483	214 (53%); n = 404	47 (60%)	0.324	104 (52%); n = 202	158 (56%)	0.194
Dihydropyridine CCB	45 (9.3%); n = 482	37 (9.2%); n = 403	8 (10%)	0.832	16 (7.9%); n = 202	29 (10%); n = 280	0.228
Non-dihydropyridine CCB	15 (4.0%); n = 372	13 (4.3%); n = 305	2 (3%); n = 67	1.000	6 (4.1%); n = 148	9 (4.0%); n = 224	0.593
Digitalis	12 (2.5%); n = 483	7 (1.7%); n = 404	5 (6%)	0.032	3 (1.5%); n = 202	9 (3.2%)	0.185
Class IC antiarrhythmic drugs	82 (22%); n = 374	63 (21%); n = 306	19 (28%); n = 67	0.192	24 (16%); n = 149	58 (26%); n = 225	0.018
Class III antiarrhythmic drugs	88 (24%); n = 373	74 (24%); n = 306	14 (21%); n = 67	0.636	33 (22%); n = 149	55 (25%); n = 224	0.342

All patients

AF categorical

Symptom categorical

Variable

(n = 484)

No AF (n = 405)

AF (n = 79)

P-value

No symptoms (n = 203)

Symptoms (n = 281)

P-value

Demographics

Age (years), mean ± SD

62.2 ± 9.9

62.1 ± 10.1

62.9 ± 9.1

0.490

61.1 ± 10.2

63.0 ± 9.6

0.044

Male

290 (60%)

246 (61%)

44 (56%)

0.452

148 (73%)

142 (51%)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²), median (IQR)

26.8 (4.9); n = 482

26.7 (5.1); n = 403

27.2 (4.6)

0.564

26.9 (4.4); n = 201

26.9 (5.6)

0.999

Paroxysmal AF

251 (69%); n = 364

207 (70%); n = 297

44 (66%); n = 67

0.560

99 (69%); n = 144

152 (69%); n = 220

0.518

Persistent AF

113 (31%); n = 364

90 (30%); n = 297

23 (34%); n = 67

45 (31%); n = 144

68 (31%); n = 220

Previous cardioversion

198 (53%); n = 373

156 (51%); n = 306

42 (63%); n = 67

0.104

79 (53%); n = 149

119 (53%); n = 224

0.534

Previous AF ablation

249 (67%); n = 374

203 (66%); n = 307

46 (69%); n = 67

0.776

103 (69%); n = 149

146 (65%); n = 225

0.230

Medical history

Hypertension

245 (51%)

203 (50%)

42 (47%)

0.625

93 (46%)

152 (54%)

0.044

Diabetes mellitus

32 (6.6%)

24 (5.9%)

8 (10%)

0.340

12 (5.9%)

20 (7.1%)

0.370

Congestive heart failure

57 (12%)

46 (11%)

11 (14%)

0.556

27 (13%)

30 (11%)

0.229

Ischaemic stroke/TIA

36 (7.4%)

32 (8.0%)

6 (8%)

0.747

12 (3.4%)

24 (3.6%); n = 280

0.272

Coronary artery disease

58 (12%)

51 (13%)

7 (9%)

0.450

23 (11%)

35 (13%)

0.410

Valvular heart disease

88 (18.1%)

72 (18%)

16 (20%)

0.400

35 (18%); n = 200

47 (17%); n = 278

0.480

Congenital heart disease

13 (3.4%); n = 374

10 (3.2%); n = 307

3 (5%); n = 67

0.203

6 (4.0%); n = 149

7 (3.1%); n = 225

0.636

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

22 (4.5%)

18 (4.4%)

4 (5%)

0.769

5 (2.5%)

17 (6.0%)

0.047

Sleep apnoea

36 (9.5%); n = 377

30 (9.4%); n = 320

6 (11%); n = 57

0.807

11 (6.8%); n = 161

25 (11.6%); n = 216

0.084

Chronic kidney disease

26 (5.4%)

23 (5.7%)

3 (4%)

0.784

10 (4.9%)

16 (5.7%)

0.438

Peripheral vascular disease

7 (1.4%)

6 (1.5%)

1 (1%)

1.000

4 (2.0%)

3 (1.1%)

0.327

Smoking (current/former)

121 (36%); n = 338

103 (38%); n = 275

18 (29%); n = 63

0.194

55 (40%); n = 136

66 (33%); n = 202

0.090

Thromboembolic risk

CHA₂DS₂-VASc score median (IQR)

2 (2); n = 476

2 (2); n = 397

2 (2)

0.394

1 (2); n = 200

2 (2); n = 276

<0.001

CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥2 (m), ≥3 (f)

203 (47%); n = 435

168 (47%); n = 360

35 (47%); n = 75

1.000

78 (44%); n = 177

125 (48%); n = 258

0.211

TTE measurements

LVEF (%), median (IQR)

60 (12); n = 261

60 (11); n = 216

55 (12); n = 45

0.050

60 (11); n = 110

60 (12); n = 151

0.917

LA volume (mL), median (IQR)

81 (34); n = 170

82 (37); n = 144

76 (34); n = 26

0.493

83 (28); n = 73

79 (41); n = 97

0.442

LA diameter (mm), median (IQR)

42.5 (13); n = 198

42.5 (12); n = 162

42.5 (14); n = 36

0.608

42 (15); n = 81

43 (13); n = 117

0.544

Medication

Oral anticoagulants

421 (87%); n = 483

348 (86%); n = 404

73 (92%)

0.144

173 (86%); n = 202

248 (88%)

0.238

Antiplatelets

8 (1.7%); n = 483

7 (1.7%); n = 404

1 (1%)

1.000

3 (1.5%); n = 202

5 (1.8%)

0.552

RAAS blockade

205 (42%); n = 483

173 (43%); n = 404

32 (41%)

0.804

87 (43%); n = 202

118 (42%)

0.443

MRA

24 (5.0%); n = 483

19 (4.7%); n = 404

5 (6%)

0.570

10 (5.0%); n = 202

14 (5.0%)

0.582

Diuretics

74 (15%); n = 482

57 (14%); n = 403

17 (22%)

0.123

26 (13%); n = 202

48 (17%); n = 280

0.124

Beta-blockers

261 (54%); n = 483

214 (53%); n = 404

47 (60%)

0.324

104 (52%); n = 202

158 (56%)

0.194

Dihydropyridine CCB

45 (9.3%); n = 482

37 (9.2%); n = 403

8 (10%)

0.832

16 (7.9%); n = 202

29 (10%); n = 280

0.228

Non-dihydropyridine CCB

15 (4.0%); n = 372

13 (4.3%); n = 305

2 (3%); n = 67

1.000

6 (4.1%); n = 148

9 (4.0%); n = 224

0.593

Digitalis

12 (2.5%); n = 483

7 (1.7%); n = 404

5 (6%)

0.032

3 (1.5%); n = 202

9 (3.2%)

0.185

Class IC antiarrhythmic drugs

82 (22%); n = 374

63 (21%); n = 306

19 (28%); n = 67

0.192

24 (16%); n = 149

58 (26%); n = 225

0.018

Class III antiarrhythmic drugs

88 (24%); n = 373

74 (24%); n = 306

14 (21%); n = 67

0.636

33 (22%); n = 149

55 (25%); n = 224

0.342

	All patients	AF categorical		Symptom categorical
Demographics
Age (years), mean ± SD	62.2 ± 9.9	62.1 ± 10.1	62.9 ± 9.1	0.490	61.1 ± 10.2	63.0 ± 9.6	0.044
Male	290 (60%)	246 (61%)	44 (56%)	0.452	148 (73%)	142 (51%)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²), median (IQR)	26.8 (4.9); n = 482	26.7 (5.1); n = 403	27.2 (4.6)	0.564	26.9 (4.4); n = 201	26.9 (5.6)	0.999
AF
Paroxysmal AF	251 (69%); n = 364	207 (70%); n = 297	44 (66%); n = 67	0.560	99 (69%); n = 144	152 (69%); n = 220	0.518
Persistent AF	113 (31%); n = 364	90 (30%); n = 297	23 (34%); n = 67		45 (31%); n = 144	68 (31%); n = 220
Previous cardioversion	198 (53%); n = 373	156 (51%); n = 306	42 (63%); n = 67	0.104	79 (53%); n = 149	119 (53%); n = 224	0.534
Previous AF ablation	249 (67%); n = 374	203 (66%); n = 307	46 (69%); n = 67	0.776	103 (69%); n = 149	146 (65%); n = 225	0.230
Medical history
Hypertension	245 (51%)	203 (50%)	42 (47%)	0.625	93 (46%)	152 (54%)	0.044
Diabetes mellitus	32 (6.6%)	24 (5.9%)	8 (10%)	0.340	12 (5.9%)	20 (7.1%)	0.370
Congestive heart failure	57 (12%)	46 (11%)	11 (14%)	0.556	27 (13%)	30 (11%)	0.229
Ischaemic stroke/TIA	36 (7.4%)	32 (8.0%)	6 (8%)	0.747	12 (3.4%)	24 (3.6%); n = 280	0.272
Coronary artery disease	58 (12%)	51 (13%)	7 (9%)	0.450	23 (11%)	35 (13%)	0.410
Valvular heart disease	88 (18.1%)	72 (18%)	16 (20%)	0.400	35 (18%); n = 200	47 (17%); n = 278	0.480
Congenital heart disease	13 (3.4%); n = 374	10 (3.2%); n = 307	3 (5%); n = 67	0.203	6 (4.0%); n = 149	7 (3.1%); n = 225	0.636
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	22 (4.5%)	18 (4.4%)	4 (5%)	0.769	5 (2.5%)	17 (6.0%)	0.047
Sleep apnoea	36 (9.5%); n = 377	30 (9.4%); n = 320	6 (11%); n = 57	0.807	11 (6.8%); n = 161	25 (11.6%); n = 216	0.084
Chronic kidney disease	26 (5.4%)	23 (5.7%)	3 (4%)	0.784	10 (4.9%)	16 (5.7%)	0.438
Peripheral vascular disease	7 (1.4%)	6 (1.5%)	1 (1%)	1.000	4 (2.0%)	3 (1.1%)	0.327
Smoking (current/former)	121 (36%); n = 338	103 (38%); n = 275	18 (29%); n = 63	0.194	55 (40%); n = 136	66 (33%); n = 202	0.090
Thromboembolic risk
CHA₂DS₂-VASc score median (IQR)	2 (2); n = 476	2 (2); n = 397	2 (2)	0.394	1 (2); n = 200	2 (2); n = 276	<0.001
CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥2 (m), ≥3 (f)	203 (47%); n = 435	168 (47%); n = 360	35 (47%); n = 75	1.000	78 (44%); n = 177	125 (48%); n = 258	0.211
TTE measurements
LVEF (%), median (IQR)	60 (12); n = 261	60 (11); n = 216	55 (12); n = 45	0.050	60 (11); n = 110	60 (12); n = 151	0.917
LA volume (mL), median (IQR)	81 (34); n = 170	82 (37); n = 144	76 (34); n = 26	0.493	83 (28); n = 73	79 (41); n = 97	0.442
LA diameter (mm), median (IQR)	42.5 (13); n = 198	42.5 (12); n = 162	42.5 (14); n = 36	0.608	42 (15); n = 81	43 (13); n = 117	0.544
Medication
Oral anticoagulants	421 (87%); n = 483	348 (86%); n = 404	73 (92%)	0.144	173 (86%); n = 202	248 (88%)	0.238
Antiplatelets	8 (1.7%); n = 483	7 (1.7%); n = 404	1 (1%)	1.000	3 (1.5%); n = 202	5 (1.8%)	0.552
RAAS blockade	205 (42%); n = 483	173 (43%); n = 404	32 (41%)	0.804	87 (43%); n = 202	118 (42%)	0.443
MRA	24 (5.0%); n = 483	19 (4.7%); n = 404	5 (6%)	0.570	10 (5.0%); n = 202	14 (5.0%)	0.582
Diuretics	74 (15%); n = 482	57 (14%); n = 403	17 (22%)	0.123	26 (13%); n = 202	48 (17%); n = 280	0.124
Beta-blockers	261 (54%); n = 483	214 (53%); n = 404	47 (60%)	0.324	104 (52%); n = 202	158 (56%)	0.194
Dihydropyridine CCB	45 (9.3%); n = 482	37 (9.2%); n = 403	8 (10%)	0.832	16 (7.9%); n = 202	29 (10%); n = 280	0.228
Non-dihydropyridine CCB	15 (4.0%); n = 372	13 (4.3%); n = 305	2 (3%); n = 67	1.000	6 (4.1%); n = 148	9 (4.0%); n = 224	0.593
Digitalis	12 (2.5%); n = 483	7 (1.7%); n = 404	5 (6%)	0.032	3 (1.5%); n = 202	9 (3.2%)	0.185
Class IC antiarrhythmic drugs	82 (22%); n = 374	63 (21%); n = 306	19 (28%); n = 67	0.192	24 (16%); n = 149	58 (26%); n = 225	0.018
Class III antiarrhythmic drugs	88 (24%); n = 373	74 (24%); n = 306	14 (21%); n = 67	0.636	33 (22%); n = 149	55 (25%); n = 224	0.342

All patients

AF categorical

Symptom categorical

Variable

(n = 484)

No AF (n = 405)

AF (n = 79)

P-value

No symptoms (n = 203)

Symptoms (n = 281)

P-value

Demographics

Age (years), mean ± SD

62.2 ± 9.9

62.1 ± 10.1

62.9 ± 9.1

0.490

61.1 ± 10.2

63.0 ± 9.6

0.044

Male

290 (60%)

246 (61%)

44 (56%)

0.452

148 (73%)

142 (51%)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²), median (IQR)

26.8 (4.9); n = 482

26.7 (5.1); n = 403

27.2 (4.6)

0.564

26.9 (4.4); n = 201

26.9 (5.6)

0.999

Paroxysmal AF

251 (69%); n = 364

207 (70%); n = 297

44 (66%); n = 67

0.560

99 (69%); n = 144

152 (69%); n = 220

0.518

Persistent AF

113 (31%); n = 364

90 (30%); n = 297

23 (34%); n = 67

45 (31%); n = 144

68 (31%); n = 220

Previous cardioversion

198 (53%); n = 373

156 (51%); n = 306

42 (63%); n = 67

0.104

79 (53%); n = 149

119 (53%); n = 224

0.534

Previous AF ablation

249 (67%); n = 374

203 (66%); n = 307

46 (69%); n = 67

0.776

103 (69%); n = 149

146 (65%); n = 225

0.230

Medical history

Hypertension

245 (51%)

203 (50%)

42 (47%)

0.625

93 (46%)

152 (54%)

0.044

Diabetes mellitus

32 (6.6%)

24 (5.9%)

8 (10%)

0.340

12 (5.9%)

20 (7.1%)

0.370

Congestive heart failure

57 (12%)

46 (11%)

11 (14%)

0.556

27 (13%)

30 (11%)

0.229

Ischaemic stroke/TIA

36 (7.4%)

32 (8.0%)

6 (8%)

0.747

12 (3.4%)

24 (3.6%); n = 280

0.272

Coronary artery disease

58 (12%)

51 (13%)

7 (9%)

0.450

23 (11%)

35 (13%)

0.410

Valvular heart disease

88 (18.1%)

72 (18%)

16 (20%)

0.400

35 (18%); n = 200

47 (17%); n = 278

0.480

Congenital heart disease

13 (3.4%); n = 374

10 (3.2%); n = 307

3 (5%); n = 67

0.203

6 (4.0%); n = 149

7 (3.1%); n = 225

0.636

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

22 (4.5%)

18 (4.4%)

4 (5%)

0.769

5 (2.5%)

17 (6.0%)

0.047

Sleep apnoea

36 (9.5%); n = 377

30 (9.4%); n = 320

6 (11%); n = 57

0.807

11 (6.8%); n = 161

25 (11.6%); n = 216

0.084

Chronic kidney disease

26 (5.4%)

23 (5.7%)

3 (4%)

0.784

10 (4.9%)

16 (5.7%)

0.438

Peripheral vascular disease

7 (1.4%)

6 (1.5%)

1 (1%)

1.000

4 (2.0%)

3 (1.1%)

0.327

Smoking (current/former)

121 (36%); n = 338

103 (38%); n = 275

18 (29%); n = 63

0.194

55 (40%); n = 136

66 (33%); n = 202

0.090

Thromboembolic risk

CHA₂DS₂-VASc score median (IQR)

2 (2); n = 476

2 (2); n = 397

2 (2)

0.394

1 (2); n = 200

2 (2); n = 276

<0.001

CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥2 (m), ≥3 (f)

203 (47%); n = 435

168 (47%); n = 360

35 (47%); n = 75

1.000

78 (44%); n = 177

125 (48%); n = 258

0.211

TTE measurements

LVEF (%), median (IQR)

60 (12); n = 261

60 (11); n = 216

55 (12); n = 45

0.050

60 (11); n = 110

60 (12); n = 151

0.917

LA volume (mL), median (IQR)

81 (34); n = 170

82 (37); n = 144

76 (34); n = 26

0.493

83 (28); n = 73

79 (41); n = 97

0.442

LA diameter (mm), median (IQR)

42.5 (13); n = 198

42.5 (12); n = 162

42.5 (14); n = 36

0.608

42 (15); n = 81

43 (13); n = 117

0.544

Medication

Oral anticoagulants

421 (87%); n = 483

348 (86%); n = 404

73 (92%)

0.144

173 (86%); n = 202

248 (88%)

0.238

Antiplatelets

8 (1.7%); n = 483

7 (1.7%); n = 404

1 (1%)

1.000

3 (1.5%); n = 202

5 (1.8%)

0.552

RAAS blockade

205 (42%); n = 483

173 (43%); n = 404

32 (41%)

0.804

87 (43%); n = 202

118 (42%)

0.443

MRA

24 (5.0%); n = 483

19 (4.7%); n = 404

5 (6%)

0.570

10 (5.0%); n = 202

14 (5.0%)

0.582

Diuretics

74 (15%); n = 482

57 (14%); n = 403

17 (22%)

0.123

26 (13%); n = 202

48 (17%); n = 280

0.124

Beta-blockers

261 (54%); n = 483

214 (53%); n = 404

47 (60%)

0.324

104 (52%); n = 202

158 (56%)

0.194

Dihydropyridine CCB

45 (9.3%); n = 482

37 (9.2%); n = 403

8 (10%)

0.832

16 (7.9%); n = 202

29 (10%); n = 280

0.228

Non-dihydropyridine CCB

15 (4.0%); n = 372

13 (4.3%); n = 305

2 (3%); n = 67

1.000

6 (4.1%); n = 148

9 (4.0%); n = 224

0.593

Digitalis

12 (2.5%); n = 483

7 (1.7%); n = 404

5 (6%)

0.032

3 (1.5%); n = 202

9 (3.2%)

0.185

Class IC antiarrhythmic drugs

82 (22%); n = 374

63 (21%); n = 306

19 (28%); n = 67

0.192

24 (16%); n = 149

58 (26%); n = 225

0.018

Class III antiarrhythmic drugs

88 (24%); n = 373

74 (24%); n = 306

14 (21%); n = 67

0.636

33 (22%); n = 149

55 (25%); n = 224

0.342

Table 1

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Baseline characteristics of the total study population and divided categorically for the occurrence of AF and/or symptoms during the 7-day monitoring period

	All patients	AF categorical			Symptom categorical
Variable	(n = 484)	No AF (n = 405)	AF (n = 79)	P-value	No symptoms (n = 203)	Symptoms (n = 281)	P-value
Demographics
Age (years), mean ± SD	62.2 ± 9.9	62.1 ± 10.1	62.9 ± 9.1	0.490	61.1 ± 10.2	63.0 ± 9.6	0.044
Male	290 (60%)	246 (61%)	44 (56%)	0.452	148 (73%)	142 (51%)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²), median (IQR)	26.8 (4.9); n = 482	26.7 (5.1); n = 403	27.2 (4.6)	0.564	26.9 (4.4); n = 201	26.9 (5.6)	0.999
AF
Paroxysmal AF	251 (69%); n = 364	207 (70%); n = 297	44 (66%); n = 67	0.560	99 (69%); n = 144	152 (69%); n = 220	0.518
Persistent AF	113 (31%); n = 364	90 (30%); n = 297	23 (34%); n = 67		45 (31%); n = 144	68 (31%); n = 220
Previous cardioversion	198 (53%); n = 373	156 (51%); n = 306	42 (63%); n = 67	0.104	79 (53%); n = 149	119 (53%); n = 224	0.534
Previous AF ablation	249 (67%); n = 374	203 (66%); n = 307	46 (69%); n = 67	0.776	103 (69%); n = 149	146 (65%); n = 225	0.230
Medical history
Hypertension	245 (51%)	203 (50%)	42 (47%)	0.625	93 (46%)	152 (54%)	0.044
Diabetes mellitus	32 (6.6%)	24 (5.9%)	8 (10%)	0.340	12 (5.9%)	20 (7.1%)	0.370
Congestive heart failure	57 (12%)	46 (11%)	11 (14%)	0.556	27 (13%)	30 (11%)	0.229
Ischaemic stroke/TIA	36 (7.4%)	32 (8.0%)	6 (8%)	0.747	12 (3.4%)	24 (3.6%); n = 280	0.272
Coronary artery disease	58 (12%)	51 (13%)	7 (9%)	0.450	23 (11%)	35 (13%)	0.410
Valvular heart disease	88 (18.1%)	72 (18%)	16 (20%)	0.400	35 (18%); n = 200	47 (17%); n = 278	0.480
Congenital heart disease	13 (3.4%); n = 374	10 (3.2%); n = 307	3 (5%); n = 67	0.203	6 (4.0%); n = 149	7 (3.1%); n = 225	0.636
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	22 (4.5%)	18 (4.4%)	4 (5%)	0.769	5 (2.5%)	17 (6.0%)	0.047
Sleep apnoea	36 (9.5%); n = 377	30 (9.4%); n = 320	6 (11%); n = 57	0.807	11 (6.8%); n = 161	25 (11.6%); n = 216	0.084
Chronic kidney disease	26 (5.4%)	23 (5.7%)	3 (4%)	0.784	10 (4.9%)	16 (5.7%)	0.438
Peripheral vascular disease	7 (1.4%)	6 (1.5%)	1 (1%)	1.000	4 (2.0%)	3 (1.1%)	0.327
Smoking (current/former)	121 (36%); n = 338	103 (38%); n = 275	18 (29%); n = 63	0.194	55 (40%); n = 136	66 (33%); n = 202	0.090
Thromboembolic risk
CHA₂DS₂-VASc score median (IQR)	2 (2); n = 476	2 (2); n = 397	2 (2)	0.394	1 (2); n = 200	2 (2); n = 276	<0.001
CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥2 (m), ≥3 (f)	203 (47%); n = 435	168 (47%); n = 360	35 (47%); n = 75	1.000	78 (44%); n = 177	125 (48%); n = 258	0.211
TTE measurements
LVEF (%), median (IQR)	60 (12); n = 261	60 (11); n = 216	55 (12); n = 45	0.050	60 (11); n = 110	60 (12); n = 151	0.917
LA volume (mL), median (IQR)	81 (34); n = 170	82 (37); n = 144	76 (34); n = 26	0.493	83 (28); n = 73	79 (41); n = 97	0.442
LA diameter (mm), median (IQR)	42.5 (13); n = 198	42.5 (12); n = 162	42.5 (14); n = 36	0.608	42 (15); n = 81	43 (13); n = 117	0.544
Medication
Oral anticoagulants	421 (87%); n = 483	348 (86%); n = 404	73 (92%)	0.144	173 (86%); n = 202	248 (88%)	0.238
Antiplatelets	8 (1.7%); n = 483	7 (1.7%); n = 404	1 (1%)	1.000	3 (1.5%); n = 202	5 (1.8%)	0.552
RAAS blockade	205 (42%); n = 483	173 (43%); n = 404	32 (41%)	0.804	87 (43%); n = 202	118 (42%)	0.443
MRA	24 (5.0%); n = 483	19 (4.7%); n = 404	5 (6%)	0.570	10 (5.0%); n = 202	14 (5.0%)	0.582
Diuretics	74 (15%); n = 482	57 (14%); n = 403	17 (22%)	0.123	26 (13%); n = 202	48 (17%); n = 280	0.124
Beta-blockers	261 (54%); n = 483	214 (53%); n = 404	47 (60%)	0.324	104 (52%); n = 202	158 (56%)	0.194
Dihydropyridine CCB	45 (9.3%); n = 482	37 (9.2%); n = 403	8 (10%)	0.832	16 (7.9%); n = 202	29 (10%); n = 280	0.228
Non-dihydropyridine CCB	15 (4.0%); n = 372	13 (4.3%); n = 305	2 (3%); n = 67	1.000	6 (4.1%); n = 148	9 (4.0%); n = 224	0.593
Digitalis	12 (2.5%); n = 483	7 (1.7%); n = 404	5 (6%)	0.032	3 (1.5%); n = 202	9 (3.2%)	0.185
Class IC antiarrhythmic drugs	82 (22%); n = 374	63 (21%); n = 306	19 (28%); n = 67	0.192	24 (16%); n = 149	58 (26%); n = 225	0.018
Class III antiarrhythmic drugs	88 (24%); n = 373	74 (24%); n = 306	14 (21%); n = 67	0.636	33 (22%); n = 149	55 (25%); n = 224	0.342

	All patients	AF categorical			Symptom categorical
Variable	(n = 484)	No AF (n = 405)	AF (n = 79)	P-value	No symptoms (n = 203)	Symptoms (n = 281)	P-value
Demographics
Age (years), mean ± SD	62.2 ± 9.9	62.1 ± 10.1	62.9 ± 9.1	0.490	61.1 ± 10.2	63.0 ± 9.6	0.044
Male	290 (60%)	246 (61%)	44 (56%)	0.452	148 (73%)	142 (51%)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²), median (IQR)	26.8 (4.9); n = 482	26.7 (5.1); n = 403	27.2 (4.6)	0.564	26.9 (4.4); n = 201	26.9 (5.6)	0.999
AF
Paroxysmal AF	251 (69%); n = 364	207 (70%); n = 297	44 (66%); n = 67	0.560	99 (69%); n = 144	152 (69%); n = 220	0.518
Persistent AF	113 (31%); n = 364	90 (30%); n = 297	23 (34%); n = 67		45 (31%); n = 144	68 (31%); n = 220
Previous cardioversion	198 (53%); n = 373	156 (51%); n = 306	42 (63%); n = 67	0.104	79 (53%); n = 149	119 (53%); n = 224	0.534
Previous AF ablation	249 (67%); n = 374	203 (66%); n = 307	46 (69%); n = 67	0.776	103 (69%); n = 149	146 (65%); n = 225	0.230
Medical history
Hypertension	245 (51%)	203 (50%)	42 (47%)	0.625	93 (46%)	152 (54%)	0.044
Diabetes mellitus	32 (6.6%)	24 (5.9%)	8 (10%)	0.340	12 (5.9%)	20 (7.1%)	0.370
Congestive heart failure	57 (12%)	46 (11%)	11 (14%)	0.556	27 (13%)	30 (11%)	0.229
Ischaemic stroke/TIA	36 (7.4%)	32 (8.0%)	6 (8%)	0.747	12 (3.4%)	24 (3.6%); n = 280	0.272
Coronary artery disease	58 (12%)	51 (13%)	7 (9%)	0.450	23 (11%)	35 (13%)	0.410
Valvular heart disease	88 (18.1%)	72 (18%)	16 (20%)	0.400	35 (18%); n = 200	47 (17%); n = 278	0.480
Congenital heart disease	13 (3.4%); n = 374	10 (3.2%); n = 307	3 (5%); n = 67	0.203	6 (4.0%); n = 149	7 (3.1%); n = 225	0.636
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	22 (4.5%)	18 (4.4%)	4 (5%)	0.769	5 (2.5%)	17 (6.0%)	0.047
Sleep apnoea	36 (9.5%); n = 377	30 (9.4%); n = 320	6 (11%); n = 57	0.807	11 (6.8%); n = 161	25 (11.6%); n = 216	0.084
Chronic kidney disease	26 (5.4%)	23 (5.7%)	3 (4%)	0.784	10 (4.9%)	16 (5.7%)	0.438
Peripheral vascular disease	7 (1.4%)	6 (1.5%)	1 (1%)	1.000	4 (2.0%)	3 (1.1%)	0.327
Smoking (current/former)	121 (36%); n = 338	103 (38%); n = 275	18 (29%); n = 63	0.194	55 (40%); n = 136	66 (33%); n = 202	0.090
Thromboembolic risk
CHA₂DS₂-VASc score median (IQR)	2 (2); n = 476	2 (2); n = 397	2 (2)	0.394	1 (2); n = 200	2 (2); n = 276	<0.001
CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥2 (m), ≥3 (f)	203 (47%); n = 435	168 (47%); n = 360	35 (47%); n = 75	1.000	78 (44%); n = 177	125 (48%); n = 258	0.211
TTE measurements
LVEF (%), median (IQR)	60 (12); n = 261	60 (11); n = 216	55 (12); n = 45	0.050	60 (11); n = 110	60 (12); n = 151	0.917
LA volume (mL), median (IQR)	81 (34); n = 170	82 (37); n = 144	76 (34); n = 26	0.493	83 (28); n = 73	79 (41); n = 97	0.442
LA diameter (mm), median (IQR)	42.5 (13); n = 198	42.5 (12); n = 162	42.5 (14); n = 36	0.608	42 (15); n = 81	43 (13); n = 117	0.544
Medication
Oral anticoagulants	421 (87%); n = 483	348 (86%); n = 404	73 (92%)	0.144	173 (86%); n = 202	248 (88%)	0.238
Antiplatelets	8 (1.7%); n = 483	7 (1.7%); n = 404	1 (1%)	1.000	3 (1.5%); n = 202	5 (1.8%)	0.552
RAAS blockade	205 (42%); n = 483	173 (43%); n = 404	32 (41%)	0.804	87 (43%); n = 202	118 (42%)	0.443
MRA	24 (5.0%); n = 483	19 (4.7%); n = 404	5 (6%)	0.570	10 (5.0%); n = 202	14 (5.0%)	0.582
Diuretics	74 (15%); n = 482	57 (14%); n = 403	17 (22%)	0.123	26 (13%); n = 202	48 (17%); n = 280	0.124
Beta-blockers	261 (54%); n = 483	214 (53%); n = 404	47 (60%)	0.324	104 (52%); n = 202	158 (56%)	0.194
Dihydropyridine CCB	45 (9.3%); n = 482	37 (9.2%); n = 403	8 (10%)	0.832	16 (7.9%); n = 202	29 (10%); n = 280	0.228
Non-dihydropyridine CCB	15 (4.0%); n = 372	13 (4.3%); n = 305	2 (3%); n = 67	1.000	6 (4.1%); n = 148	9 (4.0%); n = 224	0.593
Digitalis	12 (2.5%); n = 483	7 (1.7%); n = 404	5 (6%)	0.032	3 (1.5%); n = 202	9 (3.2%)	0.185
Class IC antiarrhythmic drugs	82 (22%); n = 374	63 (21%); n = 306	19 (28%); n = 67	0.192	24 (16%); n = 149	58 (26%); n = 225	0.018
Class III antiarrhythmic drugs	88 (24%); n = 373	74 (24%); n = 306	14 (21%); n = 67	0.636	33 (22%); n = 149	55 (25%); n = 224	0.342

Reported values are n (%), mean ± SD, and median (IQR). Data provided after semicolon indicated available data per variable. Statistical tests used: independent samples t-test, non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test, χ² test, and Fisher’s exact test. P ≤ 0.05 was regarded as significant. Significant values are depicted in bold text.

AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CHA₂DS₂-VASc, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age >75 years (2 points), diabetes mellitus, stroke (2 points), vascular disease, age 65–74 and sex (female); IQR, interquartile range; LA, left atrial; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; SD, standard deviation; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.

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