Table 22. Open in new tab Industries...

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure To robot	Textile	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
Log population	0.006	−0.008	−0.212	0.074***	0.078***	5.073***
	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.369)	(0.021)	(0.022)	(1.810)
Male population share	0.623	−1.536	−40.709	−0.136	0.524	480.323
	(0.910)	(0.948)	(36.396)	(2.117)	(2.177)	(285.718)
Population share above 65	−0.156	−0.311	−17.036	0.982**	0.848*	−57.219
	(0.146)	(0.259)	(10.411)	(0.434)	(0.464)	(52.622)
Population share with high education	0.019	0.218	11.217	−0.729	−0.334	84.443
	(0.338)	(0.538)	(21.696)	(0.799)	(0.833)	(106.491)
Foreign penetration	0.001	0.000	−0.008	0.002	−0.001	−0.622
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.086)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.649)
Foreign-born population share	−0.036	−0.101	−6.408	1.058**	1.046**	91.590
	(0.144)	(0.178)	(8.145)	(0.494)	(0.513)	(61.699)
Female employment share in manufacturing	−0.056	−0.017	−2.167	0.027	0.135	−19.485
	(0.067)	(0.089)	(3.779)	(0.205)	(0.226)	(22.655)
Employment share in construction	−0.098	−0.418**	−18.026**	−1.312***	−1.197**	−40.179
	(0.154)	(0.182)	(7.450)	(0.477)	(0.524)	(46.390)
Employment share in mining	−0.143	−0.263	−8.223	−0.573	−0.628	−69.248
	(0.164)	(0.159)	(6.162)	(0.372)	(0.378)	(48.577)
Employment share in light manufacturing	0.028	0.035	1.886	0.792	0.084	54.652
	(0.140)	(0.113)	(5.657)	(0.565)	(0.702)	(48.655)
Lagged employment–population ratio (81–91)	0.003*	0.001	0.099**	0.004	0.007*	1.196***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.036)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.333)
Observations	49	49	49	49	49	49
R-squared	0.601	0.431	0.652	0.883	0.798	0.860
Rotemberg weight	0.193	0.465		0.195	0.467

Plastic chemicals

Automotive

Exposure To robot

Textile

Electronics

Exposure to Chinese imports

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Log population

0.006

−0.008

−0.212

0.074***

0.078***

5.073***

(0.007)

(0.009)

(0.369)

(0.021)

(0.022)

(1.810)

Male population share

0.623

−1.536

−40.709

−0.136

0.524

480.323

(0.910)

(0.948)

(36.396)

(2.117)

(2.177)

(285.718)

Population share above 65

−0.156

−0.311

−17.036

0.982**

0.848*

−57.219

(0.146)

(0.259)

(10.411)

(0.434)

(0.464)

(52.622)

Population share with high education

0.019

0.218

11.217

−0.729

−0.334

84.443

(0.338)

(0.538)

(21.696)

(0.799)

(0.833)

(106.491)

Foreign penetration

0.001

0.000

−0.008

0.002

−0.001

−0.622

(0.002)

(0.086)

(0.007)

(0.008)

(0.649)

Foreign-born population share

−0.036

−0.101

−6.408

1.058**

1.046**

91.590

(0.144)

(0.178)

(8.145)

(0.494)

(0.513)

(61.699)

Female employment share in manufacturing

−0.056

−0.017

−2.167

0.027

0.135

−19.485

(0.067)

(0.089)

(3.779)

(0.205)

(0.226)

(22.655)

Employment share in construction

−0.098

−0.418**

−18.026**

−1.312***

−1.197**

−40.179

(0.154)

(0.182)

(7.450)

(0.477)

(0.524)

(46.390)

Employment share in mining

−0.143

−0.263

−8.223

−0.573

−0.628

−69.248

(0.164)

(0.159)

(6.162)

(0.372)

(0.378)

(48.577)

Employment share in light manufacturing

0.028

0.035

1.886

0.792

0.084

54.652

(0.140)

(0.113)

(5.657)

(0.565)

(0.702)

(48.655)

Lagged employment–population ratio (81–91)

0.003*

0.001

0.099**

0.004

0.007*

1.196***

(0.001)

(0.036)

(0.004)

(0.333)

Observations

R-squared

0.601

0.431

0.652

0.883

0.798

0.860

Rotemberg weight

0.193

0.465

0.195

0.467

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure To robot	Textile	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
Log population	0.006	−0.008	−0.212	0.074***	0.078***	5.073***
	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.369)	(0.021)	(0.022)	(1.810)
Male population share	0.623	−1.536	−40.709	−0.136	0.524	480.323
	(0.910)	(0.948)	(36.396)	(2.117)	(2.177)	(285.718)
Population share above 65	−0.156	−0.311	−17.036	0.982**	0.848*	−57.219
	(0.146)	(0.259)	(10.411)	(0.434)	(0.464)	(52.622)
Population share with high education	0.019	0.218	11.217	−0.729	−0.334	84.443
	(0.338)	(0.538)	(21.696)	(0.799)	(0.833)	(106.491)
Foreign penetration	0.001	0.000	−0.008	0.002	−0.001	−0.622
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.086)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.649)
Foreign-born population share	−0.036	−0.101	−6.408	1.058**	1.046**	91.590
	(0.144)	(0.178)	(8.145)	(0.494)	(0.513)	(61.699)
Female employment share in manufacturing	−0.056	−0.017	−2.167	0.027	0.135	−19.485
	(0.067)	(0.089)	(3.779)	(0.205)	(0.226)	(22.655)
Employment share in construction	−0.098	−0.418**	−18.026**	−1.312***	−1.197**	−40.179
	(0.154)	(0.182)	(7.450)	(0.477)	(0.524)	(46.390)
Employment share in mining	−0.143	−0.263	−8.223	−0.573	−0.628	−69.248
	(0.164)	(0.159)	(6.162)	(0.372)	(0.378)	(48.577)
Employment share in light manufacturing	0.028	0.035	1.886	0.792	0.084	54.652
	(0.140)	(0.113)	(5.657)	(0.565)	(0.702)	(48.655)
Lagged employment–population ratio (81–91)	0.003*	0.001	0.099**	0.004	0.007*	1.196***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.036)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.333)
Observations	49	49	49	49	49	49
R-squared	0.601	0.431	0.652	0.883	0.798	0.860
Rotemberg weight	0.193	0.465		0.195	0.467

Table 22.

Open in new tab

Industries with the largest Rotemberg weights: Spain

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure To robot	Textile	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Log population	0.006	−0.008	−0.212	0.074***	0.078***	5.073***
	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.369)	(0.021)	(0.022)	(1.810)
Male population share	0.623	−1.536	−40.709	−0.136	0.524	480.323
	(0.910)	(0.948)	(36.396)	(2.117)	(2.177)	(285.718)
Population share above 65	−0.156	−0.311	−17.036	0.982**	0.848*	−57.219
	(0.146)	(0.259)	(10.411)	(0.434)	(0.464)	(52.622)
Population share with high education	0.019	0.218	11.217	−0.729	−0.334	84.443
	(0.338)	(0.538)	(21.696)	(0.799)	(0.833)	(106.491)
Foreign penetration	0.001	0.000	−0.008	0.002	−0.001	−0.622
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.086)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.649)
Foreign-born population share	−0.036	−0.101	−6.408	1.058**	1.046**	91.590
	(0.144)	(0.178)	(8.145)	(0.494)	(0.513)	(61.699)
Female employment share in manufacturing	−0.056	−0.017	−2.167	0.027	0.135	−19.485
	(0.067)	(0.089)	(3.779)	(0.205)	(0.226)	(22.655)
Employment share in construction	−0.098	−0.418**	−18.026**	−1.312***	−1.197**	−40.179
	(0.154)	(0.182)	(7.450)	(0.477)	(0.524)	(46.390)
Employment share in mining	−0.143	−0.263	−8.223	−0.573	−0.628	−69.248
	(0.164)	(0.159)	(6.162)	(0.372)	(0.378)	(48.577)
Employment share in light manufacturing	0.028	0.035	1.886	0.792	0.084	54.652
	(0.140)	(0.113)	(5.657)	(0.565)	(0.702)	(48.655)
Lagged employment–population ratio (81–91)	0.003*	0.001	0.099**	0.004	0.007*	1.196***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.036)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.333)
Observations	49	49	49	49	49	49
R-squared	0.601	0.431	0.652	0.883	0.798	0.860
Rotemberg weight	0.193	0.465		0.195	0.467

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure To robot	Textile	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Log population	0.006	−0.008	−0.212	0.074***	0.078***	5.073***
	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.369)	(0.021)	(0.022)	(1.810)
Male population share	0.623	−1.536	−40.709	−0.136	0.524	480.323
	(0.910)	(0.948)	(36.396)	(2.117)	(2.177)	(285.718)
Population share above 65	−0.156	−0.311	−17.036	0.982**	0.848*	−57.219
	(0.146)	(0.259)	(10.411)	(0.434)	(0.464)	(52.622)
Population share with high education	0.019	0.218	11.217	−0.729	−0.334	84.443
	(0.338)	(0.538)	(21.696)	(0.799)	(0.833)	(106.491)
Foreign penetration	0.001	0.000	−0.008	0.002	−0.001	−0.622
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.086)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.649)
Foreign-born population share	−0.036	−0.101	−6.408	1.058**	1.046**	91.590
	(0.144)	(0.178)	(8.145)	(0.494)	(0.513)	(61.699)
Female employment share in manufacturing	−0.056	−0.017	−2.167	0.027	0.135	−19.485
	(0.067)	(0.089)	(3.779)	(0.205)	(0.226)	(22.655)
Employment share in construction	−0.098	−0.418**	−18.026**	−1.312***	−1.197**	−40.179
	(0.154)	(0.182)	(7.450)	(0.477)	(0.524)	(46.390)
Employment share in mining	−0.143	−0.263	−8.223	−0.573	−0.628	−69.248
	(0.164)	(0.159)	(6.162)	(0.372)	(0.378)	(48.577)
Employment share in light manufacturing	0.028	0.035	1.886	0.792	0.084	54.652
	(0.140)	(0.113)	(5.657)	(0.565)	(0.702)	(48.655)
Lagged employment–population ratio (81–91)	0.003*	0.001	0.099**	0.004	0.007*	1.196***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.036)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.333)
Observations	49	49	49	49	49	49
R-squared	0.601	0.431	0.652	0.883	0.798	0.860
Rotemberg weight	0.193	0.465		0.195	0.467

This table presents OLS estimates of the impact of the exposure to robots and Chinese imports on the employment-to-population ratio, focusing on the industries with the largest Rotemberg weights. Both exposure to robot and Chinese imports are instrumental variables. The regressions are weighted by population in the start-of-period. Statistical significance based on robust standard errors (reported in parentheses) is denoted by ***P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, and *P < 0.10.

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