Table 21. Open in new tab Industries...

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure to robot	Plastic chemicals	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
Log population	0.006	0.002	0.117	0.031***	0.031***	7.279
	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.099)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(6.901)
Male population share	−0.150	0.512	14.963	−0.062	0.495	245.564
	(0.722)	(0.336)	(18.421)	(0.851)	(0.851)	(1,216.842)
Population share above 65	0.068	0.134	7.233	0.434**	0.415*	228.405
	(0.134)	(0.093)	(5.129)	(0.197)	(0.230)	(294.943)
Population share with high education	−0.149*	0.018	−2.298	−0.480***	0.099	123.555
	(0.083)	(0.028)	(1.569)	(0.081)	(0.097)	(163.671)
Foreign penetration	0.003	−0.005	−0.098	0.014	−0.006	−13.237
	(0.007)	(0.004)	(0.166)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(11.273)
Foreign-born population share	−0.029	0.035	0.959	0.886***	0.514**	−392.607
	(0.163)	(0.057)	(3.624)	(0.208)	(0.227)	(310.375)
Employment share in construction	−0.072	−0.113	−1.383	−0.031	0.066	−318.172
	(0.151)	(0.105)	(4.765)	(0.210)	(0.242)	(289.073)
Employment share in mining	−0.091	−0.029	−1.694	−0.384***	−0.026	−303.046
	(0.070)	(0.031)	(1.632)	(0.112)	(0.182)	(197.120)
Employment share in light manufacturing	−0.181	−0.037	−4.014	−0.443	−0.280	204.308
	(0.264)	(0.061)	(4.029)	(0.303)	(0.195)	(428.187)
Observations	74	74	74	74	74	74
R-squared	0.436	0.226	0.353	0.846	0.859	0.607
Rotemberg weight	0.316	0.436		0.080	0.909

Plastic chemicals

Automotive

Exposure to robot

Plastic chemicals

Electronics

Exposure to Chinese imports

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Log population

0.006

0.002

0.117

0.031***

7.279

(0.004)

(0.002)

(0.099)

(0.006)

(6.901)

Male population share

−0.150

0.512

14.963

−0.062

0.495

245.564

(0.722)

(0.336)

(18.421)

(0.851)

(1,216.842)

Population share above 65

0.068

0.134

7.233

0.434**

0.415*

228.405

(0.134)

(0.093)

(5.129)

(0.197)

(0.230)

(294.943)

Population share with high education

−0.149*

0.018

−2.298

−0.480***

0.099

123.555

(0.083)

(0.028)

(1.569)

(0.081)

(0.097)

(163.671)

Foreign penetration

0.003

−0.005

−0.098

0.014

−0.006

−13.237

(0.007)

(0.004)

(0.166)

(0.009)

(0.007)

(11.273)

Foreign-born population share

−0.029

0.035

0.959

0.886***

0.514**

−392.607

(0.163)

(0.057)

(3.624)

(0.208)

(0.227)

(310.375)

Employment share in construction

−0.072

−0.113

−1.383

−0.031

0.066

−318.172

(0.151)

(0.105)

(4.765)

(0.210)

(0.242)

(289.073)

Employment share in mining

−0.091

−0.029

−1.694

−0.384***

−0.026

−303.046

(0.070)

(0.031)

(1.632)

(0.112)

(0.182)

(197.120)

Employment share in light manufacturing

−0.181

−0.037

−4.014

−0.443

−0.280

204.308

(0.264)

(0.061)

(4.029)

(0.303)

(0.195)

(428.187)

Observations

R-squared

0.436

0.226

0.353

0.846

0.859

0.607

Rotemberg weight

0.316

0.436

0.080

0.909

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure to robot	Plastic chemicals	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
Log population	0.006	0.002	0.117	0.031***	0.031***	7.279
	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.099)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(6.901)
Male population share	−0.150	0.512	14.963	−0.062	0.495	245.564
	(0.722)	(0.336)	(18.421)	(0.851)	(0.851)	(1,216.842)
Population share above 65	0.068	0.134	7.233	0.434**	0.415*	228.405
	(0.134)	(0.093)	(5.129)	(0.197)	(0.230)	(294.943)
Population share with high education	−0.149*	0.018	−2.298	−0.480***	0.099	123.555
	(0.083)	(0.028)	(1.569)	(0.081)	(0.097)	(163.671)
Foreign penetration	0.003	−0.005	−0.098	0.014	−0.006	−13.237
	(0.007)	(0.004)	(0.166)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(11.273)
Foreign-born population share	−0.029	0.035	0.959	0.886***	0.514**	−392.607
	(0.163)	(0.057)	(3.624)	(0.208)	(0.227)	(310.375)
Employment share in construction	−0.072	−0.113	−1.383	−0.031	0.066	−318.172
	(0.151)	(0.105)	(4.765)	(0.210)	(0.242)	(289.073)
Employment share in mining	−0.091	−0.029	−1.694	−0.384***	−0.026	−303.046
	(0.070)	(0.031)	(1.632)	(0.112)	(0.182)	(197.120)
Employment share in light manufacturing	−0.181	−0.037	−4.014	−0.443	−0.280	204.308
	(0.264)	(0.061)	(4.029)	(0.303)	(0.195)	(428.187)
Observations	74	74	74	74	74	74
R-squared	0.436	0.226	0.353	0.846	0.859	0.607
Rotemberg weight	0.316	0.436		0.080	0.909

Table 21.

Open in new tab

Industries with the largest Rotemberg weights: Norway

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure to robot	Plastic chemicals	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Log population	0.006	0.002	0.117	0.031***	0.031***	7.279
	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.099)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(6.901)
Male population share	−0.150	0.512	14.963	−0.062	0.495	245.564
	(0.722)	(0.336)	(18.421)	(0.851)	(0.851)	(1,216.842)
Population share above 65	0.068	0.134	7.233	0.434**	0.415*	228.405
	(0.134)	(0.093)	(5.129)	(0.197)	(0.230)	(294.943)
Population share with high education	−0.149*	0.018	−2.298	−0.480***	0.099	123.555
	(0.083)	(0.028)	(1.569)	(0.081)	(0.097)	(163.671)
Foreign penetration	0.003	−0.005	−0.098	0.014	−0.006	−13.237
	(0.007)	(0.004)	(0.166)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(11.273)
Foreign-born population share	−0.029	0.035	0.959	0.886***	0.514**	−392.607
	(0.163)	(0.057)	(3.624)	(0.208)	(0.227)	(310.375)
Employment share in construction	−0.072	−0.113	−1.383	−0.031	0.066	−318.172
	(0.151)	(0.105)	(4.765)	(0.210)	(0.242)	(289.073)
Employment share in mining	−0.091	−0.029	−1.694	−0.384***	−0.026	−303.046
	(0.070)	(0.031)	(1.632)	(0.112)	(0.182)	(197.120)
Employment share in light manufacturing	−0.181	−0.037	−4.014	−0.443	−0.280	204.308
	(0.264)	(0.061)	(4.029)	(0.303)	(0.195)	(428.187)
Observations	74	74	74	74	74	74
R-squared	0.436	0.226	0.353	0.846	0.859	0.607
Rotemberg weight	0.316	0.436		0.080	0.909

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure to robot	Plastic chemicals	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Log population	0.006	0.002	0.117	0.031***	0.031***	7.279
	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.099)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(6.901)
Male population share	−0.150	0.512	14.963	−0.062	0.495	245.564
	(0.722)	(0.336)	(18.421)	(0.851)	(0.851)	(1,216.842)
Population share above 65	0.068	0.134	7.233	0.434**	0.415*	228.405
	(0.134)	(0.093)	(5.129)	(0.197)	(0.230)	(294.943)
Population share with high education	−0.149*	0.018	−2.298	−0.480***	0.099	123.555
	(0.083)	(0.028)	(1.569)	(0.081)	(0.097)	(163.671)
Foreign penetration	0.003	−0.005	−0.098	0.014	−0.006	−13.237
	(0.007)	(0.004)	(0.166)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(11.273)
Foreign-born population share	−0.029	0.035	0.959	0.886***	0.514**	−392.607
	(0.163)	(0.057)	(3.624)	(0.208)	(0.227)	(310.375)
Employment share in construction	−0.072	−0.113	−1.383	−0.031	0.066	−318.172
	(0.151)	(0.105)	(4.765)	(0.210)	(0.242)	(289.073)
Employment share in mining	−0.091	−0.029	−1.694	−0.384***	−0.026	−303.046
	(0.070)	(0.031)	(1.632)	(0.112)	(0.182)	(197.120)
Employment share in light manufacturing	−0.181	−0.037	−4.014	−0.443	−0.280	204.308
	(0.264)	(0.061)	(4.029)	(0.303)	(0.195)	(428.187)
Observations	74	74	74	74	74	74
R-squared	0.436	0.226	0.353	0.846	0.859	0.607
Rotemberg weight	0.316	0.436		0.080	0.909

This table presents OLS estimates of the impact of the exposure to robots and Chinese imports on the employment-to-population ratio, focusing on the industries with the largest Rotemberg weights. Both exposure to robot and Chinese imports are instrumental variables. The regressions are weighted by population in the start-of-period. Statistical significance based on robust standard errors (reported in parentheses) is denoted by ***P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, and *P < 0.10.

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only