Table 19. Open in new tab Industries...

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure to robot	Textile	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
Log population	0.009	−0.017*	−0.424	0.003***	0.012***	2.164***
	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.639)
Male population share	−0.156	1.175	54.677*	0.089*	0.384*	53.325
	(0.580)	(0.804)	(39.691)	(0.053)	(0.221)	(64.010)
Population share above 65	−0.376	−0.610	−27.121*	0.003	0.128**	−17.022
	(0.236)	(0.418)	(15.630)	(0.017)	(0.057)	(24.494)
Population share with qualification	−0.186	−0.268	−17.504**	−0.004	0.126*	-
						45.864***
	(0.113)	(0.185)	(6.930)	(0.014)	(0.074)	(12.898)
Foreign-born population share	−0.168	0.292*	8.499	−0.001	0.021	−22.980**
	(0.128)	(0.150)	(5.732)	(0.008)	(0.025)	(10.007)
Foreign penetration	−0.001	−0.004	−0.198	0.000	−0.002	−0.614**
	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.160)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.254)
Female employment share in manufacturing	−0.019	−0.482***	-	0.010**	0.033**	25.953***
			17.978***
	(0.055)	(0.130)	(4.858)	(0.004)	(0.016)	(5.384)
Employment share in construction	−0.175	−0.518***	-	−0.018**	−0.037	-
			26.338***			62.382***
	(0.128)	(0.185)	(6.957)	(0.008)	(0.024)	(10.340)
Employment share in mining	0.145	−0.225***	−8.420**	0.003	−0.001	-
						21.529***
	(0.190)	(0.079)	(3.450)	(0.005)	(0.020)	(6.193)
Employment share in light manufacturing	−0.119	−0.151	−9.819**	0.120***	−0.002	17.891**
	(0.090)	(0.111)	(4.449)	(0.018)	(0.017)	(7.833)
Lagged employment–population ratio (85–95)	0.000	0.000	−0.022*	0.000	0.000*	−0.103***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.012)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.026)
Observations	319	319	319	319	319	319
R-squared	0.104	0.354	0.384	0.621	0.620	0.439

Plastic chemicals

Automotive

Exposure to robot

Textile

Electronics

Exposure to Chinese imports

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Log population

0.009

−0.017*

−0.424

0.003***

0.012***

2.164***

(0.007)

(0.008)

(0.001)

(0.004)

(0.639)

Male population share

−0.156

1.175

54.677*

0.089*

0.384*

53.325

(0.580)

(0.804)

(39.691)

(0.053)

(0.221)

(64.010)

Population share above 65

−0.376

−0.610

−27.121*

0.003

0.128**

−17.022

(0.236)

(0.418)

(15.630)

(0.017)

(0.057)

(24.494)

Population share with qualification

−0.186

−0.268

−17.504**

−0.004

0.126*

45.864***

(0.113)

(0.185)

(6.930)

(0.014)

(0.074)

(12.898)

Foreign-born population share

−0.168

0.292*

8.499

−0.001

0.021

−22.980**

(0.128)

(0.150)

(5.732)

(0.008)

(0.025)

(10.007)

Foreign penetration

−0.001

−0.004

−0.198

0.000

−0.002

−0.614**

(0.002)

(0.004)

(0.160)

(0.000)

(0.001)

(0.254)

Female employment share in manufacturing

−0.019

−0.482***

0.010**

0.033**

25.953***

17.978***

(0.055)

(0.130)

(4.858)

(0.004)

(0.016)

(5.384)

Employment share in construction

−0.175

−0.518***

−0.018**

−0.037

26.338***

62.382***

(0.128)

(0.185)

(6.957)

(0.008)

(0.024)

(10.340)

Employment share in mining

0.145

−0.225***

−8.420**

0.003

−0.001

21.529***

(0.190)

(0.079)

(3.450)

(0.005)

(0.020)

(6.193)

Employment share in light manufacturing

−0.119

−0.151

−9.819**

0.120***

−0.002

17.891**

(0.090)

(0.111)

(4.449)

(0.018)

(0.017)

(7.833)

Lagged employment–population ratio (85–95)

0.000

−0.022*

0.000

0.000*

−0.103***

(0.000)

(0.012)

(0.000)

(0.026)

Observations

319

R-squared

0.104

0.354

0.384

0.621

0.620

0.439

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure to robot	Textile	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
Log population	0.009	−0.017*	−0.424	0.003***	0.012***	2.164***
	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.639)
Male population share	−0.156	1.175	54.677*	0.089*	0.384*	53.325
	(0.580)	(0.804)	(39.691)	(0.053)	(0.221)	(64.010)
Population share above 65	−0.376	−0.610	−27.121*	0.003	0.128**	−17.022
	(0.236)	(0.418)	(15.630)	(0.017)	(0.057)	(24.494)
Population share with qualification	−0.186	−0.268	−17.504**	−0.004	0.126*	-
						45.864***
	(0.113)	(0.185)	(6.930)	(0.014)	(0.074)	(12.898)
Foreign-born population share	−0.168	0.292*	8.499	−0.001	0.021	−22.980**
	(0.128)	(0.150)	(5.732)	(0.008)	(0.025)	(10.007)
Foreign penetration	−0.001	−0.004	−0.198	0.000	−0.002	−0.614**
	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.160)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.254)
Female employment share in manufacturing	−0.019	−0.482***	-	0.010**	0.033**	25.953***
			17.978***
	(0.055)	(0.130)	(4.858)	(0.004)	(0.016)	(5.384)
Employment share in construction	−0.175	−0.518***	-	−0.018**	−0.037	-
			26.338***			62.382***
	(0.128)	(0.185)	(6.957)	(0.008)	(0.024)	(10.340)
Employment share in mining	0.145	−0.225***	−8.420**	0.003	−0.001	-
						21.529***
	(0.190)	(0.079)	(3.450)	(0.005)	(0.020)	(6.193)
Employment share in light manufacturing	−0.119	−0.151	−9.819**	0.120***	−0.002	17.891**
	(0.090)	(0.111)	(4.449)	(0.018)	(0.017)	(7.833)
Lagged employment–population ratio (85–95)	0.000	0.000	−0.022*	0.000	0.000*	−0.103***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.012)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.026)
Observations	319	319	319	319	319	319
R-squared	0.104	0.354	0.384	0.621	0.620	0.439

Table 19.

Open in new tab

Industries with the largest Rotemberg weights: Germany

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure to robot	Textile	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Log population	0.009	−0.017*	−0.424	0.003***	0.012***	2.164***
	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.639)
Male population share	−0.156	1.175	54.677*	0.089*	0.384*	53.325
	(0.580)	(0.804)	(39.691)	(0.053)	(0.221)	(64.010)
Population share above 65	−0.376	−0.610	−27.121*	0.003	0.128**	−17.022
	(0.236)	(0.418)	(15.630)	(0.017)	(0.057)	(24.494)
Population share with qualification	−0.186	−0.268	−17.504**	−0.004	0.126*	-
						45.864***
	(0.113)	(0.185)	(6.930)	(0.014)	(0.074)	(12.898)
Foreign-born population share	−0.168	0.292*	8.499	−0.001	0.021	−22.980**
	(0.128)	(0.150)	(5.732)	(0.008)	(0.025)	(10.007)
Foreign penetration	−0.001	−0.004	−0.198	0.000	−0.002	−0.614**
	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.160)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.254)
Female employment share in manufacturing	−0.019	−0.482***	-	0.010**	0.033**	25.953***
			17.978***
	(0.055)	(0.130)	(4.858)	(0.004)	(0.016)	(5.384)
Employment share in construction	−0.175	−0.518***	-	−0.018**	−0.037	-
			26.338***			62.382***
	(0.128)	(0.185)	(6.957)	(0.008)	(0.024)	(10.340)
Employment share in mining	0.145	−0.225***	−8.420**	0.003	−0.001	-
						21.529***
	(0.190)	(0.079)	(3.450)	(0.005)	(0.020)	(6.193)
Employment share in light manufacturing	−0.119	−0.151	−9.819**	0.120***	−0.002	17.891**
	(0.090)	(0.111)	(4.449)	(0.018)	(0.017)	(7.833)
Lagged employment–population ratio (85–95)	0.000	0.000	−0.022*	0.000	0.000*	−0.103***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.012)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.026)
Observations	319	319	319	319	319	319
R-squared	0.104	0.354	0.384	0.621	0.620	0.439

	Plastic chemicals	Automotive	Exposure to robot	Textile	Electronics	Exposure to Chinese imports
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Log population	0.009	−0.017*	−0.424	0.003***	0.012***	2.164***
	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.639)
Male population share	−0.156	1.175	54.677*	0.089*	0.384*	53.325
	(0.580)	(0.804)	(39.691)	(0.053)	(0.221)	(64.010)
Population share above 65	−0.376	−0.610	−27.121*	0.003	0.128**	−17.022
	(0.236)	(0.418)	(15.630)	(0.017)	(0.057)	(24.494)
Population share with qualification	−0.186	−0.268	−17.504**	−0.004	0.126*	-
						45.864***
	(0.113)	(0.185)	(6.930)	(0.014)	(0.074)	(12.898)
Foreign-born population share	−0.168	0.292*	8.499	−0.001	0.021	−22.980**
	(0.128)	(0.150)	(5.732)	(0.008)	(0.025)	(10.007)
Foreign penetration	−0.001	−0.004	−0.198	0.000	−0.002	−0.614**
	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.160)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.254)
Female employment share in manufacturing	−0.019	−0.482***	-	0.010**	0.033**	25.953***
			17.978***
	(0.055)	(0.130)	(4.858)	(0.004)	(0.016)	(5.384)
Employment share in construction	−0.175	−0.518***	-	−0.018**	−0.037	-
			26.338***			62.382***
	(0.128)	(0.185)	(6.957)	(0.008)	(0.024)	(10.340)
Employment share in mining	0.145	−0.225***	−8.420**	0.003	−0.001	-
						21.529***
	(0.190)	(0.079)	(3.450)	(0.005)	(0.020)	(6.193)
Employment share in light manufacturing	−0.119	−0.151	−9.819**	0.120***	−0.002	17.891**
	(0.090)	(0.111)	(4.449)	(0.018)	(0.017)	(7.833)
Lagged employment–population ratio (85–95)	0.000	0.000	−0.022*	0.000	0.000*	−0.103***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.012)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.026)
Observations	319	319	319	319	319	319
R-squared	0.104	0.354	0.384	0.621	0.620	0.439

This table presents OLS estimates of the impact of the exposure to robots and Chinese imports on the employment-to-population ratio, focusing on the industries with the largest Rotemberg weights. Both exposure to robot and Chinese imports are instrumental variables. The regressions are weighted by population in the start-of-period. Statistical significance based on robust standard errors (reported in parentheses) is denoted by ***P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, and *P < 0.10.

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