Table 11. Open in new tab Summary...

	Summary statistics	Means by quartiles of exposure to robots (instrument)
Variables of interests
Exposure to robots (instrument)	2.159	2.776	−0.569	23.320
Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument)	10.676	5.372	1.986	38.133	10.676	8.319	10.050	11.898	12.174
Outcome variables, 1995–2007
Change employment-to-population ratio	4.301	2.087	−0.526	20.419	4.301	3.797	4.459	4.379	4.578
Change manufacturing employment-to- population ratio	−0.207	0.928	−5.108	3.619	−0.207	−0.272	0.003	−0.273	−0.245
Change non-manufacturing employment-to-population ratio	4.391	1.898	0.715	21.473	4.391	3.962	4.332	4.537	4.700
Control variables, 1995
Log population	12.573	0.938	10.495	15.060	12.573	12.936	12.254	12.586	12.467
Male population share	0.487	0.007	0.452	0.504	0.487	0.485	0.487	0.487	0.490
Population share above 65	0.156	0.017	0.112	0.226	0.156	0.158	0.157	0.159	0.151
Employment share with university degree	0.084	0.042	0.021	0.217	0.084	0.103	0.078	0.078	0.077
Foreign-born population share	0.105	0.051	0.022	0.263	0.105	0.111	0.085	0.103	0.116
Foreign penetration	−0.219	1.220	−17.137	1.939	−0.219	0.198	−0.119	−0.368	−0.546
Employment share in construction	0.094	0.032	0.035	0.210	0.094	0.098	0.104	0.092	0.082
Female employment share in manufacturing	0.277	0.057	0.112	0.475	0.277	0.296	0.289	0.271	0.255
Lagged employment–population ratio (85–95)	13.486	18.297	−55.982	65.310	13.486	22.007	14.609	9.710	8.307

Summary statistics

Means by quartiles of exposure to robots (instrument)

Mean

S.D.

Min.

Max.

All LMs

First quartile

Second quartile

Third quartile

Fourth quartile

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

Variables of interests

Exposure to robots (instrument)

2.159

2.776

−0.569

23.320

Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument)

10.676

5.372

1.986

38.133

10.676

8.319

10.050

11.898

12.174

Outcome variables, 1995–2007

Change employment-to-population ratio

4.301

2.087

−0.526

20.419

4.301

3.797

4.459

4.379

4.578

Change manufacturing employment-to- population ratio

−0.207

0.928

−5.108

3.619

−0.207

−0.272

0.003

−0.273

−0.245

Change non-manufacturing employment-to-population ratio

4.391

1.898

0.715

21.473

4.391

3.962

4.332

4.537

4.700

Control variables, 1995

Log population

12.573

0.938

10.495

15.060

12.573

12.936

12.254

12.586

12.467

Male population share

0.487

0.007

0.452

0.504

0.487

0.485

0.487

0.490

Population share above 65

0.156

0.017

0.112

0.226

0.156

0.158

0.157

0.159

0.151

Employment share with university degree

0.084

0.042

0.021

0.217

0.084

0.103

0.078

0.077

Foreign-born population share

0.105

0.051

0.022

0.263

0.105

0.111

0.085

0.103

0.116

Foreign penetration

−0.219

1.220

−17.137

1.939

−0.219

0.198

−0.119

−0.368

−0.546

Employment share in construction

0.094

0.032

0.035

0.210

0.094

0.098

0.104

0.092

0.082

Female employment share in manufacturing

0.277

0.057

0.112

0.475

0.277

0.296

0.289

0.271

0.255

Lagged employment–population ratio (85–95)

13.486

18.297

−55.982

65.310

13.486

22.007

14.609

9.710

8.307

	Summary statistics	Means by quartiles of exposure to robots (instrument)
Variables of interests
Exposure to robots (instrument)	2.159	2.776	−0.569	23.320
Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument)	10.676	5.372	1.986	38.133	10.676	8.319	10.050	11.898	12.174
Outcome variables, 1995–2007
Change employment-to-population ratio	4.301	2.087	−0.526	20.419	4.301	3.797	4.459	4.379	4.578
Change manufacturing employment-to- population ratio	−0.207	0.928	−5.108	3.619	−0.207	−0.272	0.003	−0.273	−0.245
Change non-manufacturing employment-to-population ratio	4.391	1.898	0.715	21.473	4.391	3.962	4.332	4.537	4.700
Control variables, 1995
Log population	12.573	0.938	10.495	15.060	12.573	12.936	12.254	12.586	12.467
Male population share	0.487	0.007	0.452	0.504	0.487	0.485	0.487	0.487	0.490
Population share above 65	0.156	0.017	0.112	0.226	0.156	0.158	0.157	0.159	0.151
Employment share with university degree	0.084	0.042	0.021	0.217	0.084	0.103	0.078	0.078	0.077
Foreign-born population share	0.105	0.051	0.022	0.263	0.105	0.111	0.085	0.103	0.116
Foreign penetration	−0.219	1.220	−17.137	1.939	−0.219	0.198	−0.119	−0.368	−0.546
Employment share in construction	0.094	0.032	0.035	0.210	0.094	0.098	0.104	0.092	0.082
Female employment share in manufacturing	0.277	0.057	0.112	0.475	0.277	0.296	0.289	0.271	0.255
Lagged employment–population ratio (85–95)	13.486	18.297	−55.982	65.310	13.486	22.007	14.609	9.710	8.307

Table 11.

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Summary statistics: Germany

	Summary statistics				Means by quartiles of exposure to robots (instrument)
	Mean	S.D.	Min.	Max.	All LMs	First quartile	Second quartile	Third quartile	Fourth quartile
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
Variables of interests
Exposure to robots (instrument)	2.159	2.776	−0.569	23.320
Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument)	10.676	5.372	1.986	38.133	10.676	8.319	10.050	11.898	12.174
Outcome variables, 1995–2007
Change employment-to-population ratio	4.301	2.087	−0.526	20.419	4.301	3.797	4.459	4.379	4.578
Change manufacturing employment-to- population ratio	−0.207	0.928	−5.108	3.619	−0.207	−0.272	0.003	−0.273	−0.245
Change non-manufacturing employment-to-population ratio	4.391	1.898	0.715	21.473	4.391	3.962	4.332	4.537	4.700
Control variables, 1995
Log population	12.573	0.938	10.495	15.060	12.573	12.936	12.254	12.586	12.467
Male population share	0.487	0.007	0.452	0.504	0.487	0.485	0.487	0.487	0.490
Population share above 65	0.156	0.017	0.112	0.226	0.156	0.158	0.157	0.159	0.151
Employment share with university degree	0.084	0.042	0.021	0.217	0.084	0.103	0.078	0.078	0.077
Foreign-born population share	0.105	0.051	0.022	0.263	0.105	0.111	0.085	0.103	0.116
Foreign penetration	−0.219	1.220	−17.137	1.939	−0.219	0.198	−0.119	−0.368	−0.546
Employment share in construction	0.094	0.032	0.035	0.210	0.094	0.098	0.104	0.092	0.082
Female employment share in manufacturing	0.277	0.057	0.112	0.475	0.277	0.296	0.289	0.271	0.255
Lagged employment–population ratio (85–95)	13.486	18.297	−55.982	65.310	13.486	22.007	14.609	9.710	8.307

	Summary statistics				Means by quartiles of exposure to robots (instrument)
	Mean	S.D.	Min.	Max.	All LMs	First quartile	Second quartile	Third quartile	Fourth quartile
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
Variables of interests
Exposure to robots (instrument)	2.159	2.776	−0.569	23.320
Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument)	10.676	5.372	1.986	38.133	10.676	8.319	10.050	11.898	12.174
Outcome variables, 1995–2007
Change employment-to-population ratio	4.301	2.087	−0.526	20.419	4.301	3.797	4.459	4.379	4.578
Change manufacturing employment-to- population ratio	−0.207	0.928	−5.108	3.619	−0.207	−0.272	0.003	−0.273	−0.245
Change non-manufacturing employment-to-population ratio	4.391	1.898	0.715	21.473	4.391	3.962	4.332	4.537	4.700
Control variables, 1995
Log population	12.573	0.938	10.495	15.060	12.573	12.936	12.254	12.586	12.467
Male population share	0.487	0.007	0.452	0.504	0.487	0.485	0.487	0.487	0.490
Population share above 65	0.156	0.017	0.112	0.226	0.156	0.158	0.157	0.159	0.151
Employment share with university degree	0.084	0.042	0.021	0.217	0.084	0.103	0.078	0.078	0.077
Foreign-born population share	0.105	0.051	0.022	0.263	0.105	0.111	0.085	0.103	0.116
Foreign penetration	−0.219	1.220	−17.137	1.939	−0.219	0.198	−0.119	−0.368	−0.546
Employment share in construction	0.094	0.032	0.035	0.210	0.094	0.098	0.104	0.092	0.082
Female employment share in manufacturing	0.277	0.057	0.112	0.475	0.277	0.296	0.289	0.271	0.255
Lagged employment–population ratio (85–95)	13.486	18.297	−55.982	65.310	13.486	22.007	14.609	9.710	8.307

Columns 1–4 report the basic summary statistics at the local labor market level. Columns 6–9 present means for all labor markets as well as the quartiles of the robot IV variable from equation (5). There are only 321 observations for robot IV variables due to employment data availability in 1985. The means are weighted by population at the start of the period.

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