Table 8. Open in new tab The robot and...

	Long difference of manufacturing employment, OLS
Exposure to robots (instrument)	1.815	−0.565	−0.206**	−0.071	−0.512	−0.131	−0.077	−0.500**
	(1.163)	(0.933)	(0.103)	(0.272)	(1.201)	(0.103)	(0.388)	(0.198)
Exposure to Chinese imports, intermediate goods	0.123	0.648	−0.292*	−1.256*	−0.140	−0.713	1.159	−4.356***
	(1.640)	(0.470)	(0.159)	(0.653)	(0.681)	(0.820)	(1.915)	(0.723)
Exposure to robots × intermediate goods	−3.770	0.073	0.118**	−0.284	0.064	−0.165	−0.368	0.460
	(2.297)	(0.489)	(0.056)	(0.298)	(1.107)	(0.196)	(0.842)	(0.279)
Sum of robot exposure coefficients	−1.955	−0.492	−0.088*	−0.355***	−0.447*	−0.295**	−0.445	−0.040
	(1.319)	(0.641)	(0.050)	(0.084)	(0.255)	(0.139)	(0.528)	(0.117)
R-squared	0.499	0.621	0.387	0.884	0.339	0.976	0.448	0.636
Observations	99	70	319	110	74	49	100	352
Regional FE	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Baseline controls	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Long difference of manufacturing employment, OLS

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Denmark

Finland

Germany

Italy

Norway

Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom

Exposure to robots (instrument)

1.815

−0.565

−0.206**

−0.071

−0.512

−0.131

−0.077

−0.500**

(1.163)

(0.933)

(0.103)

(0.272)

(1.201)

(0.103)

(0.388)

(0.198)

Exposure to Chinese imports, intermediate goods

0.123

0.648

−0.292*

−1.256*

−0.140

−0.713

1.159

−4.356***

(1.640)

(0.470)

(0.159)

(0.653)

(0.681)

(0.820)

(1.915)

(0.723)

Exposure to robots × intermediate goods

−3.770

0.073

0.118**

−0.284

0.064

−0.165

−0.368

0.460

(2.297)

(0.489)

(0.056)

(0.298)

(1.107)

(0.196)

(0.842)

(0.279)

Sum of robot exposure coefficients

−1.955

−0.492

−0.088*

−0.355***

−0.447*

−0.295**

−0.445

−0.040

(1.319)

(0.641)

(0.050)

(0.084)

(0.255)

(0.139)

(0.528)

(0.117)

R-squared

0.499

0.621

0.387

0.884

0.339

0.976

0.448

0.636

Observations

319

110

100

352

Regional FE

✓

Baseline controls

✓

	Long difference of manufacturing employment, OLS
Exposure to robots (instrument)	1.815	−0.565	−0.206**	−0.071	−0.512	−0.131	−0.077	−0.500**
	(1.163)	(0.933)	(0.103)	(0.272)	(1.201)	(0.103)	(0.388)	(0.198)
Exposure to Chinese imports, intermediate goods	0.123	0.648	−0.292*	−1.256*	−0.140	−0.713	1.159	−4.356***
	(1.640)	(0.470)	(0.159)	(0.653)	(0.681)	(0.820)	(1.915)	(0.723)
Exposure to robots × intermediate goods	−3.770	0.073	0.118**	−0.284	0.064	−0.165	−0.368	0.460
	(2.297)	(0.489)	(0.056)	(0.298)	(1.107)	(0.196)	(0.842)	(0.279)
Sum of robot exposure coefficients	−1.955	−0.492	−0.088*	−0.355***	−0.447*	−0.295**	−0.445	−0.040
	(1.319)	(0.641)	(0.050)	(0.084)	(0.255)	(0.139)	(0.528)	(0.117)
R-squared	0.499	0.621	0.387	0.884	0.339	0.976	0.448	0.636
Observations	99	70	319	110	74	49	100	352
Regional FE	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Baseline controls	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Table 8.

Open in new tab

The robot and reshoring

	Long difference of manufacturing employment, OLS
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Denmark	Finland	Germany	Italy	Norway	Spain	Sweden	United Kingdom
Exposure to robots (instrument)	1.815	−0.565	−0.206**	−0.071	−0.512	−0.131	−0.077	−0.500**
	(1.163)	(0.933)	(0.103)	(0.272)	(1.201)	(0.103)	(0.388)	(0.198)
Exposure to Chinese imports, intermediate goods	0.123	0.648	−0.292*	−1.256*	−0.140	−0.713	1.159	−4.356***
	(1.640)	(0.470)	(0.159)	(0.653)	(0.681)	(0.820)	(1.915)	(0.723)
Exposure to robots × intermediate goods	−3.770	0.073	0.118**	−0.284	0.064	−0.165	−0.368	0.460
	(2.297)	(0.489)	(0.056)	(0.298)	(1.107)	(0.196)	(0.842)	(0.279)
Sum of robot exposure coefficients	−1.955	−0.492	−0.088*	−0.355***	−0.447*	−0.295**	−0.445	−0.040
	(1.319)	(0.641)	(0.050)	(0.084)	(0.255)	(0.139)	(0.528)	(0.117)
R-squared	0.499	0.621	0.387	0.884	0.339	0.976	0.448	0.636
Observations	99	70	319	110	74	49	100	352
Regional FE	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Baseline controls	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

	Long difference of manufacturing employment, OLS
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Denmark	Finland	Germany	Italy	Norway	Spain	Sweden	United Kingdom
Exposure to robots (instrument)	1.815	−0.565	−0.206**	−0.071	−0.512	−0.131	−0.077	−0.500**
	(1.163)	(0.933)	(0.103)	(0.272)	(1.201)	(0.103)	(0.388)	(0.198)
Exposure to Chinese imports, intermediate goods	0.123	0.648	−0.292*	−1.256*	−0.140	−0.713	1.159	−4.356***
	(1.640)	(0.470)	(0.159)	(0.653)	(0.681)	(0.820)	(1.915)	(0.723)
Exposure to robots × intermediate goods	−3.770	0.073	0.118**	−0.284	0.064	−0.165	−0.368	0.460
	(2.297)	(0.489)	(0.056)	(0.298)	(1.107)	(0.196)	(0.842)	(0.279)
Sum of robot exposure coefficients	−1.955	−0.492	−0.088*	−0.355***	−0.447*	−0.295**	−0.445	−0.040
	(1.319)	(0.641)	(0.050)	(0.084)	(0.255)	(0.139)	(0.528)	(0.117)
R-squared	0.499	0.621	0.387	0.884	0.339	0.976	0.448	0.636
Observations	99	70	319	110	74	49	100	352
Regional FE	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Baseline controls	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

This table presents OLS estimates of the impact of the exposure with the interaction with the exposure to Chinese imports of intermediate or final goods. The measurement of robot exposure is an instrumental variable. The outcome variables are the long difference in manufacturing employment-to-population ratio. Regressions are weighted by population in the start-of-period. The list of covariates is documented in Appendix A. The missing geographic and industry values in Germany are due to confidentiality-related data limitations. Statistical significance based on robust standard errors (reported in parentheses) is denoted by ***P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, and *P < 0.10.

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