Table 3. Open in new tab The effects of...

Long differences, OLS
Panel A. Exposure to robots
Exposure to robots (instrument)	0.490	0.281	−0.094	−0.520***	−2.050***	0.150	−0.300	−0.466**
	(0.727)	(0.604)	(0.0674)	(0.135)	(0.630)	(0.137)	(0.198)	(0.188)
R-squared	0.178	0.527	0.170	0.656	0.355	0.855	0.321	0.429
Panel B. Exposure to robots and Chinese imports
Exposure to robots (instrument)	0.525	−0.236	−0.102	−0.545***	−1.932***	0.072	−0.300	−0.385**
	(0.750)	(0.741)	(0.066)	(0.152)	(0.681)	(0.118)	(0.198)	(0.186)
Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument)	−0.003	0.024**	−0.058**	0.028	−0.006	0.037	−0.001	−0.223**
	(0.015)	(0.010)	(0.025)	(0.080)	(0.013)	(0.024)	(0.012)	(0.097)
R-squared	0.179	0.571	0.186	0.657	0.357	0.862	0.321	0.440
Observations	99	70	319	110	74	49	100	352
Regional fixed effect (FE)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Baseline controls	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Long differences, OLS

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Denmark

Finland

Germany

Italy

Norway

Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom

Panel A. Exposure to robots

Exposure to robots (instrument)

0.490

0.281

−0.094

−0.520***

−2.050***

0.150

−0.300

−0.466**

(0.727)

(0.604)

(0.0674)

(0.135)

(0.630)

(0.137)

(0.198)

(0.188)

R-squared

0.178

0.527

0.170

0.656

0.355

0.855

0.321

0.429

Panel B. Exposure to robots and Chinese imports

Exposure to robots (instrument)

0.525

−0.236

−0.102

−0.545***

−1.932***

0.072

−0.300

−0.385**

(0.750)

(0.741)

(0.066)

(0.152)

(0.681)

(0.118)

(0.198)

(0.186)

Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument)

−0.003

0.024**

−0.058**

0.028

−0.006

0.037

−0.001

−0.223**

(0.015)

(0.010)

(0.025)

(0.080)

(0.013)

(0.024)

(0.012)

(0.097)

R-squared

0.179

0.571

0.186

0.657

0.357

0.862

0.321

0.440

Observations

319

110

100

352

Regional fixed effect (FE)

✓

Baseline controls

✓

Long differences, OLS
Panel A. Exposure to robots
Exposure to robots (instrument)	0.490	0.281	−0.094	−0.520***	−2.050***	0.150	−0.300	−0.466**
	(0.727)	(0.604)	(0.0674)	(0.135)	(0.630)	(0.137)	(0.198)	(0.188)
R-squared	0.178	0.527	0.170	0.656	0.355	0.855	0.321	0.429
Panel B. Exposure to robots and Chinese imports
Exposure to robots (instrument)	0.525	−0.236	−0.102	−0.545***	−1.932***	0.072	−0.300	−0.385**
	(0.750)	(0.741)	(0.066)	(0.152)	(0.681)	(0.118)	(0.198)	(0.186)
Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument)	−0.003	0.024**	−0.058**	0.028	−0.006	0.037	−0.001	−0.223**
	(0.015)	(0.010)	(0.025)	(0.080)	(0.013)	(0.024)	(0.012)	(0.097)
R-squared	0.179	0.571	0.186	0.657	0.357	0.862	0.321	0.440
Observations	99	70	319	110	74	49	100	352
Regional fixed effect (FE)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Baseline controls	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Table 3.

Open in new tab

The effects of robots and Chinese imports on total employment

Long differences, OLS
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Denmark	Finland	Germany	Italy	Norway	Spain	Sweden	United Kingdom
Panel A. Exposure to robots
Exposure to robots (instrument)	0.490	0.281	−0.094	−0.520***	−2.050***	0.150	−0.300	−0.466**
	(0.727)	(0.604)	(0.0674)	(0.135)	(0.630)	(0.137)	(0.198)	(0.188)
R-squared	0.178	0.527	0.170	0.656	0.355	0.855	0.321	0.429
Panel B. Exposure to robots and Chinese imports
Exposure to robots (instrument)	0.525	−0.236	−0.102	−0.545***	−1.932***	0.072	−0.300	−0.385**
	(0.750)	(0.741)	(0.066)	(0.152)	(0.681)	(0.118)	(0.198)	(0.186)
Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument)	−0.003	0.024**	−0.058**	0.028	−0.006	0.037	−0.001	−0.223**
	(0.015)	(0.010)	(0.025)	(0.080)	(0.013)	(0.024)	(0.012)	(0.097)
R-squared	0.179	0.571	0.186	0.657	0.357	0.862	0.321	0.440
Observations	99	70	319	110	74	49	100	352
Regional fixed effect (FE)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Baseline controls	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Long differences, OLS
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Denmark	Finland	Germany	Italy	Norway	Spain	Sweden	United Kingdom
Panel A. Exposure to robots
Exposure to robots (instrument)	0.490	0.281	−0.094	−0.520***	−2.050***	0.150	−0.300	−0.466**
	(0.727)	(0.604)	(0.0674)	(0.135)	(0.630)	(0.137)	(0.198)	(0.188)
R-squared	0.178	0.527	0.170	0.656	0.355	0.855	0.321	0.429
Panel B. Exposure to robots and Chinese imports
Exposure to robots (instrument)	0.525	−0.236	−0.102	−0.545***	−1.932***	0.072	−0.300	−0.385**
	(0.750)	(0.741)	(0.066)	(0.152)	(0.681)	(0.118)	(0.198)	(0.186)
Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument)	−0.003	0.024**	−0.058**	0.028	−0.006	0.037	−0.001	−0.223**
	(0.015)	(0.010)	(0.025)	(0.080)	(0.013)	(0.024)	(0.012)	(0.097)
R-squared	0.179	0.571	0.186	0.657	0.357	0.862	0.321	0.440
Observations	99	70	319	110	74	49	100	352
Regional fixed effect (FE)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Baseline controls	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

This table presents OLS estimates of the impact of the exposure to robots and Chinese import competition. The outcome variables are the long difference in employment-to-population ratio. Regressions are weighted by population in the start-of-period. The list of covariates is documented in Appendix A. The missing geographic values in Germany are due to confidentiality-related data limitations. Statistical significance based on robust standard errors (reported in parentheses) is denoted by ***P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, and *P < 0.10.

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