| . | . | Means by quartiles of exposure to robots (instrument) . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All . | First quartile . | Second quartile . | Third quartile . | Fourth quartile . | |
| Variables . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | |
| Denmark | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 48.508 | 28.982 | 52.543 | 60.043 | 61.151 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.166 | 4.012 | 4.335 | 4.423 | 3.933 | |
| Finland | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 54.390 | 28.590 | 47.593 | 62.933 | 70.920 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 7.122 | 5.316 | 7.644 | 7.435 | 6.504 | |
| Germany | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 10.676 | 8.319 | 10.050 | 11.898 | 12.174 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.301 | 3.797 | 4.459 | 4.379 | 4.578 | |
| Italy | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 9.984 | 5.701 | 7.608 | 10.942 | 13.672 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 1.403 | 2.746 | 1.768 | 0.679 | 0.775 | |
| Norway | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 64.553 | 42.439 | 52.881 | 75.495 | 96.580 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 12.043 | 12.800 | 13.740 | 11.226 | 10.519 | |
| Spain | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 18.234 | 7.344 | 11.170 | 14.031 | 27.977 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.053 | 3.908 | 2.955 | 3.329 | 4.960 | |
| Sweden | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 29.846 | 18.377 | 28.686 | 33.932 | 32.761 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.956 | 4.735 | 4.657 | 4.989 | 5.717 | |
| United Kingdom | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 6.381 | 4.155 | 6.097 | 7.265 | 8.074 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 2.172 | 2.181 | 2.063 | 3.235 | 1.444 | |
| . | . | Means by quartiles of exposure to robots (instrument) . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All . | First quartile . | Second quartile . | Third quartile . | Fourth quartile . | |
| Variables . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | |
| Denmark | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 48.508 | 28.982 | 52.543 | 60.043 | 61.151 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.166 | 4.012 | 4.335 | 4.423 | 3.933 | |
| Finland | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 54.390 | 28.590 | 47.593 | 62.933 | 70.920 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 7.122 | 5.316 | 7.644 | 7.435 | 6.504 | |
| Germany | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 10.676 | 8.319 | 10.050 | 11.898 | 12.174 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.301 | 3.797 | 4.459 | 4.379 | 4.578 | |
| Italy | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 9.984 | 5.701 | 7.608 | 10.942 | 13.672 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 1.403 | 2.746 | 1.768 | 0.679 | 0.775 | |
| Norway | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 64.553 | 42.439 | 52.881 | 75.495 | 96.580 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 12.043 | 12.800 | 13.740 | 11.226 | 10.519 | |
| Spain | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 18.234 | 7.344 | 11.170 | 14.031 | 27.977 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.053 | 3.908 | 2.955 | 3.329 | 4.960 | |
| Sweden | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 29.846 | 18.377 | 28.686 | 33.932 | 32.761 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.956 | 4.735 | 4.657 | 4.989 | 5.717 | |
| United Kingdom | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 6.381 | 4.155 | 6.097 | 7.265 | 8.074 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 2.172 | 2.181 | 2.063 | 3.235 | 1.444 | |
Column 1 shows the sample means for all local labor markets. Columns 2–5 present means by quartiles of exposure to robots. The means are weighted by population in the start-of-period.
| . | . | Means by quartiles of exposure to robots (instrument) . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All . | First quartile . | Second quartile . | Third quartile . | Fourth quartile . | |
| Variables . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | |
| Denmark | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 48.508 | 28.982 | 52.543 | 60.043 | 61.151 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.166 | 4.012 | 4.335 | 4.423 | 3.933 | |
| Finland | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 54.390 | 28.590 | 47.593 | 62.933 | 70.920 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 7.122 | 5.316 | 7.644 | 7.435 | 6.504 | |
| Germany | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 10.676 | 8.319 | 10.050 | 11.898 | 12.174 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.301 | 3.797 | 4.459 | 4.379 | 4.578 | |
| Italy | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 9.984 | 5.701 | 7.608 | 10.942 | 13.672 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 1.403 | 2.746 | 1.768 | 0.679 | 0.775 | |
| Norway | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 64.553 | 42.439 | 52.881 | 75.495 | 96.580 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 12.043 | 12.800 | 13.740 | 11.226 | 10.519 | |
| Spain | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 18.234 | 7.344 | 11.170 | 14.031 | 27.977 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.053 | 3.908 | 2.955 | 3.329 | 4.960 | |
| Sweden | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 29.846 | 18.377 | 28.686 | 33.932 | 32.761 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.956 | 4.735 | 4.657 | 4.989 | 5.717 | |
| United Kingdom | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 6.381 | 4.155 | 6.097 | 7.265 | 8.074 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 2.172 | 2.181 | 2.063 | 3.235 | 1.444 | |
| . | . | Means by quartiles of exposure to robots (instrument) . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All . | First quartile . | Second quartile . | Third quartile . | Fourth quartile . | |
| Variables . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | |
| Denmark | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 48.508 | 28.982 | 52.543 | 60.043 | 61.151 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.166 | 4.012 | 4.335 | 4.423 | 3.933 | |
| Finland | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 54.390 | 28.590 | 47.593 | 62.933 | 70.920 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 7.122 | 5.316 | 7.644 | 7.435 | 6.504 | |
| Germany | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 10.676 | 8.319 | 10.050 | 11.898 | 12.174 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.301 | 3.797 | 4.459 | 4.379 | 4.578 | |
| Italy | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 9.984 | 5.701 | 7.608 | 10.942 | 13.672 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 1.403 | 2.746 | 1.768 | 0.679 | 0.775 | |
| Norway | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 64.553 | 42.439 | 52.881 | 75.495 | 96.580 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 12.043 | 12.800 | 13.740 | 11.226 | 10.519 | |
| Spain | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 18.234 | 7.344 | 11.170 | 14.031 | 27.977 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.053 | 3.908 | 2.955 | 3.329 | 4.960 | |
| Sweden | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 29.846 | 18.377 | 28.686 | 33.932 | 32.761 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 4.956 | 4.735 | 4.657 | 4.989 | 5.717 | |
| United Kingdom | Exposure to Chinese imports (instrument) | 6.381 | 4.155 | 6.097 | 7.265 | 8.074 |
| Change employment-to-population ratio | 2.172 | 2.181 | 2.063 | 3.235 | 1.444 | |
Column 1 shows the sample means for all local labor markets. Columns 2–5 present means by quartiles of exposure to robots. The means are weighted by population in the start-of-period.
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