Table 1.
Open in new tab

Geometric means and (range) of sum polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑PBDEs) and 5 congeners in nestling bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) plasma from 2006 to 2017 at 12 study areas and 3 waterbody types in Wisconsin and Minnesota (sorted by ∑PBDE)

Geometric means and (range) in µg/La
Study area (waterbody type)No.∑PBDEBDE‐47BDE‐99BDE‐100BDE‐153BDE‐154
MISS (river)139

10.8E

(3.23–48.7)

6.10H

(1.20–29.0)

1.47E

(0.230–6.60)

1.37E

(0.250–6.80)

0.590C

(<LOQ–2.70)

0.570DE

(<LOQ–2.40)

Pools3+4 (river)33

9.72DE

(6.31–20.6)

5.56H

(3.30–11.0)

1.31E

(0.480–3.40)

1.21CDE

(0.830–2.40)

0.500BC

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.500CD

(<LOQ–1.10)

GBLM (Great Lake)30

7.62CDE

(2.25–31.1)

1.99DE

(0.620–5.30)

1.07D

(<LOQ–6.50)

0.810C

(<LOQ–2.70)

0.550BC

(<LOQ–4.20)

0.470BC

(<LOQ–3.64)

LSSS (Great Lake)16

8.36CDE

(4.28–45.5)

3.25FG

(1.10–10.0)

1.63E

(0.420–15.0)

1.58E

(0.420–6.80)

0.610BC

(<LOQ–9.50)

0.700EF

(<LOQ–2.20)

APIS (Great Lake)58

7.86CD

(3.38–37.2)

2.51EF

(0.860–8.60)

1.52E

(0.440–9.20)

1.21DE

(0.330–6.60)

0.590C

(<LOQ–5.60)

0.780F

(<LOQ–2.80

LSACN (river)65

7.79CD

(3.18–23.7)

3.66G

(0.820–14.0)

0.830D

(LOQ–2.60)

0.900CD

(LOQ–3.60)

0.400B

(<LOQ–0.960)

0.410C

(<LOQ–0.970)

FRGBb (river/Great Lake)16/7

5.88BC

(2.70–16.2)

1.46CD

(0.580–5.20)

0.490C

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.480B

(<LOQ–1.70)

0.210A

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.140A

(<LOQ–2.10)

UPWR (river)8

4.79ABCD

(1.51–15.2)

1.40C

(0.320–7.60)

0.430BC

(<LOQ–1.20)

0.380AB

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.240A

(<LOQ–0.780)

0.260AB

(<LOQ–1.10)

MDWR (river)7

4.61ABC

(2.78–6.71)

1.30BC

(0.490–3.80)

0.260AB

(<LOQ–0.490)

0.190A

(<LOQ–0.730)

0.110A

(<LOQ–0.410)

0.230A

(<LOQ–0.480)

NHEL (inland lake)25

4.02AB

(0–9.15)

0.830AB

(<LOQ–3.40)

0.350AB

(>LOQ–1.40)

0.270A

(<LOQ–1.10)

0.100A

(<LOQ–0.890)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.840)

LWSR (river)5

2.98AB

(2.27–3.08)

0.830ABC

(0.670–0.960)

0.250ABC

(LOQ–0.360)

0.180A

(<LOQ–0.230)

<LOQ

(<LOQ–0.150)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.480)

USACN (river)65

2.88A

(1.36–8.10)

0.630A

(0.190–2.20)

0.240A

(<LOQ–0.630)

0.230A

(<LOQ–0.620)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.620)

0.180A

(<LOQ–0.580)

Waterbody type:
Great Lakes111

7.18B

(2.25–45.5)

2.35B

(0.620–10.0)

1.08C

(LOQ–15.0)

0.940C

(LOQ–6.80)

0.450C

(LOQ–9.50)

0.540C

(LOQ–3.64)

Riversc338

5.85B

(1.36–48.7)

2.38B

(0.190–29.0)

0.750B

(0.120–7.0)

0.610B

(0.100–6.80)

0.320B

(LOQ–2.70)

0.330B

(LOQ–2.40)

Inland lakes25

0.920A

(0–9.15)

0.030A

(0.150–3.40)

0.240A

(LOQ–1.40)

0.200A

(LOQ–1.10)

0.090A

(LOQ–0.890)

0.140A

(LOQ–0.840)

Geometric means and (range) in µg/La
Study area (waterbody type)No.∑PBDEBDE‐47BDE‐99BDE‐100BDE‐153BDE‐154
MISS (river)139

10.8E

(3.23–48.7)

6.10H

(1.20–29.0)

1.47E

(0.230–6.60)

1.37E

(0.250–6.80)

0.590C

(<LOQ–2.70)

0.570DE

(<LOQ–2.40)

Pools3+4 (river)33

9.72DE

(6.31–20.6)

5.56H

(3.30–11.0)

1.31E

(0.480–3.40)

1.21CDE

(0.830–2.40)

0.500BC

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.500CD

(<LOQ–1.10)

GBLM (Great Lake)30

7.62CDE

(2.25–31.1)

1.99DE

(0.620–5.30)

1.07D

(<LOQ–6.50)

0.810C

(<LOQ–2.70)

0.550BC

(<LOQ–4.20)

0.470BC

(<LOQ–3.64)

LSSS (Great Lake)16

8.36CDE

(4.28–45.5)

3.25FG

(1.10–10.0)

1.63E

(0.420–15.0)

1.58E

(0.420–6.80)

0.610BC

(<LOQ–9.50)

0.700EF

(<LOQ–2.20)

APIS (Great Lake)58

7.86CD

(3.38–37.2)

2.51EF

(0.860–8.60)

1.52E

(0.440–9.20)

1.21DE

(0.330–6.60)

0.590C

(<LOQ–5.60)

0.780F

(<LOQ–2.80

LSACN (river)65

7.79CD

(3.18–23.7)

3.66G

(0.820–14.0)

0.830D

(LOQ–2.60)

0.900CD

(LOQ–3.60)

0.400B

(<LOQ–0.960)

0.410C

(<LOQ–0.970)

FRGBb (river/Great Lake)16/7

5.88BC

(2.70–16.2)

1.46CD

(0.580–5.20)

0.490C

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.480B

(<LOQ–1.70)

0.210A

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.140A

(<LOQ–2.10)

UPWR (river)8

4.79ABCD

(1.51–15.2)

1.40C

(0.320–7.60)

0.430BC

(<LOQ–1.20)

0.380AB

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.240A

(<LOQ–0.780)

0.260AB

(<LOQ–1.10)

MDWR (river)7

4.61ABC

(2.78–6.71)

1.30BC

(0.490–3.80)

0.260AB

(<LOQ–0.490)

0.190A

(<LOQ–0.730)

0.110A

(<LOQ–0.410)

0.230A

(<LOQ–0.480)

NHEL (inland lake)25

4.02AB

(0–9.15)

0.830AB

(<LOQ–3.40)

0.350AB

(>LOQ–1.40)

0.270A

(<LOQ–1.10)

0.100A

(<LOQ–0.890)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.840)

LWSR (river)5

2.98AB

(2.27–3.08)

0.830ABC

(0.670–0.960)

0.250ABC

(LOQ–0.360)

0.180A

(<LOQ–0.230)

<LOQ

(<LOQ–0.150)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.480)

USACN (river)65

2.88A

(1.36–8.10)

0.630A

(0.190–2.20)

0.240A

(<LOQ–0.630)

0.230A

(<LOQ–0.620)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.620)

0.180A

(<LOQ–0.580)

Waterbody type:
Great Lakes111

7.18B

(2.25–45.5)

2.35B

(0.620–10.0)

1.08C

(LOQ–15.0)

0.940C

(LOQ–6.80)

0.450C

(LOQ–9.50)

0.540C

(LOQ–3.64)

Riversc338

5.85B

(1.36–48.7)

2.38B

(0.190–29.0)

0.750B

(0.120–7.0)

0.610B

(0.100–6.80)

0.320B

(LOQ–2.70)

0.330B

(LOQ–2.40)

Inland lakes25

0.920A

(0–9.15)

0.030A

(0.150–3.40)

0.240A

(LOQ–1.40)

0.200A

(LOQ–1.10)

0.090A

(LOQ–0.890)

0.140A

(LOQ–0.840)

a

Geometric means with the same capital letter within columns are not significantly different (Tukey‐adjusted comparisons). All comparisons for ∑PBDE were significant at p < 0.01; for congeners BDE‐47, ‐99, and ‐100, they were significant at p < 0.001.

b

For the FRGB study area, 16 samples were categorized as river samples for analysis by waterbody type.

∑PBDE = sum polybrominated diphenyl ether; APIS = Apostle Islands; LSSS = Lake Superior southern shore; USACN = Upper St. Croix River; LSACN = Lower St. Croix River; MISS = Mississippi River; Pools 3 + 4 = Pools 3 and 4 of the Mississippi River; FRGB = Fox River/Green Bay; GBLM = Green Bay/Lake Michigan; UPWR = Upper Wisconsin River; MDWR = Mid‐Wisconsin River; LWSR = Lower Wisconsin River; NHEL = Northern Highlands; LOQ = limits of quantification.

Table 1.
Open in new tab

Geometric means and (range) of sum polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑PBDEs) and 5 congeners in nestling bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) plasma from 2006 to 2017 at 12 study areas and 3 waterbody types in Wisconsin and Minnesota (sorted by ∑PBDE)

Geometric means and (range) in µg/La
Study area (waterbody type)No.∑PBDEBDE‐47BDE‐99BDE‐100BDE‐153BDE‐154
MISS (river)139

10.8E

(3.23–48.7)

6.10H

(1.20–29.0)

1.47E

(0.230–6.60)

1.37E

(0.250–6.80)

0.590C

(<LOQ–2.70)

0.570DE

(<LOQ–2.40)

Pools3+4 (river)33

9.72DE

(6.31–20.6)

5.56H

(3.30–11.0)

1.31E

(0.480–3.40)

1.21CDE

(0.830–2.40)

0.500BC

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.500CD

(<LOQ–1.10)

GBLM (Great Lake)30

7.62CDE

(2.25–31.1)

1.99DE

(0.620–5.30)

1.07D

(<LOQ–6.50)

0.810C

(<LOQ–2.70)

0.550BC

(<LOQ–4.20)

0.470BC

(<LOQ–3.64)

LSSS (Great Lake)16

8.36CDE

(4.28–45.5)

3.25FG

(1.10–10.0)

1.63E

(0.420–15.0)

1.58E

(0.420–6.80)

0.610BC

(<LOQ–9.50)

0.700EF

(<LOQ–2.20)

APIS (Great Lake)58

7.86CD

(3.38–37.2)

2.51EF

(0.860–8.60)

1.52E

(0.440–9.20)

1.21DE

(0.330–6.60)

0.590C

(<LOQ–5.60)

0.780F

(<LOQ–2.80

LSACN (river)65

7.79CD

(3.18–23.7)

3.66G

(0.820–14.0)

0.830D

(LOQ–2.60)

0.900CD

(LOQ–3.60)

0.400B

(<LOQ–0.960)

0.410C

(<LOQ–0.970)

FRGBb (river/Great Lake)16/7

5.88BC

(2.70–16.2)

1.46CD

(0.580–5.20)

0.490C

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.480B

(<LOQ–1.70)

0.210A

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.140A

(<LOQ–2.10)

UPWR (river)8

4.79ABCD

(1.51–15.2)

1.40C

(0.320–7.60)

0.430BC

(<LOQ–1.20)

0.380AB

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.240A

(<LOQ–0.780)

0.260AB

(<LOQ–1.10)

MDWR (river)7

4.61ABC

(2.78–6.71)

1.30BC

(0.490–3.80)

0.260AB

(<LOQ–0.490)

0.190A

(<LOQ–0.730)

0.110A

(<LOQ–0.410)

0.230A

(<LOQ–0.480)

NHEL (inland lake)25

4.02AB

(0–9.15)

0.830AB

(<LOQ–3.40)

0.350AB

(>LOQ–1.40)

0.270A

(<LOQ–1.10)

0.100A

(<LOQ–0.890)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.840)

LWSR (river)5

2.98AB

(2.27–3.08)

0.830ABC

(0.670–0.960)

0.250ABC

(LOQ–0.360)

0.180A

(<LOQ–0.230)

<LOQ

(<LOQ–0.150)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.480)

USACN (river)65

2.88A

(1.36–8.10)

0.630A

(0.190–2.20)

0.240A

(<LOQ–0.630)

0.230A

(<LOQ–0.620)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.620)

0.180A

(<LOQ–0.580)

Waterbody type:
Great Lakes111

7.18B

(2.25–45.5)

2.35B

(0.620–10.0)

1.08C

(LOQ–15.0)

0.940C

(LOQ–6.80)

0.450C

(LOQ–9.50)

0.540C

(LOQ–3.64)

Riversc338

5.85B

(1.36–48.7)

2.38B

(0.190–29.0)

0.750B

(0.120–7.0)

0.610B

(0.100–6.80)

0.320B

(LOQ–2.70)

0.330B

(LOQ–2.40)

Inland lakes25

0.920A

(0–9.15)

0.030A

(0.150–3.40)

0.240A

(LOQ–1.40)

0.200A

(LOQ–1.10)

0.090A

(LOQ–0.890)

0.140A

(LOQ–0.840)

Geometric means and (range) in µg/La
Study area (waterbody type)No.∑PBDEBDE‐47BDE‐99BDE‐100BDE‐153BDE‐154
MISS (river)139

10.8E

(3.23–48.7)

6.10H

(1.20–29.0)

1.47E

(0.230–6.60)

1.37E

(0.250–6.80)

0.590C

(<LOQ–2.70)

0.570DE

(<LOQ–2.40)

Pools3+4 (river)33

9.72DE

(6.31–20.6)

5.56H

(3.30–11.0)

1.31E

(0.480–3.40)

1.21CDE

(0.830–2.40)

0.500BC

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.500CD

(<LOQ–1.10)

GBLM (Great Lake)30

7.62CDE

(2.25–31.1)

1.99DE

(0.620–5.30)

1.07D

(<LOQ–6.50)

0.810C

(<LOQ–2.70)

0.550BC

(<LOQ–4.20)

0.470BC

(<LOQ–3.64)

LSSS (Great Lake)16

8.36CDE

(4.28–45.5)

3.25FG

(1.10–10.0)

1.63E

(0.420–15.0)

1.58E

(0.420–6.80)

0.610BC

(<LOQ–9.50)

0.700EF

(<LOQ–2.20)

APIS (Great Lake)58

7.86CD

(3.38–37.2)

2.51EF

(0.860–8.60)

1.52E

(0.440–9.20)

1.21DE

(0.330–6.60)

0.590C

(<LOQ–5.60)

0.780F

(<LOQ–2.80

LSACN (river)65

7.79CD

(3.18–23.7)

3.66G

(0.820–14.0)

0.830D

(LOQ–2.60)

0.900CD

(LOQ–3.60)

0.400B

(<LOQ–0.960)

0.410C

(<LOQ–0.970)

FRGBb (river/Great Lake)16/7

5.88BC

(2.70–16.2)

1.46CD

(0.580–5.20)

0.490C

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.480B

(<LOQ–1.70)

0.210A

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.140A

(<LOQ–2.10)

UPWR (river)8

4.79ABCD

(1.51–15.2)

1.40C

(0.320–7.60)

0.430BC

(<LOQ–1.20)

0.380AB

(<LOQ–1.40)

0.240A

(<LOQ–0.780)

0.260AB

(<LOQ–1.10)

MDWR (river)7

4.61ABC

(2.78–6.71)

1.30BC

(0.490–3.80)

0.260AB

(<LOQ–0.490)

0.190A

(<LOQ–0.730)

0.110A

(<LOQ–0.410)

0.230A

(<LOQ–0.480)

NHEL (inland lake)25

4.02AB

(0–9.15)

0.830AB

(<LOQ–3.40)

0.350AB

(>LOQ–1.40)

0.270A

(<LOQ–1.10)

0.100A

(<LOQ–0.890)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.840)

LWSR (river)5

2.98AB

(2.27–3.08)

0.830ABC

(0.670–0.960)

0.250ABC

(LOQ–0.360)

0.180A

(<LOQ–0.230)

<LOQ

(<LOQ–0.150)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.480)

USACN (river)65

2.88A

(1.36–8.10)

0.630A

(0.190–2.20)

0.240A

(<LOQ–0.630)

0.230A

(<LOQ–0.620)

0.150A

(<LOQ–0.620)

0.180A

(<LOQ–0.580)

Waterbody type:
Great Lakes111

7.18B

(2.25–45.5)

2.35B

(0.620–10.0)

1.08C

(LOQ–15.0)

0.940C

(LOQ–6.80)

0.450C

(LOQ–9.50)

0.540C

(LOQ–3.64)

Riversc338

5.85B

(1.36–48.7)

2.38B

(0.190–29.0)

0.750B

(0.120–7.0)

0.610B

(0.100–6.80)

0.320B

(LOQ–2.70)

0.330B

(LOQ–2.40)

Inland lakes25

0.920A

(0–9.15)

0.030A

(0.150–3.40)

0.240A

(LOQ–1.40)

0.200A

(LOQ–1.10)

0.090A

(LOQ–0.890)

0.140A

(LOQ–0.840)

a

Geometric means with the same capital letter within columns are not significantly different (Tukey‐adjusted comparisons). All comparisons for ∑PBDE were significant at p < 0.01; for congeners BDE‐47, ‐99, and ‐100, they were significant at p < 0.001.

b

For the FRGB study area, 16 samples were categorized as river samples for analysis by waterbody type.

∑PBDE = sum polybrominated diphenyl ether; APIS = Apostle Islands; LSSS = Lake Superior southern shore; USACN = Upper St. Croix River; LSACN = Lower St. Croix River; MISS = Mississippi River; Pools 3 + 4 = Pools 3 and 4 of the Mississippi River; FRGB = Fox River/Green Bay; GBLM = Green Bay/Lake Michigan; UPWR = Upper Wisconsin River; MDWR = Mid‐Wisconsin River; LWSR = Lower Wisconsin River; NHEL = Northern Highlands; LOQ = limits of quantification.

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