The “big PPCP questions” covered by the different papers in this special issue
| Theme | Original question | Paper title | Reference |
| Prioritization of PPCPs | What approaches should be used to prioritize PPCPs for research on environmental and human health exposure and effects? | What Approaches Should be Used to Prioritize Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products for Research on Environmental and Human Health Exposure and Effects? | Mo et al. (2024) |
| Bioavailability and uptake | How can the uptake of ionizable PPCPs into aquatic and terrestrial organisms and through food chains be predicted? | Predicting the Accumulation of Ionizable Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms | Carter et al. (2024) |
| Effects characterization | How can pharmaceutical preclinical and clinical information be used to assess the potential for adverse environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals? | Cross‐Species Extrapolation of Biological Data to Guide the Environmental Safety Assessment of Pharmaceuticals—The State of the Art and Future Priorities | Margiotta‐Casaluci et al. (2024) |
| What can be learned about the evolutionary conservation of PPCP targets across species and life stages in the context of potential adverse outcomes and effects? | Towards Precision Ecotoxicology: Leveraging Evolutionary Conservation of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Targets to Understand Adverse Outcomes Across Species and Life Stages | Brooks et al. (2024) | |
| How can ecotoxicological responses, such as histological and molecular‐level responses observed for PPCPs, be translated into traditional ecologically important endpoints, such as survival, growth, and reproduction of a species? | Linking Mechanistic Effects of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products to Ecologically Relevant Outcomes: A Decade of Progress | Ankley et al. (2024) | |
| How can effects from long‐term exposure to low concentrations of PPCP mixtures on nontarget organisms be assessed? | Environmental Risks of Pharmaceutical Mixtures in Aquatic Ecosystems: Reflections on a Decade of Research | Kidd et al. (2024) | |
| Can nonanimal testing methods be developed that will provide equivalent or better hazard data compared with current in vivo methods? | Big Question to Developing Solutions: A Decade of Progress in the Development of Aquatic New Approach Methodologies from 2012 to 2022 | Langan et al. (2024) | |
| Risks and relative risks | How can regions where PPCPs pose the greatest risk to environmental and human health, either now or in the future, be identified? | Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: How Can Regions at Risk be Identified in the Future? | Wilkinson et al. (2024) |
| How important are PPCPs relative to other chemicals and nonchemical stressors in terms of biological impacts in the natural environment? | Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: No Answers Yet to the Major Questions | Sumpter et al. (2024) | |
| Do PPCPs pose a risk to wildlife such as mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians? | Do Pharmaceuticals in the Environment Pose a Risk to Wildlife? | Bean et al. (2024) | |
| How can data on the occurrence of PPCPs in the environment and quality of ecosystems exposed to PPCPs be used to determine whether current regulatory risk‐assessment schemes are effective? | Regulatory Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Current Practice and Future Priorities | Oldenkamp et al. (2024) | |
| Antibiotic resistance | Does environmental exposure to PPCP residues result in the selection of antimicrobial‐resistant microorganisms, and is this Important In terms of human health outcomes? | Does Environmental Exposure to Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Residues Result in the Selection of Antimicrobial‐Resistant Microorganisms, and is this Important in Terms of Human Health Outcomes? | Stanton et al. (2024) |
| How can the risks to human health that arise from antibiotic resistance selection by PPCPs in the natural environment be assessed? | The Complex Interplay Between Antibiotic Resistance and Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Environment | Manaia et al. (2024) | |
| Risk management | If a PPCP has an adverse environmental risk profile, what can be done to manage and mitigate the risks? | Broadening the Perspective on Reducing Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment | Helwig et al. (2024) |
| Theme | Original question | Paper title | Reference |
| Prioritization of PPCPs | What approaches should be used to prioritize PPCPs for research on environmental and human health exposure and effects? | What Approaches Should be Used to Prioritize Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products for Research on Environmental and Human Health Exposure and Effects? | Mo et al. (2024) |
| Bioavailability and uptake | How can the uptake of ionizable PPCPs into aquatic and terrestrial organisms and through food chains be predicted? | Predicting the Accumulation of Ionizable Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms | Carter et al. (2024) |
| Effects characterization | How can pharmaceutical preclinical and clinical information be used to assess the potential for adverse environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals? | Cross‐Species Extrapolation of Biological Data to Guide the Environmental Safety Assessment of Pharmaceuticals—The State of the Art and Future Priorities | Margiotta‐Casaluci et al. (2024) |
| What can be learned about the evolutionary conservation of PPCP targets across species and life stages in the context of potential adverse outcomes and effects? | Towards Precision Ecotoxicology: Leveraging Evolutionary Conservation of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Targets to Understand Adverse Outcomes Across Species and Life Stages | Brooks et al. (2024) | |
| How can ecotoxicological responses, such as histological and molecular‐level responses observed for PPCPs, be translated into traditional ecologically important endpoints, such as survival, growth, and reproduction of a species? | Linking Mechanistic Effects of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products to Ecologically Relevant Outcomes: A Decade of Progress | Ankley et al. (2024) | |
| How can effects from long‐term exposure to low concentrations of PPCP mixtures on nontarget organisms be assessed? | Environmental Risks of Pharmaceutical Mixtures in Aquatic Ecosystems: Reflections on a Decade of Research | Kidd et al. (2024) | |
| Can nonanimal testing methods be developed that will provide equivalent or better hazard data compared with current in vivo methods? | Big Question to Developing Solutions: A Decade of Progress in the Development of Aquatic New Approach Methodologies from 2012 to 2022 | Langan et al. (2024) | |
| Risks and relative risks | How can regions where PPCPs pose the greatest risk to environmental and human health, either now or in the future, be identified? | Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: How Can Regions at Risk be Identified in the Future? | Wilkinson et al. (2024) |
| How important are PPCPs relative to other chemicals and nonchemical stressors in terms of biological impacts in the natural environment? | Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: No Answers Yet to the Major Questions | Sumpter et al. (2024) | |
| Do PPCPs pose a risk to wildlife such as mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians? | Do Pharmaceuticals in the Environment Pose a Risk to Wildlife? | Bean et al. (2024) | |
| How can data on the occurrence of PPCPs in the environment and quality of ecosystems exposed to PPCPs be used to determine whether current regulatory risk‐assessment schemes are effective? | Regulatory Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Current Practice and Future Priorities | Oldenkamp et al. (2024) | |
| Antibiotic resistance | Does environmental exposure to PPCP residues result in the selection of antimicrobial‐resistant microorganisms, and is this Important In terms of human health outcomes? | Does Environmental Exposure to Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Residues Result in the Selection of Antimicrobial‐Resistant Microorganisms, and is this Important in Terms of Human Health Outcomes? | Stanton et al. (2024) |
| How can the risks to human health that arise from antibiotic resistance selection by PPCPs in the natural environment be assessed? | The Complex Interplay Between Antibiotic Resistance and Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Environment | Manaia et al. (2024) | |
| Risk management | If a PPCP has an adverse environmental risk profile, what can be done to manage and mitigate the risks? | Broadening the Perspective on Reducing Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment | Helwig et al. (2024) |
PPCPs = pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
The “big PPCP questions” covered by the different papers in this special issue
| Theme | Original question | Paper title | Reference |
| Prioritization of PPCPs | What approaches should be used to prioritize PPCPs for research on environmental and human health exposure and effects? | What Approaches Should be Used to Prioritize Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products for Research on Environmental and Human Health Exposure and Effects? | Mo et al. (2024) |
| Bioavailability and uptake | How can the uptake of ionizable PPCPs into aquatic and terrestrial organisms and through food chains be predicted? | Predicting the Accumulation of Ionizable Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms | Carter et al. (2024) |
| Effects characterization | How can pharmaceutical preclinical and clinical information be used to assess the potential for adverse environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals? | Cross‐Species Extrapolation of Biological Data to Guide the Environmental Safety Assessment of Pharmaceuticals—The State of the Art and Future Priorities | Margiotta‐Casaluci et al. (2024) |
| What can be learned about the evolutionary conservation of PPCP targets across species and life stages in the context of potential adverse outcomes and effects? | Towards Precision Ecotoxicology: Leveraging Evolutionary Conservation of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Targets to Understand Adverse Outcomes Across Species and Life Stages | Brooks et al. (2024) | |
| How can ecotoxicological responses, such as histological and molecular‐level responses observed for PPCPs, be translated into traditional ecologically important endpoints, such as survival, growth, and reproduction of a species? | Linking Mechanistic Effects of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products to Ecologically Relevant Outcomes: A Decade of Progress | Ankley et al. (2024) | |
| How can effects from long‐term exposure to low concentrations of PPCP mixtures on nontarget organisms be assessed? | Environmental Risks of Pharmaceutical Mixtures in Aquatic Ecosystems: Reflections on a Decade of Research | Kidd et al. (2024) | |
| Can nonanimal testing methods be developed that will provide equivalent or better hazard data compared with current in vivo methods? | Big Question to Developing Solutions: A Decade of Progress in the Development of Aquatic New Approach Methodologies from 2012 to 2022 | Langan et al. (2024) | |
| Risks and relative risks | How can regions where PPCPs pose the greatest risk to environmental and human health, either now or in the future, be identified? | Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: How Can Regions at Risk be Identified in the Future? | Wilkinson et al. (2024) |
| How important are PPCPs relative to other chemicals and nonchemical stressors in terms of biological impacts in the natural environment? | Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: No Answers Yet to the Major Questions | Sumpter et al. (2024) | |
| Do PPCPs pose a risk to wildlife such as mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians? | Do Pharmaceuticals in the Environment Pose a Risk to Wildlife? | Bean et al. (2024) | |
| How can data on the occurrence of PPCPs in the environment and quality of ecosystems exposed to PPCPs be used to determine whether current regulatory risk‐assessment schemes are effective? | Regulatory Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Current Practice and Future Priorities | Oldenkamp et al. (2024) | |
| Antibiotic resistance | Does environmental exposure to PPCP residues result in the selection of antimicrobial‐resistant microorganisms, and is this Important In terms of human health outcomes? | Does Environmental Exposure to Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Residues Result in the Selection of Antimicrobial‐Resistant Microorganisms, and is this Important in Terms of Human Health Outcomes? | Stanton et al. (2024) |
| How can the risks to human health that arise from antibiotic resistance selection by PPCPs in the natural environment be assessed? | The Complex Interplay Between Antibiotic Resistance and Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Environment | Manaia et al. (2024) | |
| Risk management | If a PPCP has an adverse environmental risk profile, what can be done to manage and mitigate the risks? | Broadening the Perspective on Reducing Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment | Helwig et al. (2024) |
| Theme | Original question | Paper title | Reference |
| Prioritization of PPCPs | What approaches should be used to prioritize PPCPs for research on environmental and human health exposure and effects? | What Approaches Should be Used to Prioritize Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products for Research on Environmental and Human Health Exposure and Effects? | Mo et al. (2024) |
| Bioavailability and uptake | How can the uptake of ionizable PPCPs into aquatic and terrestrial organisms and through food chains be predicted? | Predicting the Accumulation of Ionizable Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms | Carter et al. (2024) |
| Effects characterization | How can pharmaceutical preclinical and clinical information be used to assess the potential for adverse environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals? | Cross‐Species Extrapolation of Biological Data to Guide the Environmental Safety Assessment of Pharmaceuticals—The State of the Art and Future Priorities | Margiotta‐Casaluci et al. (2024) |
| What can be learned about the evolutionary conservation of PPCP targets across species and life stages in the context of potential adverse outcomes and effects? | Towards Precision Ecotoxicology: Leveraging Evolutionary Conservation of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Targets to Understand Adverse Outcomes Across Species and Life Stages | Brooks et al. (2024) | |
| How can ecotoxicological responses, such as histological and molecular‐level responses observed for PPCPs, be translated into traditional ecologically important endpoints, such as survival, growth, and reproduction of a species? | Linking Mechanistic Effects of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products to Ecologically Relevant Outcomes: A Decade of Progress | Ankley et al. (2024) | |
| How can effects from long‐term exposure to low concentrations of PPCP mixtures on nontarget organisms be assessed? | Environmental Risks of Pharmaceutical Mixtures in Aquatic Ecosystems: Reflections on a Decade of Research | Kidd et al. (2024) | |
| Can nonanimal testing methods be developed that will provide equivalent or better hazard data compared with current in vivo methods? | Big Question to Developing Solutions: A Decade of Progress in the Development of Aquatic New Approach Methodologies from 2012 to 2022 | Langan et al. (2024) | |
| Risks and relative risks | How can regions where PPCPs pose the greatest risk to environmental and human health, either now or in the future, be identified? | Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: How Can Regions at Risk be Identified in the Future? | Wilkinson et al. (2024) |
| How important are PPCPs relative to other chemicals and nonchemical stressors in terms of biological impacts in the natural environment? | Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: No Answers Yet to the Major Questions | Sumpter et al. (2024) | |
| Do PPCPs pose a risk to wildlife such as mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians? | Do Pharmaceuticals in the Environment Pose a Risk to Wildlife? | Bean et al. (2024) | |
| How can data on the occurrence of PPCPs in the environment and quality of ecosystems exposed to PPCPs be used to determine whether current regulatory risk‐assessment schemes are effective? | Regulatory Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Current Practice and Future Priorities | Oldenkamp et al. (2024) | |
| Antibiotic resistance | Does environmental exposure to PPCP residues result in the selection of antimicrobial‐resistant microorganisms, and is this Important In terms of human health outcomes? | Does Environmental Exposure to Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Residues Result in the Selection of Antimicrobial‐Resistant Microorganisms, and is this Important in Terms of Human Health Outcomes? | Stanton et al. (2024) |
| How can the risks to human health that arise from antibiotic resistance selection by PPCPs in the natural environment be assessed? | The Complex Interplay Between Antibiotic Resistance and Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Environment | Manaia et al. (2024) | |
| Risk management | If a PPCP has an adverse environmental risk profile, what can be done to manage and mitigate the risks? | Broadening the Perspective on Reducing Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment | Helwig et al. (2024) |
PPCPs = pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
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