Table 2 Open in new tab Viscosity...

Sample No.	Addition amount of each thickening agent (g)/150 g deionised water	Shear viscosity η @50 s⁻¹ (mPa·s)	Viscosity coefficient μ	Viscosity index n	Coefficient of determination R²	Yield stress σ_y (Pa)	Results from the IDDSI test (data on the residue in mL and the classification identified)
2-1	2.25	56 ± 1.1	0.26^a ± 0.02	0.65^a ± 0.02	0.983	0	0.83^f ± 0.06	(Lv.0/1)	2.17^h ± 0.15	(Lv.1)	1.50^g ± 0.10	(Lv.1)
2-2	2.55	69 ± 4.3	0.32^ab ± 0.05	0.65^a ± 0.02	0.983	0	1.97^f ± 0.12	(Lv.1)	3.30^h ± 0.10	(Lv.1)	2.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.1)
2-3	3.30	101 ± 6.7	0.47^abc ± 0.08	0.65^a ± 0.03	0.979	0	3.13^f ± 0.06	(Lv.1)	4.60^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	4.40^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-4	4.80	169 ± 5.5	0.71^bcd ± 0.10	0.67^a ± 0.03	0.973	0	5.50^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.00^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-5	5.55	230 ± 3.5	0.91^bc ± 0.09	0.66^a ± 0.00	0.964	0	6.30^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.00^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-6	7.65	290 ± 15.4	0.93^d ± 0.12	0.72^ab ± 0.02	0.968	0	7.20^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.90^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-7	8.75	403 ± 2.8	1.02^d ± 0.09	0.75^ab ± 0.01	0.970	0.09	8.30^f ± 0.10	(Lv.3)	8.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)	8.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
2-8	9.00	506 ± 21.1	1.50^e ± 0.34	0.79^b ± 0.09	0.948	0.27	8.87^f ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	9.03^f ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	9.00^f ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
3-1	3.00	31 ± 2.6	0.06^a ± 0.01	0.84^a ± 0.01	0.986	0	0.00^f ± 0.00	(Lv.0)	0.73^h ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)	0.33^g ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)
3-2	3.50	58 ± 4.1	0.13^a ± 0.00	0.81^a ± 0.01	0.980	0	0.93^f ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)	2.20^h ± 0.00	(Lv.1)	2.00^g ± 0.00	(Lv.1)
3-3	4.00	110 ± 0.4	0.29^ab ± 0.03	0.77^ab ± 0.02	0.989	0	2.97^f ± 0.06	(Lv.1)	4.03^g ± 0.06	(Lv.2)	4.07^g ± 0.12	(Lv.2)
3-4	4.50	204 ± 1.9	0.77^bc ± 0.16	0.71^b ± 0.05	0.990	0	5.80^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.70^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.70^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
3-5	5.00	297 ± 6.0	1.35^c ± 0.13	0.69^bc ± 0.04	0.993	0	7.13^f ± 0.06	(Lv.2)	8.03^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
3-6	5.30	387 ± 32.3	2.07^d ± 0.48	0.61^cd ± 0.04	0.995	0.04	8.00^f ± 0.00	(Lv.2/3)	8.63^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.70^g ± 0.00	(Lv.3)
3-7	5.50	482 ± 17.1	2.74^d ± 0.31	0.59^d ± 0.02	0.995	0.32	8.40^f ± 0.00	(Lv.3)	8.83^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.93^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)

Sample No.

Addition amount of each thickening agent (g)/150 g deionised water

Shear viscosity η @50 s⁻¹ (mPa·s)

Viscosity coefficient μ

Viscosity index n

Coefficient of determination R²

Yield stress σ_y (Pa)

Results from the IDDSI test (data on the residue in mL and the classification identified)

Syringe A

Syringe B

Syringe C

2-1

2.25

56 ± 1.1

0.26^a ± 0.02

0.65^a ± 0.02

0.983

0.83^f ± 0.06

(Lv.0/1)

2.17^h ± 0.15

(Lv.1)

1.50^g ± 0.10

(Lv.1)

2-2

2.55

69 ± 4.3

0.32^ab ± 0.05

0.65^a ± 0.02

0.983

1.97^f ± 0.12

(Lv.1)

3.30^h ± 0.10

(Lv.1)

2.80^g ± 0.10

(Lv.1)

2-3

3.30

101 ± 6.7

0.47^abc ± 0.08

0.65^a ± 0.03

0.979

3.13^f ± 0.06

(Lv.1)

4.60^g ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

4.40^g ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

2-4

4.80

169 ± 5.5

0.71^bcd ± 0.10

0.67^a ± 0.03

0.973

5.50^f ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

6.10^g ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

6.00^g ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

2-5

5.55

230 ± 3.5

0.91^bc ± 0.09

0.66^a ± 0.00

0.964

6.30^f ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

7.10^g ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

7.00^g ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

2-6

7.65

290 ± 15.4

0.93^d ± 0.12

0.72^ab ± 0.02

0.968

7.20^f ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

7.90^g ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

7.80^g ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

2-7

8.75

403 ± 2.8

1.02^d ± 0.09

0.75^ab ± 0.01

0.970

0.09

8.30^f ± 0.10

(Lv.3)

8.80^g ± 0.10

(Lv.3)

8.80^g ± 0.10

(Lv.3)

2-8

9.00

506 ± 21.1

1.50^e ± 0.34

0.79^b ± 0.09

0.948

0.27

8.87^f ± 0.06

(Lv.3)

9.03^f ± 0.06

(Lv.3)

9.00^f ± 0.10

(Lv.3)

3-1

3.00

31 ± 2.6

0.06^a ± 0.01

0.84^a ± 0.01

0.986

0.00^f ± 0.00

(Lv.0)

0.73^h ± 0.12

(Lv.0/1)

0.33^g ± 0.12

(Lv.0/1)

3-2

3.50

58 ± 4.1

0.13^a ± 0.00

0.81^a ± 0.01

0.980

0.93^f ± 0.12

(Lv.0/1)

2.20^h ± 0.00

(Lv.1)

2.00^g ± 0.00

(Lv.1)

3-3

4.00

110 ± 0.4

0.29^ab ± 0.03

0.77^ab ± 0.02

0.989

2.97^f ± 0.06

(Lv.1)

4.03^g ± 0.06

(Lv.2)

4.07^g ± 0.12

(Lv.2)

3-4

4.50

204 ± 1.9

0.77^bc ± 0.16

0.71^b ± 0.05

0.990

5.80^f ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

6.70^g ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

6.70^g ± 0.10

(Lv.2)

3-5

5.00

297 ± 6.0

1.35^c ± 0.13

0.69^bc ± 0.04

0.993

7.13^f ± 0.06

(Lv.2)

8.03^g ± 0.06

(Lv.3)

8.10^g ± 0.10

(Lv.3)

3-6

5.30

387 ± 32.3

2.07^d ± 0.48

0.61^cd ± 0.04

0.995

0.04

8.00^f ± 0.00

(Lv.2/3)

8.63^g ± 0.06

(Lv.3)

8.70^g ± 0.00

(Lv.3)

3-7

5.50

482 ± 17.1

2.74^d ± 0.31

0.59^d ± 0.02

0.995

0.32

8.40^f ± 0.00

(Lv.3)

8.83^g ± 0.06

(Lv.3)

8.93^g ± 0.06

(Lv.3)

Sample No.	Addition amount of each thickening agent (g)/150 g deionised water	Shear viscosity η @50 s⁻¹ (mPa·s)	Viscosity coefficient μ	Viscosity index n	Coefficient of determination R²	Yield stress σ_y (Pa)	Results from the IDDSI test (data on the residue in mL and the classification identified)
2-1	2.25	56 ± 1.1	0.26^a ± 0.02	0.65^a ± 0.02	0.983	0	0.83^f ± 0.06	(Lv.0/1)	2.17^h ± 0.15	(Lv.1)	1.50^g ± 0.10	(Lv.1)
2-2	2.55	69 ± 4.3	0.32^ab ± 0.05	0.65^a ± 0.02	0.983	0	1.97^f ± 0.12	(Lv.1)	3.30^h ± 0.10	(Lv.1)	2.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.1)
2-3	3.30	101 ± 6.7	0.47^abc ± 0.08	0.65^a ± 0.03	0.979	0	3.13^f ± 0.06	(Lv.1)	4.60^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	4.40^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-4	4.80	169 ± 5.5	0.71^bcd ± 0.10	0.67^a ± 0.03	0.973	0	5.50^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.00^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-5	5.55	230 ± 3.5	0.91^bc ± 0.09	0.66^a ± 0.00	0.964	0	6.30^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.00^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-6	7.65	290 ± 15.4	0.93^d ± 0.12	0.72^ab ± 0.02	0.968	0	7.20^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.90^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-7	8.75	403 ± 2.8	1.02^d ± 0.09	0.75^ab ± 0.01	0.970	0.09	8.30^f ± 0.10	(Lv.3)	8.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)	8.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
2-8	9.00	506 ± 21.1	1.50^e ± 0.34	0.79^b ± 0.09	0.948	0.27	8.87^f ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	9.03^f ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	9.00^f ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
3-1	3.00	31 ± 2.6	0.06^a ± 0.01	0.84^a ± 0.01	0.986	0	0.00^f ± 0.00	(Lv.0)	0.73^h ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)	0.33^g ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)
3-2	3.50	58 ± 4.1	0.13^a ± 0.00	0.81^a ± 0.01	0.980	0	0.93^f ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)	2.20^h ± 0.00	(Lv.1)	2.00^g ± 0.00	(Lv.1)
3-3	4.00	110 ± 0.4	0.29^ab ± 0.03	0.77^ab ± 0.02	0.989	0	2.97^f ± 0.06	(Lv.1)	4.03^g ± 0.06	(Lv.2)	4.07^g ± 0.12	(Lv.2)
3-4	4.50	204 ± 1.9	0.77^bc ± 0.16	0.71^b ± 0.05	0.990	0	5.80^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.70^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.70^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
3-5	5.00	297 ± 6.0	1.35^c ± 0.13	0.69^bc ± 0.04	0.993	0	7.13^f ± 0.06	(Lv.2)	8.03^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
3-6	5.30	387 ± 32.3	2.07^d ± 0.48	0.61^cd ± 0.04	0.995	0.04	8.00^f ± 0.00	(Lv.2/3)	8.63^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.70^g ± 0.00	(Lv.3)
3-7	5.50	482 ± 17.1	2.74^d ± 0.31	0.59^d ± 0.02	0.995	0.32	8.40^f ± 0.00	(Lv.3)	8.83^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.93^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)

Table 2

Open in new tab

Viscosity parameters and results from the IDDSI flow test for non-Newtonian fluid samples

Sample No.	Addition amount of each thickening agent (g)/150 g deionised water	Shear viscosity η @50 s⁻¹ (mPa·s)	Viscosity coefficient μ	Viscosity index n	Coefficient of determination R²	Yield stress σ_y (Pa)	Results from the IDDSI test (data on the residue in mL and the classification identified)
Sample No.		Shear viscosity η @50 s⁻¹ (mPa·s)	Viscosity coefficient μ	Viscosity index n	Coefficient of determination R²	Yield stress σ_y (Pa)	Syringe A		Syringe B		Syringe C
2-1	2.25	56 ± 1.1	0.26^a ± 0.02	0.65^a ± 0.02	0.983	0	0.83^f ± 0.06	(Lv.0/1)	2.17^h ± 0.15	(Lv.1)	1.50^g ± 0.10	(Lv.1)
2-2	2.55	69 ± 4.3	0.32^ab ± 0.05	0.65^a ± 0.02	0.983	0	1.97^f ± 0.12	(Lv.1)	3.30^h ± 0.10	(Lv.1)	2.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.1)
2-3	3.30	101 ± 6.7	0.47^abc ± 0.08	0.65^a ± 0.03	0.979	0	3.13^f ± 0.06	(Lv.1)	4.60^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	4.40^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-4	4.80	169 ± 5.5	0.71^bcd ± 0.10	0.67^a ± 0.03	0.973	0	5.50^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.00^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-5	5.55	230 ± 3.5	0.91^bc ± 0.09	0.66^a ± 0.00	0.964	0	6.30^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.00^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-6	7.65	290 ± 15.4	0.93^d ± 0.12	0.72^ab ± 0.02	0.968	0	7.20^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.90^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-7	8.75	403 ± 2.8	1.02^d ± 0.09	0.75^ab ± 0.01	0.970	0.09	8.30^f ± 0.10	(Lv.3)	8.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)	8.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
2-8	9.00	506 ± 21.1	1.50^e ± 0.34	0.79^b ± 0.09	0.948	0.27	8.87^f ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	9.03^f ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	9.00^f ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
3-1	3.00	31 ± 2.6	0.06^a ± 0.01	0.84^a ± 0.01	0.986	0	0.00^f ± 0.00	(Lv.0)	0.73^h ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)	0.33^g ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)
3-2	3.50	58 ± 4.1	0.13^a ± 0.00	0.81^a ± 0.01	0.980	0	0.93^f ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)	2.20^h ± 0.00	(Lv.1)	2.00^g ± 0.00	(Lv.1)
3-3	4.00	110 ± 0.4	0.29^ab ± 0.03	0.77^ab ± 0.02	0.989	0	2.97^f ± 0.06	(Lv.1)	4.03^g ± 0.06	(Lv.2)	4.07^g ± 0.12	(Lv.2)
3-4	4.50	204 ± 1.9	0.77^bc ± 0.16	0.71^b ± 0.05	0.990	0	5.80^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.70^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.70^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
3-5	5.00	297 ± 6.0	1.35^c ± 0.13	0.69^bc ± 0.04	0.993	0	7.13^f ± 0.06	(Lv.2)	8.03^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
3-6	5.30	387 ± 32.3	2.07^d ± 0.48	0.61^cd ± 0.04	0.995	0.04	8.00^f ± 0.00	(Lv.2/3)	8.63^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.70^g ± 0.00	(Lv.3)
3-7	5.50	482 ± 17.1	2.74^d ± 0.31	0.59^d ± 0.02	0.995	0.32	8.40^f ± 0.00	(Lv.3)	8.83^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.93^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)

Sample No.	Addition amount of each thickening agent (g)/150 g deionised water	Shear viscosity η @50 s⁻¹ (mPa·s)	Viscosity coefficient μ	Viscosity index n	Coefficient of determination R²	Yield stress σ_y (Pa)	Results from the IDDSI test (data on the residue in mL and the classification identified)
Sample No.		Shear viscosity η @50 s⁻¹ (mPa·s)	Viscosity coefficient μ	Viscosity index n	Coefficient of determination R²	Yield stress σ_y (Pa)	Syringe A		Syringe B		Syringe C
2-1	2.25	56 ± 1.1	0.26^a ± 0.02	0.65^a ± 0.02	0.983	0	0.83^f ± 0.06	(Lv.0/1)	2.17^h ± 0.15	(Lv.1)	1.50^g ± 0.10	(Lv.1)
2-2	2.55	69 ± 4.3	0.32^ab ± 0.05	0.65^a ± 0.02	0.983	0	1.97^f ± 0.12	(Lv.1)	3.30^h ± 0.10	(Lv.1)	2.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.1)
2-3	3.30	101 ± 6.7	0.47^abc ± 0.08	0.65^a ± 0.03	0.979	0	3.13^f ± 0.06	(Lv.1)	4.60^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	4.40^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-4	4.80	169 ± 5.5	0.71^bcd ± 0.10	0.67^a ± 0.03	0.973	0	5.50^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.00^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-5	5.55	230 ± 3.5	0.91^bc ± 0.09	0.66^a ± 0.00	0.964	0	6.30^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.00^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-6	7.65	290 ± 15.4	0.93^d ± 0.12	0.72^ab ± 0.02	0.968	0	7.20^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.90^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	7.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
2-7	8.75	403 ± 2.8	1.02^d ± 0.09	0.75^ab ± 0.01	0.970	0.09	8.30^f ± 0.10	(Lv.3)	8.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)	8.80^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
2-8	9.00	506 ± 21.1	1.50^e ± 0.34	0.79^b ± 0.09	0.948	0.27	8.87^f ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	9.03^f ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	9.00^f ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
3-1	3.00	31 ± 2.6	0.06^a ± 0.01	0.84^a ± 0.01	0.986	0	0.00^f ± 0.00	(Lv.0)	0.73^h ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)	0.33^g ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)
3-2	3.50	58 ± 4.1	0.13^a ± 0.00	0.81^a ± 0.01	0.980	0	0.93^f ± 0.12	(Lv.0/1)	2.20^h ± 0.00	(Lv.1)	2.00^g ± 0.00	(Lv.1)
3-3	4.00	110 ± 0.4	0.29^ab ± 0.03	0.77^ab ± 0.02	0.989	0	2.97^f ± 0.06	(Lv.1)	4.03^g ± 0.06	(Lv.2)	4.07^g ± 0.12	(Lv.2)
3-4	4.50	204 ± 1.9	0.77^bc ± 0.16	0.71^b ± 0.05	0.990	0	5.80^f ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.70^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)	6.70^g ± 0.10	(Lv.2)
3-5	5.00	297 ± 6.0	1.35^c ± 0.13	0.69^bc ± 0.04	0.993	0	7.13^f ± 0.06	(Lv.2)	8.03^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.10^g ± 0.10	(Lv.3)
3-6	5.30	387 ± 32.3	2.07^d ± 0.48	0.61^cd ± 0.04	0.995	0.04	8.00^f ± 0.00	(Lv.2/3)	8.63^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.70^g ± 0.00	(Lv.3)
3-7	5.50	482 ± 17.1	2.74^d ± 0.31	0.59^d ± 0.02	0.995	0.32	8.40^f ± 0.00	(Lv.3)	8.83^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)	8.93^g ± 0.06	(Lv.3)

μ and n are described by the Herschel and Bulkley model σ = σ_y + μ $\dot{γ}$ ⁿ, where σ and $\dot{γ}$ represent shear stress and shear rate, respectively. Data are presented as means ± SD of triplicate. Data with different letters (a ~ e) within one column are significantly different for each series of sample No. 2 and 3 (P < 0.05). Data with different letters (f ~ h) within one row are significantly different between syringes (P < 0.05).

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