Table III

Birthweight in children born after surrogacy.

Author, year, countryStudy designNumber of deliveries and childrenResult
InterventionControl
Dar et al. (2015), CanadaCase series133 GC deliveries
175 GC children
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 12% (11/93) in singletons

  • 49% (37/76) in twins 100% (6/6) in triplets

Dermout et al. (2010), The NetherlandsCase series13 GC deliveries
16 GC children
Mean birthweight in singletons: 3536 g
  • LBW (<2500 g):

  • 0% in singletons

  • 50% (3/6) in twins

Duffy et al. (2005), USACase series8 GC deliveries
11 GC children
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 0% (0/6) in singletons

  • 100% (5/5) in multiples

Gibbons et al. (2011), USACohort study1180 GC singletons
49 252 fresh IVF singletons
10 785 frozen IVF singletons
10 176 fresh OD singletons
Mean (SD) birthweight:
  • 3309 (635) g

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8.1% (95/1180)

VLBW (<1500 g):
  • 1.9% (22/1180)

Mean (SD) birthweight (SD):
  • Fresh IVF 3240 g (607)

  • Frozen IVF 3378 g (618)

  • Fresh OD 3236 g (653)

  • GC versus fresh IVF: P < 0.0001

  • LBW (<2500 g)

  • GC versus fresh IVF: OR (95% CI) 0.84 (0.68–1.04)

  • VLBW (1500 g):

  • GC versus fresh IVF: OR (95% CI) 1.13 (0.73–1.73)

Parkinson et al. (1998), USA*Cohort study95 GC deliveries
128 GC children
numbers of IVF children NA
Mean (SEM) birthweight:
  • Singletons 3.5 (0.07) kg

  • Twins 2.7 (0.06) kg

  • Triplets 2.7 (0.13) kg

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 3.3% in singletons

  • 29.6% in twins

  • 33.3% in triplets

SGA:
  • 0% in singletons

  • 1.9% in twins

  • 16.6 in triplets

Mean (SEM) birthweight in IVF:
  • Singletons 3.1 kg (0.03)

  • Twins 2.4 kg (0.04)

  • Triplets 1.9 kg (0.6)

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 14.0 in singletons

  • 53% in twins

  • 92% in triplets

SGA:
  • NA on IVF children

Reame and Parker (1990), USACase series38 surrogate (traditional) deliveries,
39 surrogate (traditional) children
Mean (SEM) birthweight:
  • Singletons 3.3 (0.1) kg

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8% (3/37) in singletons

Schieve et al. (2002), USACohort study467 GC
33 121 fresh IVF
3779 frozen IVF
4458 fresh OD
679 frozen OD
3 389 098 SC
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8.7% in singletons

  • 50.0% in twins

  • 90.0% in triplets

LBW in fresh IVF:
  • 13.6% in singletons

  • 56.0% in twins

  • 92.1% in triplets

LBW in frozen IVF:
  • 10.5% in singletons

  • 49.5% in twins

  • 92.1% in triplets

LBW in fresh OD:
  • 14.0% in singletons

  • 53.6% in twins

  • 94.5% in triplets

LBW in frozen OD:
  • 11.8% in singletons

  • 57.1% in twins

  • 90.0% in triplets

Soderstrom-Anttila et al. (2002), FinlandCase series11 GC childrenMean birthweight:
  • Singletons:

  • 3498 g (range 2270–4650 g)

Twins:
  • 2400 g and 2900 g respectively

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 11.1% (1/9) in singletons

Author, year, countryStudy designNumber of deliveries and childrenResult
InterventionControl
Dar et al. (2015), CanadaCase series133 GC deliveries
175 GC children
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 12% (11/93) in singletons

  • 49% (37/76) in twins 100% (6/6) in triplets

Dermout et al. (2010), The NetherlandsCase series13 GC deliveries
16 GC children
Mean birthweight in singletons: 3536 g
  • LBW (<2500 g):

  • 0% in singletons

  • 50% (3/6) in twins

Duffy et al. (2005), USACase series8 GC deliveries
11 GC children
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 0% (0/6) in singletons

  • 100% (5/5) in multiples

Gibbons et al. (2011), USACohort study1180 GC singletons
49 252 fresh IVF singletons
10 785 frozen IVF singletons
10 176 fresh OD singletons
Mean (SD) birthweight:
  • 3309 (635) g

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8.1% (95/1180)

VLBW (<1500 g):
  • 1.9% (22/1180)

Mean (SD) birthweight (SD):
  • Fresh IVF 3240 g (607)

  • Frozen IVF 3378 g (618)

  • Fresh OD 3236 g (653)

  • GC versus fresh IVF: P < 0.0001

  • LBW (<2500 g)

  • GC versus fresh IVF: OR (95% CI) 0.84 (0.68–1.04)

  • VLBW (1500 g):

  • GC versus fresh IVF: OR (95% CI) 1.13 (0.73–1.73)

Parkinson et al. (1998), USA*Cohort study95 GC deliveries
128 GC children
numbers of IVF children NA
Mean (SEM) birthweight:
  • Singletons 3.5 (0.07) kg

  • Twins 2.7 (0.06) kg

  • Triplets 2.7 (0.13) kg

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 3.3% in singletons

  • 29.6% in twins

  • 33.3% in triplets

SGA:
  • 0% in singletons

  • 1.9% in twins

  • 16.6 in triplets

Mean (SEM) birthweight in IVF:
  • Singletons 3.1 kg (0.03)

  • Twins 2.4 kg (0.04)

  • Triplets 1.9 kg (0.6)

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 14.0 in singletons

  • 53% in twins

  • 92% in triplets

SGA:
  • NA on IVF children

Reame and Parker (1990), USACase series38 surrogate (traditional) deliveries,
39 surrogate (traditional) children
Mean (SEM) birthweight:
  • Singletons 3.3 (0.1) kg

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8% (3/37) in singletons

Schieve et al. (2002), USACohort study467 GC
33 121 fresh IVF
3779 frozen IVF
4458 fresh OD
679 frozen OD
3 389 098 SC
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8.7% in singletons

  • 50.0% in twins

  • 90.0% in triplets

LBW in fresh IVF:
  • 13.6% in singletons

  • 56.0% in twins

  • 92.1% in triplets

LBW in frozen IVF:
  • 10.5% in singletons

  • 49.5% in twins

  • 92.1% in triplets

LBW in fresh OD:
  • 14.0% in singletons

  • 53.6% in twins

  • 94.5% in triplets

LBW in frozen OD:
  • 11.8% in singletons

  • 57.1% in twins

  • 90.0% in triplets

Soderstrom-Anttila et al. (2002), FinlandCase series11 GC childrenMean birthweight:
  • Singletons:

  • 3498 g (range 2270–4650 g)

Twins:
  • 2400 g and 2900 g respectively

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 11.1% (1/9) in singletons

LBW, low birthweight; SC, spontaneous conception; SGA, small for gestational age; VLBW, very low birthweight.

*IVF children from Brinsden and Rizk (1992).

Table III

Birthweight in children born after surrogacy.

Author, year, countryStudy designNumber of deliveries and childrenResult
InterventionControl
Dar et al. (2015), CanadaCase series133 GC deliveries
175 GC children
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 12% (11/93) in singletons

  • 49% (37/76) in twins 100% (6/6) in triplets

Dermout et al. (2010), The NetherlandsCase series13 GC deliveries
16 GC children
Mean birthweight in singletons: 3536 g
  • LBW (<2500 g):

  • 0% in singletons

  • 50% (3/6) in twins

Duffy et al. (2005), USACase series8 GC deliveries
11 GC children
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 0% (0/6) in singletons

  • 100% (5/5) in multiples

Gibbons et al. (2011), USACohort study1180 GC singletons
49 252 fresh IVF singletons
10 785 frozen IVF singletons
10 176 fresh OD singletons
Mean (SD) birthweight:
  • 3309 (635) g

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8.1% (95/1180)

VLBW (<1500 g):
  • 1.9% (22/1180)

Mean (SD) birthweight (SD):
  • Fresh IVF 3240 g (607)

  • Frozen IVF 3378 g (618)

  • Fresh OD 3236 g (653)

  • GC versus fresh IVF: P < 0.0001

  • LBW (<2500 g)

  • GC versus fresh IVF: OR (95% CI) 0.84 (0.68–1.04)

  • VLBW (1500 g):

  • GC versus fresh IVF: OR (95% CI) 1.13 (0.73–1.73)

Parkinson et al. (1998), USA*Cohort study95 GC deliveries
128 GC children
numbers of IVF children NA
Mean (SEM) birthweight:
  • Singletons 3.5 (0.07) kg

  • Twins 2.7 (0.06) kg

  • Triplets 2.7 (0.13) kg

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 3.3% in singletons

  • 29.6% in twins

  • 33.3% in triplets

SGA:
  • 0% in singletons

  • 1.9% in twins

  • 16.6 in triplets

Mean (SEM) birthweight in IVF:
  • Singletons 3.1 kg (0.03)

  • Twins 2.4 kg (0.04)

  • Triplets 1.9 kg (0.6)

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 14.0 in singletons

  • 53% in twins

  • 92% in triplets

SGA:
  • NA on IVF children

Reame and Parker (1990), USACase series38 surrogate (traditional) deliveries,
39 surrogate (traditional) children
Mean (SEM) birthweight:
  • Singletons 3.3 (0.1) kg

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8% (3/37) in singletons

Schieve et al. (2002), USACohort study467 GC
33 121 fresh IVF
3779 frozen IVF
4458 fresh OD
679 frozen OD
3 389 098 SC
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8.7% in singletons

  • 50.0% in twins

  • 90.0% in triplets

LBW in fresh IVF:
  • 13.6% in singletons

  • 56.0% in twins

  • 92.1% in triplets

LBW in frozen IVF:
  • 10.5% in singletons

  • 49.5% in twins

  • 92.1% in triplets

LBW in fresh OD:
  • 14.0% in singletons

  • 53.6% in twins

  • 94.5% in triplets

LBW in frozen OD:
  • 11.8% in singletons

  • 57.1% in twins

  • 90.0% in triplets

Soderstrom-Anttila et al. (2002), FinlandCase series11 GC childrenMean birthweight:
  • Singletons:

  • 3498 g (range 2270–4650 g)

Twins:
  • 2400 g and 2900 g respectively

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 11.1% (1/9) in singletons

Author, year, countryStudy designNumber of deliveries and childrenResult
InterventionControl
Dar et al. (2015), CanadaCase series133 GC deliveries
175 GC children
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 12% (11/93) in singletons

  • 49% (37/76) in twins 100% (6/6) in triplets

Dermout et al. (2010), The NetherlandsCase series13 GC deliveries
16 GC children
Mean birthweight in singletons: 3536 g
  • LBW (<2500 g):

  • 0% in singletons

  • 50% (3/6) in twins

Duffy et al. (2005), USACase series8 GC deliveries
11 GC children
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 0% (0/6) in singletons

  • 100% (5/5) in multiples

Gibbons et al. (2011), USACohort study1180 GC singletons
49 252 fresh IVF singletons
10 785 frozen IVF singletons
10 176 fresh OD singletons
Mean (SD) birthweight:
  • 3309 (635) g

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8.1% (95/1180)

VLBW (<1500 g):
  • 1.9% (22/1180)

Mean (SD) birthweight (SD):
  • Fresh IVF 3240 g (607)

  • Frozen IVF 3378 g (618)

  • Fresh OD 3236 g (653)

  • GC versus fresh IVF: P < 0.0001

  • LBW (<2500 g)

  • GC versus fresh IVF: OR (95% CI) 0.84 (0.68–1.04)

  • VLBW (1500 g):

  • GC versus fresh IVF: OR (95% CI) 1.13 (0.73–1.73)

Parkinson et al. (1998), USA*Cohort study95 GC deliveries
128 GC children
numbers of IVF children NA
Mean (SEM) birthweight:
  • Singletons 3.5 (0.07) kg

  • Twins 2.7 (0.06) kg

  • Triplets 2.7 (0.13) kg

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 3.3% in singletons

  • 29.6% in twins

  • 33.3% in triplets

SGA:
  • 0% in singletons

  • 1.9% in twins

  • 16.6 in triplets

Mean (SEM) birthweight in IVF:
  • Singletons 3.1 kg (0.03)

  • Twins 2.4 kg (0.04)

  • Triplets 1.9 kg (0.6)

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 14.0 in singletons

  • 53% in twins

  • 92% in triplets

SGA:
  • NA on IVF children

Reame and Parker (1990), USACase series38 surrogate (traditional) deliveries,
39 surrogate (traditional) children
Mean (SEM) birthweight:
  • Singletons 3.3 (0.1) kg

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8% (3/37) in singletons

Schieve et al. (2002), USACohort study467 GC
33 121 fresh IVF
3779 frozen IVF
4458 fresh OD
679 frozen OD
3 389 098 SC
LBW (<2500 g):
  • 8.7% in singletons

  • 50.0% in twins

  • 90.0% in triplets

LBW in fresh IVF:
  • 13.6% in singletons

  • 56.0% in twins

  • 92.1% in triplets

LBW in frozen IVF:
  • 10.5% in singletons

  • 49.5% in twins

  • 92.1% in triplets

LBW in fresh OD:
  • 14.0% in singletons

  • 53.6% in twins

  • 94.5% in triplets

LBW in frozen OD:
  • 11.8% in singletons

  • 57.1% in twins

  • 90.0% in triplets

Soderstrom-Anttila et al. (2002), FinlandCase series11 GC childrenMean birthweight:
  • Singletons:

  • 3498 g (range 2270–4650 g)

Twins:
  • 2400 g and 2900 g respectively

LBW (<2500 g):
  • 11.1% (1/9) in singletons

LBW, low birthweight; SC, spontaneous conception; SGA, small for gestational age; VLBW, very low birthweight.

*IVF children from Brinsden and Rizk (1992).

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