| 1.Mild (subclinical) atrial cardiomyopathy | Detected by electrophysiological measures or imaging technologies without overt arrythmia or significant mechanical atrial dysfunction |
| 2. Moderate (clinically manifest) atrial cardiomyopathy | Significant structural abnormalities or atrial mechanical dysfunction and elevated biomarkers (BNP, ANP, etc.) and /or manifestation of atrial fibrillation |
| 3. Severe atrial cardiomyopathy: | Atrial systolic failure (severely reduced left atrial ejection fraction ≤35%) associated with substantially impaired atrial contractility (flow velocities: ≤20 cm/sec within LAA/tissue strain), and/or major degrees (≥35% of LA wall volume) of interstitial alterations (atrial fibrosis, fatty infiltrates, amyloid infiltration, inflammation), and/or severe atrial enlargement (LA diameter ≥5.0 cm, LA volume index ≥50 mL/m2), and/or long-standing persistent/permanent atrial fibrillation |
| 1.Mild (subclinical) atrial cardiomyopathy | Detected by electrophysiological measures or imaging technologies without overt arrythmia or significant mechanical atrial dysfunction |
| 2. Moderate (clinically manifest) atrial cardiomyopathy | Significant structural abnormalities or atrial mechanical dysfunction and elevated biomarkers (BNP, ANP, etc.) and /or manifestation of atrial fibrillation |
| 3. Severe atrial cardiomyopathy: | Atrial systolic failure (severely reduced left atrial ejection fraction ≤35%) associated with substantially impaired atrial contractility (flow velocities: ≤20 cm/sec within LAA/tissue strain), and/or major degrees (≥35% of LA wall volume) of interstitial alterations (atrial fibrosis, fatty infiltrates, amyloid infiltration, inflammation), and/or severe atrial enlargement (LA diameter ≥5.0 cm, LA volume index ≥50 mL/m2), and/or long-standing persistent/permanent atrial fibrillation |
Functional measurements (LAEF etc.) in sinus rhythm; validation of suggested AtCM stages and cut-off values need to be done in prospective trials.
LA, left atrium; LAA, left atrial appendage.
| 1.Mild (subclinical) atrial cardiomyopathy | Detected by electrophysiological measures or imaging technologies without overt arrythmia or significant mechanical atrial dysfunction |
| 2. Moderate (clinically manifest) atrial cardiomyopathy | Significant structural abnormalities or atrial mechanical dysfunction and elevated biomarkers (BNP, ANP, etc.) and /or manifestation of atrial fibrillation |
| 3. Severe atrial cardiomyopathy: | Atrial systolic failure (severely reduced left atrial ejection fraction ≤35%) associated with substantially impaired atrial contractility (flow velocities: ≤20 cm/sec within LAA/tissue strain), and/or major degrees (≥35% of LA wall volume) of interstitial alterations (atrial fibrosis, fatty infiltrates, amyloid infiltration, inflammation), and/or severe atrial enlargement (LA diameter ≥5.0 cm, LA volume index ≥50 mL/m2), and/or long-standing persistent/permanent atrial fibrillation |
| 1.Mild (subclinical) atrial cardiomyopathy | Detected by electrophysiological measures or imaging technologies without overt arrythmia or significant mechanical atrial dysfunction |
| 2. Moderate (clinically manifest) atrial cardiomyopathy | Significant structural abnormalities or atrial mechanical dysfunction and elevated biomarkers (BNP, ANP, etc.) and /or manifestation of atrial fibrillation |
| 3. Severe atrial cardiomyopathy: | Atrial systolic failure (severely reduced left atrial ejection fraction ≤35%) associated with substantially impaired atrial contractility (flow velocities: ≤20 cm/sec within LAA/tissue strain), and/or major degrees (≥35% of LA wall volume) of interstitial alterations (atrial fibrosis, fatty infiltrates, amyloid infiltration, inflammation), and/or severe atrial enlargement (LA diameter ≥5.0 cm, LA volume index ≥50 mL/m2), and/or long-standing persistent/permanent atrial fibrillation |
Functional measurements (LAEF etc.) in sinus rhythm; validation of suggested AtCM stages and cut-off values need to be done in prospective trials.
LA, left atrium; LAA, left atrial appendage.
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