Table 3 Open in new tab Comparison of...

Variable

Estimate

95% CI

P-value

R^{2}

Adjusted

R^{2}

ERF

0.152

0.147

Intercept

–1.180

–1.872, –0.489

0.001

Age

0.021

–0.035, 0.077

0.461

Sex (Female)

0.006

–0.093, 0.105

0.901

Race (African American)

–0.070

–0.202, 0.062

0.297

BMI

0.352

0.299, 0.406

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.947

0.257, 1.637

0.007

Current Smoker

1.429

0.735, 2.123

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.023

–0.032, 0.079

0.414

Scanner - Philips

0.379

0.097, 0.661

0.009

Scanner - Siemens

0.130

0.025, 0.235

0.015

ERF + Common Protein Score

0.157

0.151

Intercept

–1.138

–1.828, –0.447

0.001

Age

0.032

–0.024, 0.089

0.266

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.092, 0.105

0.897

Race (African American)

–0.049

–0.181, 0.084

0.469

BMI

0.327

0.271, 0.383

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.911

0.223, 1.600

0.010

Current Smoker

1.390

0.697, 2.083

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.028

–0.028, 0.083

0.328

Scanner - Philips

0.404

0.123, 0.686

0.005

Scanner - Siemens

0.110

0.005, 0.216

0.041

Common Protein Score

0.076

0.023, 0.130

0.005

ERF + Common Gene Score

0.153

0.147

Intercept

–1.169

–1.861, –0.477

0.001

Age

0.021

–0.035, 0.077

0.462

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.092, 0.106

0.893

Race (African American)

–0.083

–0.216, 0.050

0.221

BMI

0.343

0.288, 0.398

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.932

0.242, 1.623

0.008

Current Smoker

1.423

0.729, 2.117

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.023

–0.033, 0.079

0.421

Scanner - Philips

0.387

0.105, 0.669

0.007

Scanner - Siemens

0.134

0.029, 0.239

0.013

Common Gene Score

0.035

–0.017, 0.086

0.185

ERF + Common Scores

0.158

0.151

Intercept

–1.128

–1.819, –0.437

0.001

Age

0.032

–0.025, 0.088

0.270

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.092, 0.106

0.890

Race (African American)

–0.061

–0.195, 0.073

0.373

BMI

0.320

0.262, 0.377

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.899

0.210, 1.588

0.011

Current Smoker

1.385

0.692, 2.078

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.027

–0.028, 0.083

0.335

Scanner - Philips

0.411

0.129, 0.693

0.004

Scanner - Siemens

0.114

0.008, 0.220

0.035

Common Protein Score

0.074

0.021, 0.128

0.006

Common Gene Score

0.031

–0.020, 0.083

0.237

ERF + Subgroup Protein Score

0.165

0.159

Intercept

–1.071

–1.760, –0.383

0.002

Age

0.014

–0.041, 0.070

0.614

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.091, 0.105

0.891

Race (African American)

–0.035

–0.167, 0.097

0.605

BMI

0.312

0.256, 0.368

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.860

0.174, 1.546

0.014

Current Smoker

1.335

0.645, 2.025

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.030

–0.025, 0.086

0.284

Scanner - Philips

0.418

0.137, 0.698

0.004

Scanner - Siemens

0.079

–0.027, 0.185

0.146

Subgroup Protein Score

0.126

0.072, 0.179

<0.001

ERF + Subgroup Gene Score

0.153

0.147

Intercept

–1.169

–1.861, –0.477

0.001

Age

0.021

–0.035, 0.077

0.459

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.092, 0.106

0.893

Race (African American)

–0.083

–0.217, 0.050

0.220

BMI

0.343

0.288, 0.398

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.932

0.242, 1.622

0.008

Current Smoker

1.423

0.729, 2.117

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.023

–0.033, 0.079

0.421

Scanner - Philips

0.387

0.105, 0.669

0.007

Scanner - Siemens

0.134

0.029, 0.239

0.013

Subgroup Gene Score

0.035

–0.016, 0.087

0.180

ERF + Subgroup Scores

0.166

0.159

Intercept

–1.064

–1.752, –0.375

0.003

Age

0.015

–0.041, 0.070

0.610

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.091, 0.106

0.885

Race (African American)

–0.045

–0.179, 0.088

0.504

BMI

0.306

0.249, 0.363

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.850

0.164, 1.536

0.015

Current Smoker

1.332

0.642, 2.022

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.030

–0.025, 0.085

0.290

Scanner - Philips

0.423

0.142, 0.704

0.003

Scanner - Siemens

0.083

–0.024, 0.189

0.129

Subgroup Protein Score

0.124

0.070, 0.177

<0.001

Subtype Gene Score

0.027

–0.024, 0.078

0.304

Variable

Estimate

95% CI

P-value

R^{2}

Adjusted

R^{2}

ERF

0.152

0.147

Intercept

–1.180

–1.872, –0.489

0.001

Age

0.021

–0.035, 0.077

0.461

Sex (Female)

0.006

–0.093, 0.105

0.901

Race (African American)

–0.070

–0.202, 0.062

0.297

BMI

0.352

0.299, 0.406

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.947

0.257, 1.637

0.007

Current Smoker

1.429

0.735, 2.123

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.023

–0.032, 0.079

0.414

Scanner - Philips

0.379

0.097, 0.661

0.009

Scanner - Siemens

0.130

0.025, 0.235

0.015

ERF + Common Protein Score

0.157

0.151

Intercept

–1.138

–1.828, –0.447

0.001

Age

0.032

–0.024, 0.089

0.266

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.092, 0.105

0.897

Race (African American)

–0.049

–0.181, 0.084

0.469

BMI

0.327

0.271, 0.383

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.911

0.223, 1.600

0.010

Current Smoker

1.390

0.697, 2.083

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.028

–0.028, 0.083

0.328

Scanner - Philips

0.404

0.123, 0.686

0.005

Scanner - Siemens

0.110

0.005, 0.216

0.041

Common Protein Score

0.076

0.023, 0.130

0.005

ERF + Common Gene Score

0.153

0.147

Intercept

–1.169

–1.861, –0.477

0.001

Age

0.021

–0.035, 0.077

0.462

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.092, 0.106

0.893

Race (African American)

–0.083

–0.216, 0.050

0.221

BMI

0.343

0.288, 0.398

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.932

0.242, 1.623

0.008

Current Smoker

1.423

0.729, 2.117

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.023

–0.033, 0.079

0.421

Scanner - Philips

0.387

0.105, 0.669

0.007

Scanner - Siemens

0.134

0.029, 0.239

0.013

Common Gene Score

0.035

–0.017, 0.086

0.185

ERF + Common Scores

0.158

0.151

Intercept

–1.128

–1.819, –0.437

0.001

Age

0.032

–0.025, 0.088

0.270

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.092, 0.106

0.890

Race (African American)

–0.061

–0.195, 0.073

0.373

BMI

0.320

0.262, 0.377

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.899

0.210, 1.588

0.011

Current Smoker

1.385

0.692, 2.078

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.027

–0.028, 0.083

0.335

Scanner - Philips

0.411

0.129, 0.693

0.004

Scanner - Siemens

0.114

0.008, 0.220

0.035

Common Protein Score

0.074

0.021, 0.128

0.006

Common Gene Score

0.031

–0.020, 0.083

0.237

ERF + Subgroup Protein Score

0.165

0.159

Intercept

–1.071

–1.760, –0.383

0.002

Age

0.014

–0.041, 0.070

0.614

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.091, 0.105

0.891

Race (African American)

–0.035

–0.167, 0.097

0.605

BMI

0.312

0.256, 0.368

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.860

0.174, 1.546

0.014

Current Smoker

1.335

0.645, 2.025

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.030

–0.025, 0.086

0.284

Scanner - Philips

0.418

0.137, 0.698

0.004

Scanner - Siemens

0.079

–0.027, 0.185

0.146

Subgroup Protein Score

0.126

0.072, 0.179

<0.001

ERF + Subgroup Gene Score

0.153

0.147

Intercept

–1.169

–1.861, –0.477

0.001

Age

0.021

–0.035, 0.077

0.459

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.092, 0.106

0.893

Race (African American)

–0.083

–0.217, 0.050

0.220

BMI

0.343

0.288, 0.398

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.932

0.242, 1.622

0.008

Current Smoker

1.423

0.729, 2.117

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.023

–0.033, 0.079

0.421

Scanner - Philips

0.387

0.105, 0.669

0.007

Scanner - Siemens

0.134

0.029, 0.239

0.013

Subgroup Gene Score

0.035

–0.016, 0.087

0.180

ERF + Subgroup Scores

0.166

0.159

Intercept

–1.064

–1.752, –0.375

0.003

Age

0.015

–0.041, 0.070

0.610

Sex (Female)

0.007

–0.091, 0.106

0.885

Race (African American)

–0.045

–0.179, 0.088

0.504

BMI

0.306

0.249, 0.363

<0.001

Former Smoker

0.850

0.164, 1.536

0.015

Current Smoker

1.332

0.642, 2.022

<0.001

% Emphysema

0.030

–0.025, 0.085

0.290

Scanner - Philips

0.423

0.142, 0.704

0.003

Scanner - Siemens

0.083

–0.024, 0.189

0.129

Subgroup Protein Score

0.124

0.070, 0.177

<0.001

Subtype Gene Score

0.027

–0.024, 0.078

0.304

Table 3

Open in new tab

Comparison of regression model estimates

Variable	Estimate	95% CI	P-value	$R^{2}$	Adjusted $R^{2}$
ERF				0.152	0.147
Intercept	–1.180	–1.872, –0.489	0.001
Age	0.021	–0.035, 0.077	0.461
Sex (Female)	0.006	–0.093, 0.105	0.901
Race (African American)	–0.070	–0.202, 0.062	0.297
BMI	0.352	0.299, 0.406	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.947	0.257, 1.637	0.007
Current Smoker	1.429	0.735, 2.123	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.023	–0.032, 0.079	0.414
Scanner - Philips	0.379	0.097, 0.661	0.009
Scanner - Siemens	0.130	0.025, 0.235	0.015
ERF + Common Protein Score				0.157	0.151
Intercept	–1.138	–1.828, –0.447	0.001
Age	0.032	–0.024, 0.089	0.266
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.092, 0.105	0.897
Race (African American)	–0.049	–0.181, 0.084	0.469
BMI	0.327	0.271, 0.383	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.911	0.223, 1.600	0.010
Current Smoker	1.390	0.697, 2.083	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.028	–0.028, 0.083	0.328
Scanner - Philips	0.404	0.123, 0.686	0.005
Scanner - Siemens	0.110	0.005, 0.216	0.041
Common Protein Score	0.076	0.023, 0.130	0.005
ERF + Common Gene Score				0.153	0.147
Intercept	–1.169	–1.861, –0.477	0.001
Age	0.021	–0.035, 0.077	0.462
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.092, 0.106	0.893
Race (African American)	–0.083	–0.216, 0.050	0.221
BMI	0.343	0.288, 0.398	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.932	0.242, 1.623	0.008
Current Smoker	1.423	0.729, 2.117	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.023	–0.033, 0.079	0.421
Scanner - Philips	0.387	0.105, 0.669	0.007
Scanner - Siemens	0.134	0.029, 0.239	0.013
Common Gene Score	0.035	–0.017, 0.086	0.185
ERF + Common Scores				0.158	0.151
Intercept	–1.128	–1.819, –0.437	0.001
Age	0.032	–0.025, 0.088	0.270
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.092, 0.106	0.890
Race (African American)	–0.061	–0.195, 0.073	0.373
BMI	0.320	0.262, 0.377	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.899	0.210, 1.588	0.011
Current Smoker	1.385	0.692, 2.078	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.027	–0.028, 0.083	0.335
Scanner - Philips	0.411	0.129, 0.693	0.004
Scanner - Siemens	0.114	0.008, 0.220	0.035
Common Protein Score	0.074	0.021, 0.128	0.006
Common Gene Score	0.031	–0.020, 0.083	0.237
ERF + Subgroup Protein Score				0.165	0.159
Intercept	–1.071	–1.760, –0.383	0.002
Age	0.014	–0.041, 0.070	0.614
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.091, 0.105	0.891
Race (African American)	–0.035	–0.167, 0.097	0.605
BMI	0.312	0.256, 0.368	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.860	0.174, 1.546	0.014
Current Smoker	1.335	0.645, 2.025	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.030	–0.025, 0.086	0.284
Scanner - Philips	0.418	0.137, 0.698	0.004
Scanner - Siemens	0.079	–0.027, 0.185	0.146
Subgroup Protein Score	0.126	0.072, 0.179	<0.001
ERF + Subgroup Gene Score				0.153	0.147
Intercept	–1.169	–1.861, –0.477	0.001
Age	0.021	–0.035, 0.077	0.459
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.092, 0.106	0.893
Race (African American)	–0.083	–0.217, 0.050	0.220
BMI	0.343	0.288, 0.398	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.932	0.242, 1.622	0.008
Current Smoker	1.423	0.729, 2.117	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.023	–0.033, 0.079	0.421
Scanner - Philips	0.387	0.105, 0.669	0.007
Scanner - Siemens	0.134	0.029, 0.239	0.013
Subgroup Gene Score	0.035	–0.016, 0.087	0.180
ERF + Subgroup Scores				0.166	0.159
Intercept	–1.064	–1.752, –0.375	0.003
Age	0.015	–0.041, 0.070	0.610
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.091, 0.106	0.885
Race (African American)	–0.045	–0.179, 0.088	0.504
BMI	0.306	0.249, 0.363	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.850	0.164, 1.536	0.015
Current Smoker	1.332	0.642, 2.022	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.030	–0.025, 0.085	0.290
Scanner - Philips	0.423	0.142, 0.704	0.003
Scanner - Siemens	0.083	–0.024, 0.189	0.129
Subgroup Protein Score	0.124	0.070, 0.177	<0.001
Subtype Gene Score	0.027	–0.024, 0.078	0.304

Variable	Estimate	95% CI	P-value	$R^{2}$	Adjusted $R^{2}$
ERF				0.152	0.147
Intercept	–1.180	–1.872, –0.489	0.001
Age	0.021	–0.035, 0.077	0.461
Sex (Female)	0.006	–0.093, 0.105	0.901
Race (African American)	–0.070	–0.202, 0.062	0.297
BMI	0.352	0.299, 0.406	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.947	0.257, 1.637	0.007
Current Smoker	1.429	0.735, 2.123	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.023	–0.032, 0.079	0.414
Scanner - Philips	0.379	0.097, 0.661	0.009
Scanner - Siemens	0.130	0.025, 0.235	0.015
ERF + Common Protein Score				0.157	0.151
Intercept	–1.138	–1.828, –0.447	0.001
Age	0.032	–0.024, 0.089	0.266
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.092, 0.105	0.897
Race (African American)	–0.049	–0.181, 0.084	0.469
BMI	0.327	0.271, 0.383	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.911	0.223, 1.600	0.010
Current Smoker	1.390	0.697, 2.083	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.028	–0.028, 0.083	0.328
Scanner - Philips	0.404	0.123, 0.686	0.005
Scanner - Siemens	0.110	0.005, 0.216	0.041
Common Protein Score	0.076	0.023, 0.130	0.005
ERF + Common Gene Score				0.153	0.147
Intercept	–1.169	–1.861, –0.477	0.001
Age	0.021	–0.035, 0.077	0.462
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.092, 0.106	0.893
Race (African American)	–0.083	–0.216, 0.050	0.221
BMI	0.343	0.288, 0.398	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.932	0.242, 1.623	0.008
Current Smoker	1.423	0.729, 2.117	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.023	–0.033, 0.079	0.421
Scanner - Philips	0.387	0.105, 0.669	0.007
Scanner - Siemens	0.134	0.029, 0.239	0.013
Common Gene Score	0.035	–0.017, 0.086	0.185
ERF + Common Scores				0.158	0.151
Intercept	–1.128	–1.819, –0.437	0.001
Age	0.032	–0.025, 0.088	0.270
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.092, 0.106	0.890
Race (African American)	–0.061	–0.195, 0.073	0.373
BMI	0.320	0.262, 0.377	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.899	0.210, 1.588	0.011
Current Smoker	1.385	0.692, 2.078	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.027	–0.028, 0.083	0.335
Scanner - Philips	0.411	0.129, 0.693	0.004
Scanner - Siemens	0.114	0.008, 0.220	0.035
Common Protein Score	0.074	0.021, 0.128	0.006
Common Gene Score	0.031	–0.020, 0.083	0.237
ERF + Subgroup Protein Score				0.165	0.159
Intercept	–1.071	–1.760, –0.383	0.002
Age	0.014	–0.041, 0.070	0.614
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.091, 0.105	0.891
Race (African American)	–0.035	–0.167, 0.097	0.605
BMI	0.312	0.256, 0.368	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.860	0.174, 1.546	0.014
Current Smoker	1.335	0.645, 2.025	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.030	–0.025, 0.086	0.284
Scanner - Philips	0.418	0.137, 0.698	0.004
Scanner - Siemens	0.079	–0.027, 0.185	0.146
Subgroup Protein Score	0.126	0.072, 0.179	<0.001
ERF + Subgroup Gene Score				0.153	0.147
Intercept	–1.169	–1.861, –0.477	0.001
Age	0.021	–0.035, 0.077	0.459
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.092, 0.106	0.893
Race (African American)	–0.083	–0.217, 0.050	0.220
BMI	0.343	0.288, 0.398	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.932	0.242, 1.622	0.008
Current Smoker	1.423	0.729, 2.117	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.023	–0.033, 0.079	0.421
Scanner - Philips	0.387	0.105, 0.669	0.007
Scanner - Siemens	0.134	0.029, 0.239	0.013
Subgroup Gene Score	0.035	–0.016, 0.087	0.180
ERF + Subgroup Scores				0.166	0.159
Intercept	–1.064	–1.752, –0.375	0.003
Age	0.015	–0.041, 0.070	0.610
Sex (Female)	0.007	–0.091, 0.106	0.885
Race (African American)	–0.045	–0.179, 0.088	0.504
BMI	0.306	0.249, 0.363	<0.001
Former Smoker	0.850	0.164, 1.536	0.015
Current Smoker	1.332	0.642, 2.022	<0.001
% Emphysema	0.030	–0.025, 0.085	0.290
Scanner - Philips	0.423	0.142, 0.704	0.003
Scanner - Siemens	0.083	–0.024, 0.189	0.129
Subgroup Protein Score	0.124	0.070, 0.177	<0.001
Subtype Gene Score	0.027	–0.024, 0.078	0.304

Models were fit on all participants in the COPD Data set and adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, smoking status, percent emphysema, and scanner make (⁠ $N = 1374$ ⁠). Scores were developed using the “stable” proteins and genes selected by HIP (Random). ERF = Established Risk Factors (Age, Sex, Race, BMI, and Smoking Status).

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