| . | . | . | Roche Nucleocapsid Index Among Individuals Previously Infected . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Total . | Infection Naive . | Q1 (Lowest) . | Q2 . | Q3 . | Q4 (Highest) . |
| No. of participants | 2549 | 1119 | 358 | 357 | 358 | 357 |
| Female | 70.9 | 73.0 | 70.4 | 68.3 | 69.3 | 68.6 |
| Age, y | 38 (27–49) | 41 (29–53) | 38 (28–47) | 33 (26–45) | 34 (27–46) | 35 (27–48) |
| Job | ||||||
| Doctor | 16.0 | 11.6 | 22.1 | 18.2 | 17.0 | 20.4 |
| Nurse | 35.9 | 33.1 | 40.2 | 40.6 | 36.6 | 34.7 |
| Allied health care workera | 15.4 | 17.9 | 10.3 | 14.6 | 15.9 | 13.2 |
| Researcher | 12.2 | 13.5 | 10.3 | 9.0 | 12.8 | 12.3 |
| Administrative staff | 15.2 | 18.4 | 12.0 | 11.5 | 12.3 | 14.8 |
| Others | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 4.5 |
| Occupational SARS-CoV-2 exposure riskb | ||||||
| Low | 61.2 | 65.1 | 60.1 | 56.0 | 60.3 | 56.3 |
| Moderate | 20.7 | 19.7 | 18.4 | 23.2 | 20.9 | 23.0 |
| High | 18.1 | 15.1 | 21.5 | 20.7 | 18.7 | 20.7 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.2 (19.5–23.4) | 21.1 (19.4–23.6) | 21.2 (19.7–23.3) | 21.1 (19.4–23.0) | 21.2 (19.5–22.9) | 21.3 (19.7–23.5) |
| Comorbid diseasesc | 8.3 | 10.5 | 8.7 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 6.7 |
| Immunosuppressiond | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
| Use of tobacco productse | 7.6 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 8.4 | 7.0 | 7.3 |
| Frequency of alcohol drinking | ||||||
| None | 32.9 | 37.2 | 30.7 | 28.6 | 31.6 | 27.5 |
| Occasional | 27.1 | 25.8 | 26.3 | 28.3 | 27.7 | 30.0 |
| Weekly/daily | 40.0 | 37.0 | 43.0 | 43.1 | 40.8 | 42.6 |
| No. of household members | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) |
| No. of school-aged children cohabitingf | ||||||
| 0 | 71.0 | 77.3 | 59.5 | 70.6 | 64.5 | 69.5 |
| 1 | 13.0 | 12.4 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 14.5 | 13.4 |
| ≥2 | 16.0 | 10.3 | 26.5 | 17.4 | 20.9 | 17.1 |
| Infection prevention practice scoreg | 7 (6–9) | 7 (6–9) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (6–8) |
| Spending ≥30 min in the 3Cs without maskh | ||||||
| None | 62.0 | 67.6 | 54.2 | 58.8 | 60.3 | 57.1 |
| 1–5 times | 29.1 | 27.5 | 33.5 | 29.4 | 29.1 | 29.4 |
| ≥6 times | 8.9 | 4.8 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 10.6 | 13.4 |
| Having dinner in a group of ≥5 people for >1 hh | ||||||
| None | 58.6 | 64.8 | 50.8 | 56.3 | 53.9 | 53.8 |
| 1–5 times | 37.2 | 32.8 | 42.7 | 39.2 | 42.2 | 38.4 |
| ≥6 times | 4.2 | 2.4 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 7.8 |
| No. of previous COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||||
| Never | 60.1 | 100.0 | 33.2 | 30.5 | 22.6 | 29.4 |
| 1 | 38.4 | 0 | 65.9 | 69.5 | 75.4 | 63.0 |
| 2 | 1.4 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 7.3 |
| 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Interval from last diagnosis to baseline, d | 279 (183–342) | NA | 332 (280–463) | 309 (206–354) | 239 (178–317) | 190 (112–294) |
| Vaccination status, dose | ||||||
| ≤2 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 4.2 |
| 3 | 21.6 | 14.9 | 24.6 | 26.3 | 30.2 | 26.3 |
| 4 | 41.8 | 39.1 | 43.9 | 46.2 | 41.1 | 44.5 |
| ≥5 | 32.2 | 41.9 | 27.1 | 23.2 | 23.5 | 24.9 |
| Receiver of Omicron bivalent vaccine | 47.2 | 55.4 | 46.4 | 42.3 | 38.0 | 36.1 |
| Interval from last vaccination to baseline, d | 255 (181–306) | 214 (178–299) | 275 (182–457) | 286 (182–455) | 294 (186–461) | 293 (186–452) |
| . | . | . | Roche Nucleocapsid Index Among Individuals Previously Infected . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Total . | Infection Naive . | Q1 (Lowest) . | Q2 . | Q3 . | Q4 (Highest) . |
| No. of participants | 2549 | 1119 | 358 | 357 | 358 | 357 |
| Female | 70.9 | 73.0 | 70.4 | 68.3 | 69.3 | 68.6 |
| Age, y | 38 (27–49) | 41 (29–53) | 38 (28–47) | 33 (26–45) | 34 (27–46) | 35 (27–48) |
| Job | ||||||
| Doctor | 16.0 | 11.6 | 22.1 | 18.2 | 17.0 | 20.4 |
| Nurse | 35.9 | 33.1 | 40.2 | 40.6 | 36.6 | 34.7 |
| Allied health care workera | 15.4 | 17.9 | 10.3 | 14.6 | 15.9 | 13.2 |
| Researcher | 12.2 | 13.5 | 10.3 | 9.0 | 12.8 | 12.3 |
| Administrative staff | 15.2 | 18.4 | 12.0 | 11.5 | 12.3 | 14.8 |
| Others | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 4.5 |
| Occupational SARS-CoV-2 exposure riskb | ||||||
| Low | 61.2 | 65.1 | 60.1 | 56.0 | 60.3 | 56.3 |
| Moderate | 20.7 | 19.7 | 18.4 | 23.2 | 20.9 | 23.0 |
| High | 18.1 | 15.1 | 21.5 | 20.7 | 18.7 | 20.7 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.2 (19.5–23.4) | 21.1 (19.4–23.6) | 21.2 (19.7–23.3) | 21.1 (19.4–23.0) | 21.2 (19.5–22.9) | 21.3 (19.7–23.5) |
| Comorbid diseasesc | 8.3 | 10.5 | 8.7 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 6.7 |
| Immunosuppressiond | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
| Use of tobacco productse | 7.6 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 8.4 | 7.0 | 7.3 |
| Frequency of alcohol drinking | ||||||
| None | 32.9 | 37.2 | 30.7 | 28.6 | 31.6 | 27.5 |
| Occasional | 27.1 | 25.8 | 26.3 | 28.3 | 27.7 | 30.0 |
| Weekly/daily | 40.0 | 37.0 | 43.0 | 43.1 | 40.8 | 42.6 |
| No. of household members | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) |
| No. of school-aged children cohabitingf | ||||||
| 0 | 71.0 | 77.3 | 59.5 | 70.6 | 64.5 | 69.5 |
| 1 | 13.0 | 12.4 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 14.5 | 13.4 |
| ≥2 | 16.0 | 10.3 | 26.5 | 17.4 | 20.9 | 17.1 |
| Infection prevention practice scoreg | 7 (6–9) | 7 (6–9) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (6–8) |
| Spending ≥30 min in the 3Cs without maskh | ||||||
| None | 62.0 | 67.6 | 54.2 | 58.8 | 60.3 | 57.1 |
| 1–5 times | 29.1 | 27.5 | 33.5 | 29.4 | 29.1 | 29.4 |
| ≥6 times | 8.9 | 4.8 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 10.6 | 13.4 |
| Having dinner in a group of ≥5 people for >1 hh | ||||||
| None | 58.6 | 64.8 | 50.8 | 56.3 | 53.9 | 53.8 |
| 1–5 times | 37.2 | 32.8 | 42.7 | 39.2 | 42.2 | 38.4 |
| ≥6 times | 4.2 | 2.4 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 7.8 |
| No. of previous COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||||
| Never | 60.1 | 100.0 | 33.2 | 30.5 | 22.6 | 29.4 |
| 1 | 38.4 | 0 | 65.9 | 69.5 | 75.4 | 63.0 |
| 2 | 1.4 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 7.3 |
| 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Interval from last diagnosis to baseline, d | 279 (183–342) | NA | 332 (280–463) | 309 (206–354) | 239 (178–317) | 190 (112–294) |
| Vaccination status, dose | ||||||
| ≤2 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 4.2 |
| 3 | 21.6 | 14.9 | 24.6 | 26.3 | 30.2 | 26.3 |
| 4 | 41.8 | 39.1 | 43.9 | 46.2 | 41.1 | 44.5 |
| ≥5 | 32.2 | 41.9 | 27.1 | 23.2 | 23.5 | 24.9 |
| Receiver of Omicron bivalent vaccine | 47.2 | 55.4 | 46.4 | 42.3 | 38.0 | 36.1 |
| Interval from last vaccination to baseline, d | 255 (181–306) | 214 (178–299) | 275 (182–457) | 286 (182–455) | 294 (186–461) | 293 (186–452) |
Data are presented as median (IQR) for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables.
Abbreviations: 3Cs, crowded places, close-contact settings, and confined and enclosed spaces; NA, not applicable; Q, quartile.
aAllied health care workers include all health care professionals except for doctors and nurses (eg, pharmacists, laboratory/radiologic technologists, physical therapists/occupational therapists, and social workers).
bOccupational SARS-CoV-2 exposure risk was categorized as follows: low (those not engaged in COVID-19–related work), moderate (those engaged in COVID-19–related work without heavy exposure to SARS-CoV-2), or high (those heavily exposed to SARS-CoV-2). Details are described elsewhere [18].
cComorbid diseases were defined as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, or lung disease.
dImmunosuppression was defined as having an immunosuppressive disease or using steroids (except topical or inhaled), immunosuppressants, or anticancer drugs.
eTobacco products include conventional cigarettes and heated tobacco products.
fSchool-age children include those in nurseries, kindergartens, elementary to high school, and university and with disabilities.
gCalculation of infection prevention practice score was based on the total score of adherences to avoiding the 3Cs, hand washing, wearing a mask, and social distancing, as well as not touching the face, nose, or mouth, by assigning 2 points to “always,” 1 point to “often,” and 0 points to others (“seldom” and “not at all”).
hThe self-reported number of times that the risk behavior was performed from March 2023 to June 2023 (baseline).
| . | . | . | Roche Nucleocapsid Index Among Individuals Previously Infected . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Total . | Infection Naive . | Q1 (Lowest) . | Q2 . | Q3 . | Q4 (Highest) . |
| No. of participants | 2549 | 1119 | 358 | 357 | 358 | 357 |
| Female | 70.9 | 73.0 | 70.4 | 68.3 | 69.3 | 68.6 |
| Age, y | 38 (27–49) | 41 (29–53) | 38 (28–47) | 33 (26–45) | 34 (27–46) | 35 (27–48) |
| Job | ||||||
| Doctor | 16.0 | 11.6 | 22.1 | 18.2 | 17.0 | 20.4 |
| Nurse | 35.9 | 33.1 | 40.2 | 40.6 | 36.6 | 34.7 |
| Allied health care workera | 15.4 | 17.9 | 10.3 | 14.6 | 15.9 | 13.2 |
| Researcher | 12.2 | 13.5 | 10.3 | 9.0 | 12.8 | 12.3 |
| Administrative staff | 15.2 | 18.4 | 12.0 | 11.5 | 12.3 | 14.8 |
| Others | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 4.5 |
| Occupational SARS-CoV-2 exposure riskb | ||||||
| Low | 61.2 | 65.1 | 60.1 | 56.0 | 60.3 | 56.3 |
| Moderate | 20.7 | 19.7 | 18.4 | 23.2 | 20.9 | 23.0 |
| High | 18.1 | 15.1 | 21.5 | 20.7 | 18.7 | 20.7 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.2 (19.5–23.4) | 21.1 (19.4–23.6) | 21.2 (19.7–23.3) | 21.1 (19.4–23.0) | 21.2 (19.5–22.9) | 21.3 (19.7–23.5) |
| Comorbid diseasesc | 8.3 | 10.5 | 8.7 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 6.7 |
| Immunosuppressiond | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
| Use of tobacco productse | 7.6 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 8.4 | 7.0 | 7.3 |
| Frequency of alcohol drinking | ||||||
| None | 32.9 | 37.2 | 30.7 | 28.6 | 31.6 | 27.5 |
| Occasional | 27.1 | 25.8 | 26.3 | 28.3 | 27.7 | 30.0 |
| Weekly/daily | 40.0 | 37.0 | 43.0 | 43.1 | 40.8 | 42.6 |
| No. of household members | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) |
| No. of school-aged children cohabitingf | ||||||
| 0 | 71.0 | 77.3 | 59.5 | 70.6 | 64.5 | 69.5 |
| 1 | 13.0 | 12.4 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 14.5 | 13.4 |
| ≥2 | 16.0 | 10.3 | 26.5 | 17.4 | 20.9 | 17.1 |
| Infection prevention practice scoreg | 7 (6–9) | 7 (6–9) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (6–8) |
| Spending ≥30 min in the 3Cs without maskh | ||||||
| None | 62.0 | 67.6 | 54.2 | 58.8 | 60.3 | 57.1 |
| 1–5 times | 29.1 | 27.5 | 33.5 | 29.4 | 29.1 | 29.4 |
| ≥6 times | 8.9 | 4.8 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 10.6 | 13.4 |
| Having dinner in a group of ≥5 people for >1 hh | ||||||
| None | 58.6 | 64.8 | 50.8 | 56.3 | 53.9 | 53.8 |
| 1–5 times | 37.2 | 32.8 | 42.7 | 39.2 | 42.2 | 38.4 |
| ≥6 times | 4.2 | 2.4 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 7.8 |
| No. of previous COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||||
| Never | 60.1 | 100.0 | 33.2 | 30.5 | 22.6 | 29.4 |
| 1 | 38.4 | 0 | 65.9 | 69.5 | 75.4 | 63.0 |
| 2 | 1.4 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 7.3 |
| 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Interval from last diagnosis to baseline, d | 279 (183–342) | NA | 332 (280–463) | 309 (206–354) | 239 (178–317) | 190 (112–294) |
| Vaccination status, dose | ||||||
| ≤2 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 4.2 |
| 3 | 21.6 | 14.9 | 24.6 | 26.3 | 30.2 | 26.3 |
| 4 | 41.8 | 39.1 | 43.9 | 46.2 | 41.1 | 44.5 |
| ≥5 | 32.2 | 41.9 | 27.1 | 23.2 | 23.5 | 24.9 |
| Receiver of Omicron bivalent vaccine | 47.2 | 55.4 | 46.4 | 42.3 | 38.0 | 36.1 |
| Interval from last vaccination to baseline, d | 255 (181–306) | 214 (178–299) | 275 (182–457) | 286 (182–455) | 294 (186–461) | 293 (186–452) |
| . | . | . | Roche Nucleocapsid Index Among Individuals Previously Infected . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Total . | Infection Naive . | Q1 (Lowest) . | Q2 . | Q3 . | Q4 (Highest) . |
| No. of participants | 2549 | 1119 | 358 | 357 | 358 | 357 |
| Female | 70.9 | 73.0 | 70.4 | 68.3 | 69.3 | 68.6 |
| Age, y | 38 (27–49) | 41 (29–53) | 38 (28–47) | 33 (26–45) | 34 (27–46) | 35 (27–48) |
| Job | ||||||
| Doctor | 16.0 | 11.6 | 22.1 | 18.2 | 17.0 | 20.4 |
| Nurse | 35.9 | 33.1 | 40.2 | 40.6 | 36.6 | 34.7 |
| Allied health care workera | 15.4 | 17.9 | 10.3 | 14.6 | 15.9 | 13.2 |
| Researcher | 12.2 | 13.5 | 10.3 | 9.0 | 12.8 | 12.3 |
| Administrative staff | 15.2 | 18.4 | 12.0 | 11.5 | 12.3 | 14.8 |
| Others | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 4.5 |
| Occupational SARS-CoV-2 exposure riskb | ||||||
| Low | 61.2 | 65.1 | 60.1 | 56.0 | 60.3 | 56.3 |
| Moderate | 20.7 | 19.7 | 18.4 | 23.2 | 20.9 | 23.0 |
| High | 18.1 | 15.1 | 21.5 | 20.7 | 18.7 | 20.7 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.2 (19.5–23.4) | 21.1 (19.4–23.6) | 21.2 (19.7–23.3) | 21.1 (19.4–23.0) | 21.2 (19.5–22.9) | 21.3 (19.7–23.5) |
| Comorbid diseasesc | 8.3 | 10.5 | 8.7 | 4.8 | 6.4 | 6.7 |
| Immunosuppressiond | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
| Use of tobacco productse | 7.6 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 8.4 | 7.0 | 7.3 |
| Frequency of alcohol drinking | ||||||
| None | 32.9 | 37.2 | 30.7 | 28.6 | 31.6 | 27.5 |
| Occasional | 27.1 | 25.8 | 26.3 | 28.3 | 27.7 | 30.0 |
| Weekly/daily | 40.0 | 37.0 | 43.0 | 43.1 | 40.8 | 42.6 |
| No. of household members | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) |
| No. of school-aged children cohabitingf | ||||||
| 0 | 71.0 | 77.3 | 59.5 | 70.6 | 64.5 | 69.5 |
| 1 | 13.0 | 12.4 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 14.5 | 13.4 |
| ≥2 | 16.0 | 10.3 | 26.5 | 17.4 | 20.9 | 17.1 |
| Infection prevention practice scoreg | 7 (6–9) | 7 (6–9) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (6–8) |
| Spending ≥30 min in the 3Cs without maskh | ||||||
| None | 62.0 | 67.6 | 54.2 | 58.8 | 60.3 | 57.1 |
| 1–5 times | 29.1 | 27.5 | 33.5 | 29.4 | 29.1 | 29.4 |
| ≥6 times | 8.9 | 4.8 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 10.6 | 13.4 |
| Having dinner in a group of ≥5 people for >1 hh | ||||||
| None | 58.6 | 64.8 | 50.8 | 56.3 | 53.9 | 53.8 |
| 1–5 times | 37.2 | 32.8 | 42.7 | 39.2 | 42.2 | 38.4 |
| ≥6 times | 4.2 | 2.4 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 7.8 |
| No. of previous COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||||
| Never | 60.1 | 100.0 | 33.2 | 30.5 | 22.6 | 29.4 |
| 1 | 38.4 | 0 | 65.9 | 69.5 | 75.4 | 63.0 |
| 2 | 1.4 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 7.3 |
| 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Interval from last diagnosis to baseline, d | 279 (183–342) | NA | 332 (280–463) | 309 (206–354) | 239 (178–317) | 190 (112–294) |
| Vaccination status, dose | ||||||
| ≤2 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 4.2 |
| 3 | 21.6 | 14.9 | 24.6 | 26.3 | 30.2 | 26.3 |
| 4 | 41.8 | 39.1 | 43.9 | 46.2 | 41.1 | 44.5 |
| ≥5 | 32.2 | 41.9 | 27.1 | 23.2 | 23.5 | 24.9 |
| Receiver of Omicron bivalent vaccine | 47.2 | 55.4 | 46.4 | 42.3 | 38.0 | 36.1 |
| Interval from last vaccination to baseline, d | 255 (181–306) | 214 (178–299) | 275 (182–457) | 286 (182–455) | 294 (186–461) | 293 (186–452) |
Data are presented as median (IQR) for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables.
Abbreviations: 3Cs, crowded places, close-contact settings, and confined and enclosed spaces; NA, not applicable; Q, quartile.
aAllied health care workers include all health care professionals except for doctors and nurses (eg, pharmacists, laboratory/radiologic technologists, physical therapists/occupational therapists, and social workers).
bOccupational SARS-CoV-2 exposure risk was categorized as follows: low (those not engaged in COVID-19–related work), moderate (those engaged in COVID-19–related work without heavy exposure to SARS-CoV-2), or high (those heavily exposed to SARS-CoV-2). Details are described elsewhere [18].
cComorbid diseases were defined as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, or lung disease.
dImmunosuppression was defined as having an immunosuppressive disease or using steroids (except topical or inhaled), immunosuppressants, or anticancer drugs.
eTobacco products include conventional cigarettes and heated tobacco products.
fSchool-age children include those in nurseries, kindergartens, elementary to high school, and university and with disabilities.
gCalculation of infection prevention practice score was based on the total score of adherences to avoiding the 3Cs, hand washing, wearing a mask, and social distancing, as well as not touching the face, nose, or mouth, by assigning 2 points to “always,” 1 point to “often,” and 0 points to others (“seldom” and “not at all”).
hThe self-reported number of times that the risk behavior was performed from March 2023 to June 2023 (baseline).
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