Participant demographic, clinical, and anthropometric characteristics, by HIV status.
| Variable . | n . | Total (n = 393) . | HIV– (n = 200) . | HIV+ (n = 193) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic data, n (%) | |||||
| Age groups 40-44 y 45-49 y 50-54 y 55-60 y | 393 | 94 (23.9) 103 (26.2) 100 (25.5) 96 (24.4) | 51 (25.5) 49 (24.5) 50 (25.0) 50 (25.0) | 43 (22.3) 54 (28.0) 50 (25.9) 46 (23.8) | .810 |
| Socioeconomic status quintiles Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 | 393 | 81 (20.6) 77 (19.6) 79 (20.1) 79 (20.1) 77 (19.6) | 36 (18.0) 42 (21.0) 39 (19.5) 36 (18.0) 47 (23.5) | 45 (23.3) 35 (18.1) 40 (20.7) 43 (22.3) 30 (15.5) | .208 |
| Menopause status Pre and peri Post | 393 | 221 (56.2) 172 (43.8) | 119 (59.5) 81 (40.5) | 102 (52.8) 91 (47.2) | .184 |
| Parity Nulliparous (0) Low parity (1-3) Multiparous (≥4) | 393 | 10 (2.5) 242 (61.6) 141 (35.9) | 2 (1.0) 117 (58.5) 81 (40.5) | 8 (4.1) 125 (64.8) 60 (31.1) | .032 |
| Hysterectomy | 393 | 21 (5.3) | 10 (5.0) | 11 (5.7) | .825 |
| Current contraception use | 393 | 111 (28.4) | 66 (33.0) | 45 (23.3) | .033 |
| Current Depo-Provera use | 393 | 25 (6.4) | 16 (8.0) | 9 (4.7) | .040 |
| Highest level of education None/primary Secondary Tertiary | 393 | 62 (15.8) 267 (67.9) 64 (16.3) | 35 (17.5) 117 (58.5) 48 (24.0) | 27 (14.0) 150 (77.7) 16 (8.3) | <.001 |
| Currently employed | 393 | 202 (51.4) | 133 (66.5) | 69 (35.8) | <.001 |
| Worry of food insecurity in the household | 393 | 271 (69.0) | 126 (63.0) | 145 (75.1) | .009 |
| FRAX risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Ever smoked | 393 | 6 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) | 5 (2.6) | .116 |
| Current alcohol intake | 393 | 30 (7.6) | 14 (7.0) | 16 (8.3) | .706 |
| Parental hip fracture | 393 | 33 (8.4) | 15 (7.5) | 18 (9.3) | .514 |
| Fracture history, n (%) | |||||
| Ever fractured | 393 | 41 (7.0) | 14 (7.0) | 27 (14.0) | .023 |
| Hip fracture | 393 | 3 (0.8) | 0 | 3 (1.5) | .117 |
| Major osteoporotic fracture | 393 | 19 (4.8) | 5 (2.5) | 14 (7.3) | .028 |
| Fragility fracture | 393 | 25 (6.4) | 8 (4.0) | 17 (8.8) | .051 |
| FRAX probability | |||||
| Ten-year major osteoporotic fragility fracture, median (IQR) | 393 | 1.1 (0.9-1.6) | 1.0 (0.9-1.5) | 1.2 (0.9-1.8) | .001 |
| Anthropometry | |||||
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 393 | 75.7 (16.3) | 80.8 (16.1) | 70.3 (14.8) | <.001 |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 393 | 161.5 (5.6) | 162.0 (5.4) | 160.9 (5.8) | .044 |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) Underweight (<18.5) Normal (18.5 < 25) Overweight (25 < 30) Obese (≥30) | 393 | 6 (1.5) 95 (24.2) 135 (34.3) 157 (40.0) | 0 35 (17.5) 63 (31.5) 102 (51.0) | 6 (3.1) 60 (31.1) 72 (37.3) 55 (28.5) | <.001 |
| HIV characteristics | |||||
| Established on ART, n (%) | 193 | 184 (95.3) | — | 184 (95.3) | |
| Established on TDF-based ART regimen, n (%) | 184 | 156 (84.8) | — | 156 (84.8) | |
| ART duration, median (IQR), y | 184 | 9 (5-13) | — | 9 (5-13) | |
| Current HIV viral load (≥50 copies/mL), n (%) | 193 | 37 (19.2) | — | 37 (19.2) | |
| Variable . | n . | Total (n = 393) . | HIV– (n = 200) . | HIV+ (n = 193) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic data, n (%) | |||||
| Age groups 40-44 y 45-49 y 50-54 y 55-60 y | 393 | 94 (23.9) 103 (26.2) 100 (25.5) 96 (24.4) | 51 (25.5) 49 (24.5) 50 (25.0) 50 (25.0) | 43 (22.3) 54 (28.0) 50 (25.9) 46 (23.8) | .810 |
| Socioeconomic status quintiles Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 | 393 | 81 (20.6) 77 (19.6) 79 (20.1) 79 (20.1) 77 (19.6) | 36 (18.0) 42 (21.0) 39 (19.5) 36 (18.0) 47 (23.5) | 45 (23.3) 35 (18.1) 40 (20.7) 43 (22.3) 30 (15.5) | .208 |
| Menopause status Pre and peri Post | 393 | 221 (56.2) 172 (43.8) | 119 (59.5) 81 (40.5) | 102 (52.8) 91 (47.2) | .184 |
| Parity Nulliparous (0) Low parity (1-3) Multiparous (≥4) | 393 | 10 (2.5) 242 (61.6) 141 (35.9) | 2 (1.0) 117 (58.5) 81 (40.5) | 8 (4.1) 125 (64.8) 60 (31.1) | .032 |
| Hysterectomy | 393 | 21 (5.3) | 10 (5.0) | 11 (5.7) | .825 |
| Current contraception use | 393 | 111 (28.4) | 66 (33.0) | 45 (23.3) | .033 |
| Current Depo-Provera use | 393 | 25 (6.4) | 16 (8.0) | 9 (4.7) | .040 |
| Highest level of education None/primary Secondary Tertiary | 393 | 62 (15.8) 267 (67.9) 64 (16.3) | 35 (17.5) 117 (58.5) 48 (24.0) | 27 (14.0) 150 (77.7) 16 (8.3) | <.001 |
| Currently employed | 393 | 202 (51.4) | 133 (66.5) | 69 (35.8) | <.001 |
| Worry of food insecurity in the household | 393 | 271 (69.0) | 126 (63.0) | 145 (75.1) | .009 |
| FRAX risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Ever smoked | 393 | 6 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) | 5 (2.6) | .116 |
| Current alcohol intake | 393 | 30 (7.6) | 14 (7.0) | 16 (8.3) | .706 |
| Parental hip fracture | 393 | 33 (8.4) | 15 (7.5) | 18 (9.3) | .514 |
| Fracture history, n (%) | |||||
| Ever fractured | 393 | 41 (7.0) | 14 (7.0) | 27 (14.0) | .023 |
| Hip fracture | 393 | 3 (0.8) | 0 | 3 (1.5) | .117 |
| Major osteoporotic fracture | 393 | 19 (4.8) | 5 (2.5) | 14 (7.3) | .028 |
| Fragility fracture | 393 | 25 (6.4) | 8 (4.0) | 17 (8.8) | .051 |
| FRAX probability | |||||
| Ten-year major osteoporotic fragility fracture, median (IQR) | 393 | 1.1 (0.9-1.6) | 1.0 (0.9-1.5) | 1.2 (0.9-1.8) | .001 |
| Anthropometry | |||||
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 393 | 75.7 (16.3) | 80.8 (16.1) | 70.3 (14.8) | <.001 |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 393 | 161.5 (5.6) | 162.0 (5.4) | 160.9 (5.8) | .044 |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) Underweight (<18.5) Normal (18.5 < 25) Overweight (25 < 30) Obese (≥30) | 393 | 6 (1.5) 95 (24.2) 135 (34.3) 157 (40.0) | 0 35 (17.5) 63 (31.5) 102 (51.0) | 6 (3.1) 60 (31.1) 72 (37.3) 55 (28.5) | <.001 |
| HIV characteristics | |||||
| Established on ART, n (%) | 193 | 184 (95.3) | — | 184 (95.3) | |
| Established on TDF-based ART regimen, n (%) | 184 | 156 (84.8) | — | 156 (84.8) | |
| ART duration, median (IQR), y | 184 | 9 (5-13) | — | 9 (5-13) | |
| Current HIV viral load (≥50 copies/mL), n (%) | 193 | 37 (19.2) | — | 37 (19.2) | |
All continuous variables are described as mean (SD), unless otherwise stated; all categorical variables are presented as a frequency (%). Twenty-one (5.3%) of the women had a hysterectomy.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Participant demographic, clinical, and anthropometric characteristics, by HIV status.
| Variable . | n . | Total (n = 393) . | HIV– (n = 200) . | HIV+ (n = 193) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic data, n (%) | |||||
| Age groups 40-44 y 45-49 y 50-54 y 55-60 y | 393 | 94 (23.9) 103 (26.2) 100 (25.5) 96 (24.4) | 51 (25.5) 49 (24.5) 50 (25.0) 50 (25.0) | 43 (22.3) 54 (28.0) 50 (25.9) 46 (23.8) | .810 |
| Socioeconomic status quintiles Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 | 393 | 81 (20.6) 77 (19.6) 79 (20.1) 79 (20.1) 77 (19.6) | 36 (18.0) 42 (21.0) 39 (19.5) 36 (18.0) 47 (23.5) | 45 (23.3) 35 (18.1) 40 (20.7) 43 (22.3) 30 (15.5) | .208 |
| Menopause status Pre and peri Post | 393 | 221 (56.2) 172 (43.8) | 119 (59.5) 81 (40.5) | 102 (52.8) 91 (47.2) | .184 |
| Parity Nulliparous (0) Low parity (1-3) Multiparous (≥4) | 393 | 10 (2.5) 242 (61.6) 141 (35.9) | 2 (1.0) 117 (58.5) 81 (40.5) | 8 (4.1) 125 (64.8) 60 (31.1) | .032 |
| Hysterectomy | 393 | 21 (5.3) | 10 (5.0) | 11 (5.7) | .825 |
| Current contraception use | 393 | 111 (28.4) | 66 (33.0) | 45 (23.3) | .033 |
| Current Depo-Provera use | 393 | 25 (6.4) | 16 (8.0) | 9 (4.7) | .040 |
| Highest level of education None/primary Secondary Tertiary | 393 | 62 (15.8) 267 (67.9) 64 (16.3) | 35 (17.5) 117 (58.5) 48 (24.0) | 27 (14.0) 150 (77.7) 16 (8.3) | <.001 |
| Currently employed | 393 | 202 (51.4) | 133 (66.5) | 69 (35.8) | <.001 |
| Worry of food insecurity in the household | 393 | 271 (69.0) | 126 (63.0) | 145 (75.1) | .009 |
| FRAX risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Ever smoked | 393 | 6 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) | 5 (2.6) | .116 |
| Current alcohol intake | 393 | 30 (7.6) | 14 (7.0) | 16 (8.3) | .706 |
| Parental hip fracture | 393 | 33 (8.4) | 15 (7.5) | 18 (9.3) | .514 |
| Fracture history, n (%) | |||||
| Ever fractured | 393 | 41 (7.0) | 14 (7.0) | 27 (14.0) | .023 |
| Hip fracture | 393 | 3 (0.8) | 0 | 3 (1.5) | .117 |
| Major osteoporotic fracture | 393 | 19 (4.8) | 5 (2.5) | 14 (7.3) | .028 |
| Fragility fracture | 393 | 25 (6.4) | 8 (4.0) | 17 (8.8) | .051 |
| FRAX probability | |||||
| Ten-year major osteoporotic fragility fracture, median (IQR) | 393 | 1.1 (0.9-1.6) | 1.0 (0.9-1.5) | 1.2 (0.9-1.8) | .001 |
| Anthropometry | |||||
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 393 | 75.7 (16.3) | 80.8 (16.1) | 70.3 (14.8) | <.001 |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 393 | 161.5 (5.6) | 162.0 (5.4) | 160.9 (5.8) | .044 |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) Underweight (<18.5) Normal (18.5 < 25) Overweight (25 < 30) Obese (≥30) | 393 | 6 (1.5) 95 (24.2) 135 (34.3) 157 (40.0) | 0 35 (17.5) 63 (31.5) 102 (51.0) | 6 (3.1) 60 (31.1) 72 (37.3) 55 (28.5) | <.001 |
| HIV characteristics | |||||
| Established on ART, n (%) | 193 | 184 (95.3) | — | 184 (95.3) | |
| Established on TDF-based ART regimen, n (%) | 184 | 156 (84.8) | — | 156 (84.8) | |
| ART duration, median (IQR), y | 184 | 9 (5-13) | — | 9 (5-13) | |
| Current HIV viral load (≥50 copies/mL), n (%) | 193 | 37 (19.2) | — | 37 (19.2) | |
| Variable . | n . | Total (n = 393) . | HIV– (n = 200) . | HIV+ (n = 193) . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic data, n (%) | |||||
| Age groups 40-44 y 45-49 y 50-54 y 55-60 y | 393 | 94 (23.9) 103 (26.2) 100 (25.5) 96 (24.4) | 51 (25.5) 49 (24.5) 50 (25.0) 50 (25.0) | 43 (22.3) 54 (28.0) 50 (25.9) 46 (23.8) | .810 |
| Socioeconomic status quintiles Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 | 393 | 81 (20.6) 77 (19.6) 79 (20.1) 79 (20.1) 77 (19.6) | 36 (18.0) 42 (21.0) 39 (19.5) 36 (18.0) 47 (23.5) | 45 (23.3) 35 (18.1) 40 (20.7) 43 (22.3) 30 (15.5) | .208 |
| Menopause status Pre and peri Post | 393 | 221 (56.2) 172 (43.8) | 119 (59.5) 81 (40.5) | 102 (52.8) 91 (47.2) | .184 |
| Parity Nulliparous (0) Low parity (1-3) Multiparous (≥4) | 393 | 10 (2.5) 242 (61.6) 141 (35.9) | 2 (1.0) 117 (58.5) 81 (40.5) | 8 (4.1) 125 (64.8) 60 (31.1) | .032 |
| Hysterectomy | 393 | 21 (5.3) | 10 (5.0) | 11 (5.7) | .825 |
| Current contraception use | 393 | 111 (28.4) | 66 (33.0) | 45 (23.3) | .033 |
| Current Depo-Provera use | 393 | 25 (6.4) | 16 (8.0) | 9 (4.7) | .040 |
| Highest level of education None/primary Secondary Tertiary | 393 | 62 (15.8) 267 (67.9) 64 (16.3) | 35 (17.5) 117 (58.5) 48 (24.0) | 27 (14.0) 150 (77.7) 16 (8.3) | <.001 |
| Currently employed | 393 | 202 (51.4) | 133 (66.5) | 69 (35.8) | <.001 |
| Worry of food insecurity in the household | 393 | 271 (69.0) | 126 (63.0) | 145 (75.1) | .009 |
| FRAX risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Ever smoked | 393 | 6 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) | 5 (2.6) | .116 |
| Current alcohol intake | 393 | 30 (7.6) | 14 (7.0) | 16 (8.3) | .706 |
| Parental hip fracture | 393 | 33 (8.4) | 15 (7.5) | 18 (9.3) | .514 |
| Fracture history, n (%) | |||||
| Ever fractured | 393 | 41 (7.0) | 14 (7.0) | 27 (14.0) | .023 |
| Hip fracture | 393 | 3 (0.8) | 0 | 3 (1.5) | .117 |
| Major osteoporotic fracture | 393 | 19 (4.8) | 5 (2.5) | 14 (7.3) | .028 |
| Fragility fracture | 393 | 25 (6.4) | 8 (4.0) | 17 (8.8) | .051 |
| FRAX probability | |||||
| Ten-year major osteoporotic fragility fracture, median (IQR) | 393 | 1.1 (0.9-1.6) | 1.0 (0.9-1.5) | 1.2 (0.9-1.8) | .001 |
| Anthropometry | |||||
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 393 | 75.7 (16.3) | 80.8 (16.1) | 70.3 (14.8) | <.001 |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 393 | 161.5 (5.6) | 162.0 (5.4) | 160.9 (5.8) | .044 |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) Underweight (<18.5) Normal (18.5 < 25) Overweight (25 < 30) Obese (≥30) | 393 | 6 (1.5) 95 (24.2) 135 (34.3) 157 (40.0) | 0 35 (17.5) 63 (31.5) 102 (51.0) | 6 (3.1) 60 (31.1) 72 (37.3) 55 (28.5) | <.001 |
| HIV characteristics | |||||
| Established on ART, n (%) | 193 | 184 (95.3) | — | 184 (95.3) | |
| Established on TDF-based ART regimen, n (%) | 184 | 156 (84.8) | — | 156 (84.8) | |
| ART duration, median (IQR), y | 184 | 9 (5-13) | — | 9 (5-13) | |
| Current HIV viral load (≥50 copies/mL), n (%) | 193 | 37 (19.2) | — | 37 (19.2) | |
All continuous variables are described as mean (SD), unless otherwise stated; all categorical variables are presented as a frequency (%). Twenty-one (5.3%) of the women had a hysterectomy.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
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