| Locality . | Colony . | Batch . | Average Rel . | Inferred colony social form . | Inferred no. matings . | No. workers analyzed . | Supergene genotypes on Chr 3 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC2 | 2017 | 0.44 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC3 | 2019 | 0.49 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC4 | 2019 | 0.37 | Polygyne | - | 8 | MM |
| Castle Mountain, Alberta, Canada | CMOC2 | 2021 | 0.40 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 12 | MM |
| Ibex Valley, Yukon, Canada | KWTC9 | 2017 | 0.69 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Kananaskis Trail, Alberta, Canada | GCRC7 | 2016 | 0.07 | Polygyne | — | 5 | MP |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC11 | 2021 | 0.40 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 11 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC2 | 2017 | 0.67 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC20 | 2021 | 0.60 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 11 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC23 | 2021 | 0.43 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 12 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC1 | 2016 | 0.43 | Polygyne | — | 7 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC6 | 2016 | 0.31 | Polygyne* | - | 8 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC7 | 2016 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC8 | 2016 | 0.44 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Beckler Ridge, Washington, USA | BRIC1 | 2019 | 0.53 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 7 | MM |
| Beckler Ridge, Washington, USA | BRIC3 | 2017 | 0.47 | Monogyne polyandrous | 4 | 8 | MM |
| Cedar Breaks, Utah, USA | CBRC3 | 2017 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 5 | MP |
| Coldfoot, Alaska, USA | MCCC2 | 2019 | 0.42 | Monogyne polyandrous | 5 | 8 | MM |
| Coldfoot, Alaska, USA | SOCC1 | 2017 | 0.69 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 6 | MM |
| Crater Lake, Oregon, USA | CLAC13 | 2017 | 0.49 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 7 | MM |
| Fairbanks, Alaska, USA | FAIC12 | 2019 | 0.52 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Lowell Hill Rd, California, USA | SWEC7 | 2017 | 0.54 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Lowell Hill Rd, California, USA | SWEC9 | 2017 | 0.55 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Scenic, Washington, USA | SCEC17 | 2019 | 0.46 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Stevens Pass, Washington, USA | STPC2 | 2019 | 0.40 | Polygyne * | — | 7 | MM + MP |
| Tok River, Alaska, USA | TRIC3 | 2017 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Locality . | Colony . | Batch . | Average Rel . | Inferred colony social form . | Inferred no. matings . | No. workers analyzed . | Supergene genotypes on Chr 3 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC2 | 2017 | 0.44 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC3 | 2019 | 0.49 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC4 | 2019 | 0.37 | Polygyne | - | 8 | MM |
| Castle Mountain, Alberta, Canada | CMOC2 | 2021 | 0.40 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 12 | MM |
| Ibex Valley, Yukon, Canada | KWTC9 | 2017 | 0.69 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Kananaskis Trail, Alberta, Canada | GCRC7 | 2016 | 0.07 | Polygyne | — | 5 | MP |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC11 | 2021 | 0.40 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 11 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC2 | 2017 | 0.67 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC20 | 2021 | 0.60 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 11 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC23 | 2021 | 0.43 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 12 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC1 | 2016 | 0.43 | Polygyne | — | 7 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC6 | 2016 | 0.31 | Polygyne* | - | 8 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC7 | 2016 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC8 | 2016 | 0.44 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Beckler Ridge, Washington, USA | BRIC1 | 2019 | 0.53 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 7 | MM |
| Beckler Ridge, Washington, USA | BRIC3 | 2017 | 0.47 | Monogyne polyandrous | 4 | 8 | MM |
| Cedar Breaks, Utah, USA | CBRC3 | 2017 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 5 | MP |
| Coldfoot, Alaska, USA | MCCC2 | 2019 | 0.42 | Monogyne polyandrous | 5 | 8 | MM |
| Coldfoot, Alaska, USA | SOCC1 | 2017 | 0.69 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 6 | MM |
| Crater Lake, Oregon, USA | CLAC13 | 2017 | 0.49 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 7 | MM |
| Fairbanks, Alaska, USA | FAIC12 | 2019 | 0.52 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Lowell Hill Rd, California, USA | SWEC7 | 2017 | 0.54 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Lowell Hill Rd, California, USA | SWEC9 | 2017 | 0.55 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Scenic, Washington, USA | SCEC17 | 2019 | 0.46 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Stevens Pass, Washington, USA | STPC2 | 2019 | 0.40 | Polygyne * | — | 7 | MM + MP |
| Tok River, Alaska, USA | TRIC3 | 2017 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
Colony samples were sequenced in 4 different batches, and batches were analyzed separately to avoid a strong batch effect. We inferred the number of queens and number of mates (‘inferred colony social form’) based on the distribution of pairwise worker relatedness within each colony (see Figure 1). We generated PCAs for markers on chromosome 3 and calculated heterozygosity (FIS) in this region to determine the supergene genotype of each individual.
*Colonies ILWC6 and STPC2, initially identified as polygyne through COANCESTRY analysis, are inferred to be monogyne polyandrous based on parentage reconstruction by COLONY, and the queens in these colonies are determined to have mated with 3 males.
| Locality . | Colony . | Batch . | Average Rel . | Inferred colony social form . | Inferred no. matings . | No. workers analyzed . | Supergene genotypes on Chr 3 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC2 | 2017 | 0.44 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC3 | 2019 | 0.49 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC4 | 2019 | 0.37 | Polygyne | - | 8 | MM |
| Castle Mountain, Alberta, Canada | CMOC2 | 2021 | 0.40 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 12 | MM |
| Ibex Valley, Yukon, Canada | KWTC9 | 2017 | 0.69 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Kananaskis Trail, Alberta, Canada | GCRC7 | 2016 | 0.07 | Polygyne | — | 5 | MP |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC11 | 2021 | 0.40 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 11 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC2 | 2017 | 0.67 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC20 | 2021 | 0.60 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 11 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC23 | 2021 | 0.43 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 12 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC1 | 2016 | 0.43 | Polygyne | — | 7 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC6 | 2016 | 0.31 | Polygyne* | - | 8 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC7 | 2016 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC8 | 2016 | 0.44 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Beckler Ridge, Washington, USA | BRIC1 | 2019 | 0.53 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 7 | MM |
| Beckler Ridge, Washington, USA | BRIC3 | 2017 | 0.47 | Monogyne polyandrous | 4 | 8 | MM |
| Cedar Breaks, Utah, USA | CBRC3 | 2017 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 5 | MP |
| Coldfoot, Alaska, USA | MCCC2 | 2019 | 0.42 | Monogyne polyandrous | 5 | 8 | MM |
| Coldfoot, Alaska, USA | SOCC1 | 2017 | 0.69 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 6 | MM |
| Crater Lake, Oregon, USA | CLAC13 | 2017 | 0.49 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 7 | MM |
| Fairbanks, Alaska, USA | FAIC12 | 2019 | 0.52 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Lowell Hill Rd, California, USA | SWEC7 | 2017 | 0.54 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Lowell Hill Rd, California, USA | SWEC9 | 2017 | 0.55 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Scenic, Washington, USA | SCEC17 | 2019 | 0.46 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Stevens Pass, Washington, USA | STPC2 | 2019 | 0.40 | Polygyne * | — | 7 | MM + MP |
| Tok River, Alaska, USA | TRIC3 | 2017 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Locality . | Colony . | Batch . | Average Rel . | Inferred colony social form . | Inferred no. matings . | No. workers analyzed . | Supergene genotypes on Chr 3 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC2 | 2017 | 0.44 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC3 | 2019 | 0.49 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Willow Creek Rd, British Columbia, Canada | WCRC4 | 2019 | 0.37 | Polygyne | - | 8 | MM |
| Castle Mountain, Alberta, Canada | CMOC2 | 2021 | 0.40 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 12 | MM |
| Ibex Valley, Yukon, Canada | KWTC9 | 2017 | 0.69 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Kananaskis Trail, Alberta, Canada | GCRC7 | 2016 | 0.07 | Polygyne | — | 5 | MP |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC11 | 2021 | 0.40 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 11 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC2 | 2017 | 0.67 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC20 | 2021 | 0.60 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 11 | MM |
| Sylvan Lake, Alberta, Canada | SYLC23 | 2021 | 0.43 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 12 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC1 | 2016 | 0.43 | Polygyne | — | 7 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC6 | 2016 | 0.31 | Polygyne* | - | 8 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC7 | 2016 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
| Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA | ILWC8 | 2016 | 0.44 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Beckler Ridge, Washington, USA | BRIC1 | 2019 | 0.53 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 7 | MM |
| Beckler Ridge, Washington, USA | BRIC3 | 2017 | 0.47 | Monogyne polyandrous | 4 | 8 | MM |
| Cedar Breaks, Utah, USA | CBRC3 | 2017 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 5 | MP |
| Coldfoot, Alaska, USA | MCCC2 | 2019 | 0.42 | Monogyne polyandrous | 5 | 8 | MM |
| Coldfoot, Alaska, USA | SOCC1 | 2017 | 0.69 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 6 | MM |
| Crater Lake, Oregon, USA | CLAC13 | 2017 | 0.49 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 7 | MM |
| Fairbanks, Alaska, USA | FAIC12 | 2019 | 0.52 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Lowell Hill Rd, California, USA | SWEC7 | 2017 | 0.54 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Lowell Hill Rd, California, USA | SWEC9 | 2017 | 0.55 | Monogyne polyandrous | 2 | 8 | MM |
| Scenic, Washington, USA | SCEC17 | 2019 | 0.46 | Monogyne polyandrous | 3 | 8 | MM |
| Stevens Pass, Washington, USA | STPC2 | 2019 | 0.40 | Polygyne * | — | 7 | MM + MP |
| Tok River, Alaska, USA | TRIC3 | 2017 | 0.71 | Monogyne monoandrous | 1 | 8 | MM |
Colony samples were sequenced in 4 different batches, and batches were analyzed separately to avoid a strong batch effect. We inferred the number of queens and number of mates (‘inferred colony social form’) based on the distribution of pairwise worker relatedness within each colony (see Figure 1). We generated PCAs for markers on chromosome 3 and calculated heterozygosity (FIS) in this region to determine the supergene genotype of each individual.
*Colonies ILWC6 and STPC2, initially identified as polygyne through COANCESTRY analysis, are inferred to be monogyne polyandrous based on parentage reconstruction by COLONY, and the queens in these colonies are determined to have mated with 3 males.
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