Table 1. Open in new tab Baseline...

Variables

Patients with CRE BSI (N = 73)

Matched patients with CSE BSI (N = 73)

Matched patients without Enterobacterales infection (N = 219)

Comparison between CRE and CSE BSI patients
P value^a

Comparison between CRE and uninfected patients
P value^a

Demographic information

Age, y, median (IQR)

69.0 (59.5–77.0)

70.0 (59.0–80.0)

64.0 (51.0–75.0)

0.639

0.009

Male sex, n (%)

40 (54.8)

38 (52.1)

131 (59.8)

0.732

0.447

BMI, kg/m², median (IQR)^b

25.5 (23.7–29.2)

25.4 (21.8–27.9)

25.1 (22.9–28.7)

0.182

0.977

BMI <25 kg/m², n (%)

31 (44.9)

31 (43.1)

104 (48.1)

0.931

0.806

BMI 25–29 kg/m², n (%)

27 (39.1)

31 (43.1)

73 (33.8)

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², n (%)

11 (15.9)

10 (13.9)

39 (18.1)

Country of origin, n (%)

Spain

27 (37.0)

29 (39.7)

88 (40.2)

0.503

0.155

Greece

16 (21.9)

44 (20.1)

Serbia

16 (21.9)

15 (20.5)

44 (20.1)

Italy

7 (9.6)

15 (6.8)

Turkey

3 (4.1)

2 (2.7)

9 (4.1)

Romania

2 (2.7)

1 (1.4)

5 (2.3)

Other

2 (2.7)

3 (4.1)

14 (6.4)

Hospital admission characteristics, n (%)

Patient referral

Home

50 (68.5)

60 (82.2)

191 (87.2)

0.071

<0.001

Long-term care facility

9 (12.3)

4 (5.5)

11 (5.0)

Another acute care hospital

14 (19.2)

9 (12.3)

17 (7.8)

Emergency admission

2 (2.7)

3 (4.1)

13 (5.9)

0.657

0.206

Hospital service on enrollment^c

Medical

46 (63.0)

138 (63.0)

1.000

Surgical

13 (17.8)

39 (17.8)

ICU

14 (19.2)

42 (19.2)

Length of hospital stay before enrolment ≥1 d

51 (69.9)

48 (65.8)

141 (64.4)

0.327

0.023

Clinical characteristics

Comorbidities

Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

0.683

0.203

Myocardial infarction, n (%)

9 (12.3)

17 (7.8)

1.000

0.230

Congestive heart failure: NYHA grade ≥2, n (%)

10 (13.7)

8 (11.0)

31 (14.2)

0.618

0.909

Peripheral artery disease, n (%)

14 (19.2)

12 (16.4)

46 (21.0)

0.618

0.713

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

5 (6.8)

10 (4.8)

1.000

0.402

Dementia, n (%)

6 (8.2)

7 (9.6)

7 (3.2)

0.763

0.090

Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%)

6 (8.2)

11 (15.1)

30 (13.7)

0.206

Connective tissue disease, n (%)

4 (5.5)

2 (2.7)

10 (4.6)

0.423

0.752

Ulcerative disease, n (%)

2 (2.7)

3 (4.1)

9 (4.1)

0.571

0.580

Mild liver disease, n (%)

5 (6.8)

2 (2.7)

9 (4.1)

0.215

0.336

Severe liver disease, n (%)

1 (1.4)

8 (3.7)

1.000

0.318

Diabetes mellitus without organ damage, n (%)

17 (23.3)

18 (24.7)

40 (18.3)

0.827

0.334

Diabetes with target organ damage, n (%)

5 (6.8)

10 (13.7)

15 (6.8)

0.206

1.000

Hemiplegia, n (%)

4 (5.5)

3 (4.1)

4 (1.8)

0.706

0.120

Moderate or severe kidney disease, n (%)

15 (20.5)

8 (11.0)

31 (14.2)

0.083

0.108

Metastatic solid tumour, n (%)

3 (4.1)

5 (6.8)

8 (3.7)

0.484

0.847

Any tumour, not metastasic, n (%)

14 (19.2)

13 (17.8)

30 (13.7)

0.827

0.214

Leukaemia, n (%)

4 (5.5)

5 (6.8)

11 (5.0)

0.706

0.842

Lymphoma, n (%)

4 (5.5)

12 (5.5)

1.000

AIDS, n (%)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.4)

3 (1.4)

0.998

HIV infection with <200 CD4/mm³, n (%)

0/72 (0.0)

1/71 (1.4)

4/218 (1.8)

0.998

Immunosuppression^d, n (%)

20 (27.4)

23 (31.5)

54 (24.7)

0.514

0.549

Invasive procedures within 3 mo before enrolment, n (%)

51 (69.9)

46 (63.0)

96 (43.8)

0.321

<0.001

Surgery during the previous month, n (%)

22 (30.1)

23 (31.5)

53 (24.2)

0.796

0.176

Endoscopic procedure in the week before enrolment, n (%)

5 (6.8)

8 (11.0)

12 (5.5)

0.372

0.623

CRE exposure risk, n (%)

CRE exposure risk in community in the last 6 mo

Travel abroad

2/71 (2.8)

1/73 (1.4)

17/218 (7.8)

0.571

0.175

Contact with pets at home

9/71 (12.7)

9/70 (12.9)

34/209 (16.3)

1.000

0.315

Frequent contact with livestock

0/71 (0.0)

0/72 (0.0)

5/212 (2.4)

—

0.997

Ambulatory contact with persons known to be colonized by CRE

6/57 (10.5)

2/56 (3.6)

4/177 (2.3)

0.998

CRE exposure risk in healthcare facility

Patient worked as healthcare worker or caregiver during last year

1 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

2/215 (0.9)

0.998

0.741

Another patient/s with CRE in the same ward during present admission

29/70 (41.4)

27/69 (39.1)

86/217 (39.6)

0.514

0.579

Previous hospitalization during the last 6 mo

40 (54.8)

32 (43.8)

72 (32.9)

0.174

0.001

Nursing home or other long term-care facility residency during the last 6 mo

10 (13.8)

9 (12.3)

9 (4.1)

0.796

0.005

Chronic dialysis

8 (11.0)

5 (6.8)

14 (6.4)

0.372

0.140

Haemodialysis

7 (9.6)

5 (6.8)

10 (4.6)

0.530

0.061

Peritoneal dialysis

1 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

4 (1.8)

0.998

0.782

Evidence of previous colonization/infection with CRE

18/68 (26.5)

3/72 (4.2)

1/217 (0.5)

0.004

<0.001

Evidence of previous colonization/infection with other MDROs (MRSA, VRE, ESBL-producer)

12/71 (16.9)

7/71 (9.9)

14/217 (6.5)

0.147

0.005

Antimicrobial exposure within 3 mo before enrolment

53 (72.6)

48 (65.8)

123 (56.2)

0.339

0.008

Colistin

7 (9.6)

11 (5.0)

1.000

0.061

Aminoglycosides

8 (11.0)

6 (8.2)

13 (5.9)

0.566

0.131

Quinolones

21 (28.8)

15 (20.5)

50 (22.8)

0.277

0.298

Macrolides

2 (2.7)

3 (4.1)

4 (1.8)

0.657

0.640

Cephalosporins, first/second generation

9 (12.3)

13 (17.8)

20 (9.1)

0.292

0.339

Cephalosporins, third/fourth generation

20 (27.4)

15 (20.5)

38 (17.4)

0.321

0.043

Carbapenems

21 (28.8)

8 (11.0)

25 (11.4)

0.011

<0.001

β-lactam + β-lactamase inhibitor

28 (38.4)

21 (28.8)

44 (20.1)

0.183

0.001

Other β-lactam antibiotics

7 (9.6)

10 (13.7)

4 (1.8)

0.372

0.007

Active against Gram-positive only

22 (30.1)

12 (16.4)

28 (12.8)

0.004

0.001

Other

14 (19.2)

17 (23.3)

35 (16.0)

0.549

0.454

Variables

Patients with CRE BSI (N = 73)

Matched patients with CSE BSI (N = 73)

Matched patients without Enterobacterales infection (N = 219)

Comparison between CRE and CSE BSI patients
P value^a

Comparison between CRE and uninfected patients
P value^a

Demographic information

Age, y, median (IQR)

69.0 (59.5–77.0)

70.0 (59.0–80.0)

64.0 (51.0–75.0)

0.639

0.009

Male sex, n (%)

40 (54.8)

38 (52.1)

131 (59.8)

0.732

0.447

BMI, kg/m², median (IQR)^b

25.5 (23.7–29.2)

25.4 (21.8–27.9)

25.1 (22.9–28.7)

0.182

0.977

BMI <25 kg/m², n (%)

31 (44.9)

31 (43.1)

104 (48.1)

0.931

0.806

BMI 25–29 kg/m², n (%)

27 (39.1)

31 (43.1)

73 (33.8)

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², n (%)

11 (15.9)

10 (13.9)

39 (18.1)

Country of origin, n (%)

Spain

27 (37.0)

29 (39.7)

88 (40.2)

0.503

0.155

Greece

16 (21.9)

44 (20.1)

Serbia

16 (21.9)

15 (20.5)

44 (20.1)

Italy

7 (9.6)

15 (6.8)

Turkey

3 (4.1)

2 (2.7)

9 (4.1)

Romania

2 (2.7)

1 (1.4)

5 (2.3)

Other

2 (2.7)

3 (4.1)

14 (6.4)

Hospital admission characteristics, n (%)

Patient referral

Home

50 (68.5)

60 (82.2)

191 (87.2)

0.071

<0.001

Long-term care facility

9 (12.3)

4 (5.5)

11 (5.0)

Another acute care hospital

14 (19.2)

9 (12.3)

17 (7.8)

Emergency admission

2 (2.7)

3 (4.1)

13 (5.9)

0.657

0.206

Hospital service on enrollment^c

Medical

46 (63.0)

138 (63.0)

1.000

Surgical

13 (17.8)

39 (17.8)

ICU

14 (19.2)

42 (19.2)

Length of hospital stay before enrolment ≥1 d

51 (69.9)

48 (65.8)

141 (64.4)

0.327

0.023

Clinical characteristics

Comorbidities

Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

0.683

0.203

Myocardial infarction, n (%)

9 (12.3)

17 (7.8)

1.000

0.230

Congestive heart failure: NYHA grade ≥2, n (%)

10 (13.7)

8 (11.0)

31 (14.2)

0.618

0.909

Peripheral artery disease, n (%)

14 (19.2)

12 (16.4)

46 (21.0)

0.618

0.713

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

5 (6.8)

10 (4.8)

1.000

0.402

Dementia, n (%)

6 (8.2)

7 (9.6)

7 (3.2)

0.763

0.090

Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%)

6 (8.2)

11 (15.1)

30 (13.7)

0.206

Connective tissue disease, n (%)

4 (5.5)

2 (2.7)

10 (4.6)

0.423

0.752

Ulcerative disease, n (%)

2 (2.7)

3 (4.1)

9 (4.1)

0.571

0.580

Mild liver disease, n (%)

5 (6.8)

2 (2.7)

9 (4.1)

0.215

0.336

Severe liver disease, n (%)

1 (1.4)

8 (3.7)

1.000

0.318

Diabetes mellitus without organ damage, n (%)

17 (23.3)

18 (24.7)

40 (18.3)

0.827

0.334

Diabetes with target organ damage, n (%)

5 (6.8)

10 (13.7)

15 (6.8)

0.206

1.000

Hemiplegia, n (%)

4 (5.5)

3 (4.1)

4 (1.8)

0.706

0.120

Moderate or severe kidney disease, n (%)

15 (20.5)

8 (11.0)

31 (14.2)

0.083

0.108

Metastatic solid tumour, n (%)

3 (4.1)

5 (6.8)

8 (3.7)

0.484

0.847

Any tumour, not metastasic, n (%)

14 (19.2)

13 (17.8)

30 (13.7)

0.827

0.214

Leukaemia, n (%)

4 (5.5)

5 (6.8)

11 (5.0)

0.706

0.842

Lymphoma, n (%)

4 (5.5)

12 (5.5)

1.000

AIDS, n (%)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.4)

3 (1.4)

0.998

HIV infection with <200 CD4/mm³, n (%)

0/72 (0.0)

1/71 (1.4)

4/218 (1.8)

0.998

Immunosuppression^d, n (%)

20 (27.4)

23 (31.5)

54 (24.7)

0.514

0.549

Invasive procedures within 3 mo before enrolment, n (%)

51 (69.9)

46 (63.0)

96 (43.8)

0.321

<0.001

Surgery during the previous month, n (%)

22 (30.1)

23 (31.5)

53 (24.2)

0.796

0.176

Endoscopic procedure in the week before enrolment, n (%)

5 (6.8)

8 (11.0)

12 (5.5)

0.372

0.623

CRE exposure risk, n (%)

CRE exposure risk in community in the last 6 mo

Travel abroad

2/71 (2.8)

1/73 (1.4)

17/218 (7.8)

0.571

0.175

Contact with pets at home

9/71 (12.7)

9/70 (12.9)

34/209 (16.3)

1.000

0.315

Frequent contact with livestock

0/71 (0.0)

0/72 (0.0)

5/212 (2.4)

—

0.997

Ambulatory contact with persons known to be colonized by CRE

6/57 (10.5)

2/56 (3.6)

4/177 (2.3)

0.998

CRE exposure risk in healthcare facility

Patient worked as healthcare worker or caregiver during last year

1 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

2/215 (0.9)

0.998

0.741

Another patient/s with CRE in the same ward during present admission

29/70 (41.4)

27/69 (39.1)

86/217 (39.6)

0.514

0.579

Previous hospitalization during the last 6 mo

40 (54.8)

32 (43.8)

72 (32.9)

0.174

0.001

Nursing home or other long term-care facility residency during the last 6 mo

10 (13.8)

9 (12.3)

9 (4.1)

0.796

0.005

Chronic dialysis

8 (11.0)

5 (6.8)

14 (6.4)

0.372

0.140

Haemodialysis

7 (9.6)

5 (6.8)

10 (4.6)

0.530

0.061

Peritoneal dialysis

1 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

4 (1.8)

0.998

0.782

Evidence of previous colonization/infection with CRE

18/68 (26.5)

3/72 (4.2)

1/217 (0.5)

0.004

<0.001

Evidence of previous colonization/infection with other MDROs (MRSA, VRE, ESBL-producer)

12/71 (16.9)

7/71 (9.9)

14/217 (6.5)

0.147

0.005

Antimicrobial exposure within 3 mo before enrolment

53 (72.6)

48 (65.8)

123 (56.2)

0.339

0.008

Colistin

7 (9.6)

11 (5.0)

1.000

0.061

Aminoglycosides

8 (11.0)

6 (8.2)

13 (5.9)

0.566

0.131

Quinolones

21 (28.8)

15 (20.5)

50 (22.8)

0.277

0.298

Macrolides

2 (2.7)

3 (4.1)

4 (1.8)

0.657

0.640

Cephalosporins, first/second generation

9 (12.3)

13 (17.8)

20 (9.1)

0.292

0.339

Cephalosporins, third/fourth generation

20 (27.4)

15 (20.5)

38 (17.4)

0.321

0.043

Carbapenems

21 (28.8)

8 (11.0)

25 (11.4)

0.011

<0.001

β-lactam + β-lactamase inhibitor

28 (38.4)

21 (28.8)

44 (20.1)

0.183

0.001

Other β-lactam antibiotics

7 (9.6)

10 (13.7)

4 (1.8)

0.372

0.007

Active against Gram-positive only

22 (30.1)

12 (16.4)

28 (12.8)

0.004

0.001

Other

14 (19.2)

17 (23.3)

35 (16.0)

0.549

0.454

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Baseline characteristics of adult hospitalized patients with carbapenem-resistant bloodstream infections and matched controls with carbapenem-susceptible bloodstream infection, or without Enterobacterales infection, admitted to 18 European hospitals between March 2016 and November 2018

Variables	Patients with CRE BSI (N = 73)	Matched patients with CSE BSI (N = 73)	Matched patients without Enterobacterales infection (N = 219)	Comparison between CRE and CSE BSI patients P value^a	Comparison between CRE and uninfected patients P value^a
Demographic information
Age, y, median (IQR)	69.0 (59.5–77.0)	70.0 (59.0–80.0)	64.0 (51.0–75.0)	0.639	0.009
Male sex, n (%)	40 (54.8)	38 (52.1)	131 (59.8)	0.732	0.447
BMI, kg/m², median (IQR)^b	25.5 (23.7–29.2)	25.4 (21.8–27.9)	25.1 (22.9–28.7)	0.182	0.977
BMI <25 kg/m², n (%)	31 (44.9)	31 (43.1)	104 (48.1)	0.931	0.806
BMI 25–29 kg/m², n (%)	27 (39.1)	31 (43.1)	73 (33.8)
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², n (%)	11 (15.9)	10 (13.9)	39 (18.1)
Country of origin, n (%)
Spain	27 (37.0)	29 (39.7)	88 (40.2)	0.503	0.155
Greece	16 (21.9)	16 (21.9)	44 (20.1)
Serbia	16 (21.9)	15 (20.5)	44 (20.1)
Italy	7 (9.6)	7 (9.6)	15 (6.8)
Turkey	3 (4.1)	2 (2.7)	9 (4.1)
Romania	2 (2.7)	1 (1.4)	5 (2.3)
Other	2 (2.7)	3 (4.1)	14 (6.4)
Hospital admission characteristics, n (%)
Patient referral
Home	50 (68.5)	60 (82.2)	191 (87.2)	0.071	<0.001
Long-term care facility	9 (12.3)	4 (5.5)	11 (5.0)
Another acute care hospital	14 (19.2)	9 (12.3)	17 (7.8)
Emergency admission	2 (2.7)	3 (4.1)	13 (5.9)	0.657	0.206
Hospital service on enrollment^c
Medical	46 (63.0)	46 (63.0)	138 (63.0)	1.000	1.000
Surgical	13 (17.8)	13 (17.8)	39 (17.8)
ICU	14 (19.2)	14 (19.2)	42 (19.2)
Length of hospital stay before enrolment ≥1 d	51 (69.9)	48 (65.8)	141 (64.4)	0.327	0.023
Clinical characteristics
Comorbidities
Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR)	2.0 (1.0–3.0)	2.0 (1.0–4.0)	2.0 (1.0–3.0)	0.683	0.203
Myocardial infarction, n (%)	9 (12.3)	9 (12.3)	17 (7.8)	1.000	0.230
Congestive heart failure: NYHA grade ≥2, n (%)	10 (13.7)	8 (11.0)	31 (14.2)	0.618	0.909
Peripheral artery disease, n (%)	14 (19.2)	12 (16.4)	46 (21.0)	0.618	0.713
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)	5 (6.8)	5 (6.8)	10 (4.8)	1.000	0.402
Dementia, n (%)	6 (8.2)	7 (9.6)	7 (3.2)	0.763	0.090
Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%)	6 (8.2)	11 (15.1)	30 (13.7)	0.206	0.206
Connective tissue disease, n (%)	4 (5.5)	2 (2.7)	10 (4.6)	0.423	0.752
Ulcerative disease, n (%)	2 (2.7)	3 (4.1)	9 (4.1)	0.571	0.580
Mild liver disease, n (%)	5 (6.8)	2 (2.7)	9 (4.1)	0.215	0.336
Severe liver disease, n (%)	1 (1.4)	1 (1.4)	8 (3.7)	1.000	0.318
Diabetes mellitus without organ damage, n (%)	17 (23.3)	18 (24.7)	40 (18.3)	0.827	0.334
Diabetes with target organ damage, n (%)	5 (6.8)	10 (13.7)	15 (6.8)	0.206	1.000
Hemiplegia, n (%)	4 (5.5)	3 (4.1)	4 (1.8)	0.706	0.120
Moderate or severe kidney disease, n (%)	15 (20.5)	8 (11.0)	31 (14.2)	0.083	0.108
Metastatic solid tumour, n (%)	3 (4.1)	5 (6.8)	8 (3.7)	0.484	0.847
Any tumour, not metastasic, n (%)	14 (19.2)	13 (17.8)	30 (13.7)	0.827	0.214
Leukaemia, n (%)	4 (5.5)	5 (6.8)	11 (5.0)	0.706	0.842
Lymphoma, n (%)	4 (5.5)	4 (5.5)	12 (5.5)	1.000	1.000
AIDS, n (%)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.4)	3 (1.4)	0.998	0.998
HIV infection with <200 CD4/mm³, n (%)	0/72 (0.0)	1/71 (1.4)	4/218 (1.8)	0.998	0.998
Immunosuppression^d, n (%)	20 (27.4)	23 (31.5)	54 (24.7)	0.514	0.549
Invasive procedures within 3 mo before enrolment, n (%)	51 (69.9)	46 (63.0)	96 (43.8)	0.321	<0.001
Surgery during the previous month, n (%)	22 (30.1)	23 (31.5)	53 (24.2)	0.796	0.176
Endoscopic procedure in the week before enrolment, n (%)	5 (6.8)	8 (11.0)	12 (5.5)	0.372	0.623
CRE exposure risk, n (%)
CRE exposure risk in community in the last 6 mo
Travel abroad	2/71 (2.8)	1/73 (1.4)	17/218 (7.8)	0.571	0.175
Contact with pets at home	9/71 (12.7)	9/70 (12.9)	34/209 (16.3)	1.000	0.315
Frequent contact with livestock	0/71 (0.0)	0/72 (0.0)	5/212 (2.4)	—	0.997
Ambulatory contact with persons known to be colonized by CRE	6/57 (10.5)	2/56 (3.6)	4/177 (2.3)	0.998	0.998
CRE exposure risk in healthcare facility
Patient worked as healthcare worker or caregiver during last year	1 (1.4)	0 (0.0)	2/215 (0.9)	0.998	0.741
Another patient/s with CRE in the same ward during present admission	29/70 (41.4)	27/69 (39.1)	86/217 (39.6)	0.514	0.579
Previous hospitalization during the last 6 mo	40 (54.8)	32 (43.8)	72 (32.9)	0.174	0.001
Nursing home or other long term-care facility residency during the last 6 mo	10 (13.8)	9 (12.3)	9 (4.1)	0.796	0.005
Chronic dialysis	8 (11.0)	5 (6.8)	14 (6.4)	0.372	0.140
Haemodialysis	7 (9.6)	5 (6.8)	10 (4.6)	0.530	0.061
Peritoneal dialysis	1 (1.4)	0 (0.0)	4 (1.8)	0.998	0.782
Evidence of previous colonization/infection with CRE	18/68 (26.5)	3/72 (4.2)	1/217 (0.5)	0.004	<0.001
Evidence of previous colonization/infection with other MDROs (MRSA, VRE, ESBL-producer)	12/71 (16.9)	7/71 (9.9)	14/217 (6.5)	0.147	0.005
Antimicrobial exposure within 3 mo before enrolment	53 (72.6)	48 (65.8)	123 (56.2)	0.339	0.008
Colistin	7 (9.6)	7 (9.6)	11 (5.0)	1.000	0.061
Aminoglycosides	8 (11.0)	6 (8.2)	13 (5.9)	0.566	0.131
Quinolones	21 (28.8)	15 (20.5)	50 (22.8)	0.277	0.298
Macrolides	2 (2.7)	3 (4.1)	4 (1.8)	0.657	0.640
Cephalosporins, first/second generation	9 (12.3)	13 (17.8)	20 (9.1)	0.292	0.339
Cephalosporins, third/fourth generation	20 (27.4)	15 (20.5)	38 (17.4)	0.321	0.043
Carbapenems	21 (28.8)	8 (11.0)	25 (11.4)	0.011	<0.001
β-lactam + β-lactamase inhibitor	28 (38.4)	21 (28.8)	44 (20.1)	0.183	0.001
Other β-lactam antibiotics	7 (9.6)	10 (13.7)	4 (1.8)	0.372	0.007
Active against Gram-positive only	22 (30.1)	12 (16.4)	28 (12.8)	0.004	0.001
Other	14 (19.2)	17 (23.3)	35 (16.0)	0.549	0.454

Variables	Patients with CRE BSI (N = 73)	Matched patients with CSE BSI (N = 73)	Matched patients without Enterobacterales infection (N = 219)	Comparison between CRE and CSE BSI patients P value^a	Comparison between CRE and uninfected patients P value^a
Demographic information
Age, y, median (IQR)	69.0 (59.5–77.0)	70.0 (59.0–80.0)	64.0 (51.0–75.0)	0.639	0.009
Male sex, n (%)	40 (54.8)	38 (52.1)	131 (59.8)	0.732	0.447
BMI, kg/m², median (IQR)^b	25.5 (23.7–29.2)	25.4 (21.8–27.9)	25.1 (22.9–28.7)	0.182	0.977
BMI <25 kg/m², n (%)	31 (44.9)	31 (43.1)	104 (48.1)	0.931	0.806
BMI 25–29 kg/m², n (%)	27 (39.1)	31 (43.1)	73 (33.8)
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², n (%)	11 (15.9)	10 (13.9)	39 (18.1)
Country of origin, n (%)
Spain	27 (37.0)	29 (39.7)	88 (40.2)	0.503	0.155
Greece	16 (21.9)	16 (21.9)	44 (20.1)
Serbia	16 (21.9)	15 (20.5)	44 (20.1)
Italy	7 (9.6)	7 (9.6)	15 (6.8)
Turkey	3 (4.1)	2 (2.7)	9 (4.1)
Romania	2 (2.7)	1 (1.4)	5 (2.3)
Other	2 (2.7)	3 (4.1)	14 (6.4)
Hospital admission characteristics, n (%)
Patient referral
Home	50 (68.5)	60 (82.2)	191 (87.2)	0.071	<0.001
Long-term care facility	9 (12.3)	4 (5.5)	11 (5.0)
Another acute care hospital	14 (19.2)	9 (12.3)	17 (7.8)
Emergency admission	2 (2.7)	3 (4.1)	13 (5.9)	0.657	0.206
Hospital service on enrollment^c
Medical	46 (63.0)	46 (63.0)	138 (63.0)	1.000	1.000
Surgical	13 (17.8)	13 (17.8)	39 (17.8)
ICU	14 (19.2)	14 (19.2)	42 (19.2)
Length of hospital stay before enrolment ≥1 d	51 (69.9)	48 (65.8)	141 (64.4)	0.327	0.023
Clinical characteristics
Comorbidities
Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR)	2.0 (1.0–3.0)	2.0 (1.0–4.0)	2.0 (1.0–3.0)	0.683	0.203
Myocardial infarction, n (%)	9 (12.3)	9 (12.3)	17 (7.8)	1.000	0.230
Congestive heart failure: NYHA grade ≥2, n (%)	10 (13.7)	8 (11.0)	31 (14.2)	0.618	0.909
Peripheral artery disease, n (%)	14 (19.2)	12 (16.4)	46 (21.0)	0.618	0.713
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)	5 (6.8)	5 (6.8)	10 (4.8)	1.000	0.402
Dementia, n (%)	6 (8.2)	7 (9.6)	7 (3.2)	0.763	0.090
Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%)	6 (8.2)	11 (15.1)	30 (13.7)	0.206	0.206
Connective tissue disease, n (%)	4 (5.5)	2 (2.7)	10 (4.6)	0.423	0.752
Ulcerative disease, n (%)	2 (2.7)	3 (4.1)	9 (4.1)	0.571	0.580
Mild liver disease, n (%)	5 (6.8)	2 (2.7)	9 (4.1)	0.215	0.336
Severe liver disease, n (%)	1 (1.4)	1 (1.4)	8 (3.7)	1.000	0.318
Diabetes mellitus without organ damage, n (%)	17 (23.3)	18 (24.7)	40 (18.3)	0.827	0.334
Diabetes with target organ damage, n (%)	5 (6.8)	10 (13.7)	15 (6.8)	0.206	1.000
Hemiplegia, n (%)	4 (5.5)	3 (4.1)	4 (1.8)	0.706	0.120
Moderate or severe kidney disease, n (%)	15 (20.5)	8 (11.0)	31 (14.2)	0.083	0.108
Metastatic solid tumour, n (%)	3 (4.1)	5 (6.8)	8 (3.7)	0.484	0.847
Any tumour, not metastasic, n (%)	14 (19.2)	13 (17.8)	30 (13.7)	0.827	0.214
Leukaemia, n (%)	4 (5.5)	5 (6.8)	11 (5.0)	0.706	0.842
Lymphoma, n (%)	4 (5.5)	4 (5.5)	12 (5.5)	1.000	1.000
AIDS, n (%)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.4)	3 (1.4)	0.998	0.998
HIV infection with <200 CD4/mm³, n (%)	0/72 (0.0)	1/71 (1.4)	4/218 (1.8)	0.998	0.998
Immunosuppression^d, n (%)	20 (27.4)	23 (31.5)	54 (24.7)	0.514	0.549
Invasive procedures within 3 mo before enrolment, n (%)	51 (69.9)	46 (63.0)	96 (43.8)	0.321	<0.001
Surgery during the previous month, n (%)	22 (30.1)	23 (31.5)	53 (24.2)	0.796	0.176
Endoscopic procedure in the week before enrolment, n (%)	5 (6.8)	8 (11.0)	12 (5.5)	0.372	0.623
CRE exposure risk, n (%)
CRE exposure risk in community in the last 6 mo
Travel abroad	2/71 (2.8)	1/73 (1.4)	17/218 (7.8)	0.571	0.175
Contact with pets at home	9/71 (12.7)	9/70 (12.9)	34/209 (16.3)	1.000	0.315
Frequent contact with livestock	0/71 (0.0)	0/72 (0.0)	5/212 (2.4)	—	0.997
Ambulatory contact with persons known to be colonized by CRE	6/57 (10.5)	2/56 (3.6)	4/177 (2.3)	0.998	0.998
CRE exposure risk in healthcare facility
Patient worked as healthcare worker or caregiver during last year	1 (1.4)	0 (0.0)	2/215 (0.9)	0.998	0.741
Another patient/s with CRE in the same ward during present admission	29/70 (41.4)	27/69 (39.1)	86/217 (39.6)	0.514	0.579
Previous hospitalization during the last 6 mo	40 (54.8)	32 (43.8)	72 (32.9)	0.174	0.001
Nursing home or other long term-care facility residency during the last 6 mo	10 (13.8)	9 (12.3)	9 (4.1)	0.796	0.005
Chronic dialysis	8 (11.0)	5 (6.8)	14 (6.4)	0.372	0.140
Haemodialysis	7 (9.6)	5 (6.8)	10 (4.6)	0.530	0.061
Peritoneal dialysis	1 (1.4)	0 (0.0)	4 (1.8)	0.998	0.782
Evidence of previous colonization/infection with CRE	18/68 (26.5)	3/72 (4.2)	1/217 (0.5)	0.004	<0.001
Evidence of previous colonization/infection with other MDROs (MRSA, VRE, ESBL-producer)	12/71 (16.9)	7/71 (9.9)	14/217 (6.5)	0.147	0.005
Antimicrobial exposure within 3 mo before enrolment	53 (72.6)	48 (65.8)	123 (56.2)	0.339	0.008
Colistin	7 (9.6)	7 (9.6)	11 (5.0)	1.000	0.061
Aminoglycosides	8 (11.0)	6 (8.2)	13 (5.9)	0.566	0.131
Quinolones	21 (28.8)	15 (20.5)	50 (22.8)	0.277	0.298
Macrolides	2 (2.7)	3 (4.1)	4 (1.8)	0.657	0.640
Cephalosporins, first/second generation	9 (12.3)	13 (17.8)	20 (9.1)	0.292	0.339
Cephalosporins, third/fourth generation	20 (27.4)	15 (20.5)	38 (17.4)	0.321	0.043
Carbapenems	21 (28.8)	8 (11.0)	25 (11.4)	0.011	<0.001
β-lactam + β-lactamase inhibitor	28 (38.4)	21 (28.8)	44 (20.1)	0.183	0.001
Other β-lactam antibiotics	7 (9.6)	10 (13.7)	4 (1.8)	0.372	0.007
Active against Gram-positive only	22 (30.1)	12 (16.4)	28 (12.8)	0.004	0.001
Other	14 (19.2)	17 (23.3)	35 (16.0)	0.549	0.454

BSI, bloodstream infection; CRE, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales; CSE, carbapenem-susceptible Enterobacterales; MDROs, multidrug-resistant organisms; NYHA, New York Heart Association.

^aBased on univariable conditional logistic regression, in case of categorical variables it refers to the likelihood ratio test.

^bThe denominators for patients with CRE BSI, CSE BSI and without Enterobacterales infection are 69, 72 and 216, respectively.

^cMatching variable for patients with CRE BSI versus patients with CSE BSI and patients without Enterobacterales infection, respectively.

^dImmunosuppression was defined as the receipt of solid organ transplantation, bone marrow/stem cell transplantation or immunosupressive drugs (including cancer chemotherapy, classic immunosuppressants, biologicals or steroids) within 3 mo before enrolment, or with neutropenia (<500 cells/mm³) on enrolment.

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