Table 3.
Open in new tab

Description of Fasting Interventions

StudyDescriptionDays/weekDurationAdherenceControl/comparator
Alshammari et al, 2022Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset7≥20 d70%<20 d
Badar et al, 2014Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset7Last 2 wks of Ramadan2 wks during Shawwal (nonfasting)
Kirkham et al, 202116/8 TRE on weekdays, eating ad libitum but only between 12 pm and 8 pm on weekdays or any time of day on weekends58 wks98% (range 93–100%)N/A
Kirkham et al, 202216/8 TRE on weekdays, eating ad libitum but only between 12 pm and 8 pm on weekdays or any time of day on weekends; consumption of only water, black coffee, or black tea outside of those hours58 wks98% (range: 85–100%)N/A
Kleckner et al, 2022TRE of 10 h eating window during the day. Hours selected by the participant based on their normal meal patterns and preferences. Water and medications were allowable any time, but, coffee, tea, chewing gum, and diet beverages were discouraged during the fasting window.7a14 d90%N/A
Marinac et al, 2016Nightly fasting duration of ≥13 h7aNightly fasting duration was estimated at baseline, 1 y, and 4 yFasting for <13 h overnight
O’Donnell et al, 2022Overnight fast of 13 h7a12 wks93%N/A
Palomar-Cros et al, 2021Fasting >11 h per night7aNot reportedControl group fasting for <11 h overnight
Vega et al, 2022Fasting window of ≥16 h7a12 wks75%Caloric restriction of 25% of basal caloric intake
Yassin et al, 2021Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset71 moN/A
PROTOCOL AND TRIAL REGISTRIES
Christensen et al, 202216/8 TRE with the following variations: (1) adjustment of eating window length from 8 h up to 10 h; (2) self-selected eating window start time as long as end time is >3 h before bedtime; (3) follow TRE as many days as possible, but if time off is required, aim to limit it to 1–2 d off following at least 5 successive days of TRE each week.5–7Duration of chemotherapy (12–18 wks)Standard of care, including a single group-based nutrition class, and provision of a copy of Canada’s Food Guide. The control group will maintain their usual dietary habits (timing, amount, and type) outside of any recommendations given in the nutrition class for the duration of the intervention period.
NCT03523377Overnight fast of ≥14 h7aDaily × 6 moEat a heart-healthy diet and exercise for at least 30 min for 5 d per wk, which is the usual counseling in our clinics
NCT0428833616/8 TRE71 yN/A
NCT04560439Modified Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)-based lifestyle modification intervention that utilizes IF (no definition of IF)7a16 sessions over 6 moN/A
NCT0462684316/8 TRE: fasting for 16 h of the day and eating with an 8-h feeding window7a3 moN/A
NCT04691999TRE of ∼16–18 h fasting, 4 times per week46 moN/A
NCT04708860TRE with 13 h nocturnal fasting; no consumption of any calorie-containing food/drinks after 8 pm, goal of fasting at least 6 d per wk612 wksN/A
NCT04783467TRE of 8–10 h eating window of prepared frozen lunch and dinner meals. The meal plans will be individualized to meet weight maintenance energy requirements.7a6 wksFor 4 wks, women will receive frozen lunch and dinner meals, and a standardized breakfast and snacks menu. The meal plans will be individualized to meet weight maintenance energy requirements. No restrictions on eating times.
NCT05023967TRE of ≥16 nocturnal hours every night and use the continuous glucose monitoring system for 4–6 wks74–6 wksPatients continue their usual dietary pattern and use the continuous glucose monitoring system for 4–6 wks (until surgery).
NCT05083416TRE in any 10-h eating period that falls between 6 pm and 6 pm It will be recommended that participants follow study diet guidelines, eat to satiety, and do not count calories. Participants will be allowed to have water, beverages (<4 kcal) during the fasting period.7a3 moA traditional eating pattern with no time restrictions
NCT0525941016/8 TRE: a Mediterranean-style diet or usual diet will be eaten within the same self-selected 8-h eating window daily, with water fasting the remaining hours of the day7a12 wksStandard care: eat enough calories and protein to maintain weight and lean mass
NCT0531225516/8 TRE7a1 moExercise: patients undergo strength training twice weekly for 6 mo, wear a FitBit, and increase physical activity over 6 mo
NCT05327608TRE of 14 h fasting7a∼4 moN/A
NCT05722288TRE Monday through Friday only (no eating/fasting windows provided)54 wksNutritional counseling
StudyDescriptionDays/weekDurationAdherenceControl/comparator
Alshammari et al, 2022Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset7≥20 d70%<20 d
Badar et al, 2014Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset7Last 2 wks of Ramadan2 wks during Shawwal (nonfasting)
Kirkham et al, 202116/8 TRE on weekdays, eating ad libitum but only between 12 pm and 8 pm on weekdays or any time of day on weekends58 wks98% (range 93–100%)N/A
Kirkham et al, 202216/8 TRE on weekdays, eating ad libitum but only between 12 pm and 8 pm on weekdays or any time of day on weekends; consumption of only water, black coffee, or black tea outside of those hours58 wks98% (range: 85–100%)N/A
Kleckner et al, 2022TRE of 10 h eating window during the day. Hours selected by the participant based on their normal meal patterns and preferences. Water and medications were allowable any time, but, coffee, tea, chewing gum, and diet beverages were discouraged during the fasting window.7a14 d90%N/A
Marinac et al, 2016Nightly fasting duration of ≥13 h7aNightly fasting duration was estimated at baseline, 1 y, and 4 yFasting for <13 h overnight
O’Donnell et al, 2022Overnight fast of 13 h7a12 wks93%N/A
Palomar-Cros et al, 2021Fasting >11 h per night7aNot reportedControl group fasting for <11 h overnight
Vega et al, 2022Fasting window of ≥16 h7a12 wks75%Caloric restriction of 25% of basal caloric intake
Yassin et al, 2021Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset71 moN/A
PROTOCOL AND TRIAL REGISTRIES
Christensen et al, 202216/8 TRE with the following variations: (1) adjustment of eating window length from 8 h up to 10 h; (2) self-selected eating window start time as long as end time is >3 h before bedtime; (3) follow TRE as many days as possible, but if time off is required, aim to limit it to 1–2 d off following at least 5 successive days of TRE each week.5–7Duration of chemotherapy (12–18 wks)Standard of care, including a single group-based nutrition class, and provision of a copy of Canada’s Food Guide. The control group will maintain their usual dietary habits (timing, amount, and type) outside of any recommendations given in the nutrition class for the duration of the intervention period.
NCT03523377Overnight fast of ≥14 h7aDaily × 6 moEat a heart-healthy diet and exercise for at least 30 min for 5 d per wk, which is the usual counseling in our clinics
NCT0428833616/8 TRE71 yN/A
NCT04560439Modified Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)-based lifestyle modification intervention that utilizes IF (no definition of IF)7a16 sessions over 6 moN/A
NCT0462684316/8 TRE: fasting for 16 h of the day and eating with an 8-h feeding window7a3 moN/A
NCT04691999TRE of ∼16–18 h fasting, 4 times per week46 moN/A
NCT04708860TRE with 13 h nocturnal fasting; no consumption of any calorie-containing food/drinks after 8 pm, goal of fasting at least 6 d per wk612 wksN/A
NCT04783467TRE of 8–10 h eating window of prepared frozen lunch and dinner meals. The meal plans will be individualized to meet weight maintenance energy requirements.7a6 wksFor 4 wks, women will receive frozen lunch and dinner meals, and a standardized breakfast and snacks menu. The meal plans will be individualized to meet weight maintenance energy requirements. No restrictions on eating times.
NCT05023967TRE of ≥16 nocturnal hours every night and use the continuous glucose monitoring system for 4–6 wks74–6 wksPatients continue their usual dietary pattern and use the continuous glucose monitoring system for 4–6 wks (until surgery).
NCT05083416TRE in any 10-h eating period that falls between 6 pm and 6 pm It will be recommended that participants follow study diet guidelines, eat to satiety, and do not count calories. Participants will be allowed to have water, beverages (<4 kcal) during the fasting period.7a3 moA traditional eating pattern with no time restrictions
NCT0525941016/8 TRE: a Mediterranean-style diet or usual diet will be eaten within the same self-selected 8-h eating window daily, with water fasting the remaining hours of the day7a12 wksStandard care: eat enough calories and protein to maintain weight and lean mass
NCT0531225516/8 TRE7a1 moExercise: patients undergo strength training twice weekly for 6 mo, wear a FitBit, and increase physical activity over 6 mo
NCT05327608TRE of 14 h fasting7a∼4 moN/A
NCT05722288TRE Monday through Friday only (no eating/fasting windows provided)54 wksNutritional counseling
a

Number of days not explicitly stated but 7 days per week implied. Abbreviations: mo, month; N/A, not applicable; TRE, time-restricted eating.

Table 3.
Open in new tab

Description of Fasting Interventions

StudyDescriptionDays/weekDurationAdherenceControl/comparator
Alshammari et al, 2022Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset7≥20 d70%<20 d
Badar et al, 2014Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset7Last 2 wks of Ramadan2 wks during Shawwal (nonfasting)
Kirkham et al, 202116/8 TRE on weekdays, eating ad libitum but only between 12 pm and 8 pm on weekdays or any time of day on weekends58 wks98% (range 93–100%)N/A
Kirkham et al, 202216/8 TRE on weekdays, eating ad libitum but only between 12 pm and 8 pm on weekdays or any time of day on weekends; consumption of only water, black coffee, or black tea outside of those hours58 wks98% (range: 85–100%)N/A
Kleckner et al, 2022TRE of 10 h eating window during the day. Hours selected by the participant based on their normal meal patterns and preferences. Water and medications were allowable any time, but, coffee, tea, chewing gum, and diet beverages were discouraged during the fasting window.7a14 d90%N/A
Marinac et al, 2016Nightly fasting duration of ≥13 h7aNightly fasting duration was estimated at baseline, 1 y, and 4 yFasting for <13 h overnight
O’Donnell et al, 2022Overnight fast of 13 h7a12 wks93%N/A
Palomar-Cros et al, 2021Fasting >11 h per night7aNot reportedControl group fasting for <11 h overnight
Vega et al, 2022Fasting window of ≥16 h7a12 wks75%Caloric restriction of 25% of basal caloric intake
Yassin et al, 2021Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset71 moN/A
PROTOCOL AND TRIAL REGISTRIES
Christensen et al, 202216/8 TRE with the following variations: (1) adjustment of eating window length from 8 h up to 10 h; (2) self-selected eating window start time as long as end time is >3 h before bedtime; (3) follow TRE as many days as possible, but if time off is required, aim to limit it to 1–2 d off following at least 5 successive days of TRE each week.5–7Duration of chemotherapy (12–18 wks)Standard of care, including a single group-based nutrition class, and provision of a copy of Canada’s Food Guide. The control group will maintain their usual dietary habits (timing, amount, and type) outside of any recommendations given in the nutrition class for the duration of the intervention period.
NCT03523377Overnight fast of ≥14 h7aDaily × 6 moEat a heart-healthy diet and exercise for at least 30 min for 5 d per wk, which is the usual counseling in our clinics
NCT0428833616/8 TRE71 yN/A
NCT04560439Modified Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)-based lifestyle modification intervention that utilizes IF (no definition of IF)7a16 sessions over 6 moN/A
NCT0462684316/8 TRE: fasting for 16 h of the day and eating with an 8-h feeding window7a3 moN/A
NCT04691999TRE of ∼16–18 h fasting, 4 times per week46 moN/A
NCT04708860TRE with 13 h nocturnal fasting; no consumption of any calorie-containing food/drinks after 8 pm, goal of fasting at least 6 d per wk612 wksN/A
NCT04783467TRE of 8–10 h eating window of prepared frozen lunch and dinner meals. The meal plans will be individualized to meet weight maintenance energy requirements.7a6 wksFor 4 wks, women will receive frozen lunch and dinner meals, and a standardized breakfast and snacks menu. The meal plans will be individualized to meet weight maintenance energy requirements. No restrictions on eating times.
NCT05023967TRE of ≥16 nocturnal hours every night and use the continuous glucose monitoring system for 4–6 wks74–6 wksPatients continue their usual dietary pattern and use the continuous glucose monitoring system for 4–6 wks (until surgery).
NCT05083416TRE in any 10-h eating period that falls between 6 pm and 6 pm It will be recommended that participants follow study diet guidelines, eat to satiety, and do not count calories. Participants will be allowed to have water, beverages (<4 kcal) during the fasting period.7a3 moA traditional eating pattern with no time restrictions
NCT0525941016/8 TRE: a Mediterranean-style diet or usual diet will be eaten within the same self-selected 8-h eating window daily, with water fasting the remaining hours of the day7a12 wksStandard care: eat enough calories and protein to maintain weight and lean mass
NCT0531225516/8 TRE7a1 moExercise: patients undergo strength training twice weekly for 6 mo, wear a FitBit, and increase physical activity over 6 mo
NCT05327608TRE of 14 h fasting7a∼4 moN/A
NCT05722288TRE Monday through Friday only (no eating/fasting windows provided)54 wksNutritional counseling
StudyDescriptionDays/weekDurationAdherenceControl/comparator
Alshammari et al, 2022Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset7≥20 d70%<20 d
Badar et al, 2014Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset7Last 2 wks of Ramadan2 wks during Shawwal (nonfasting)
Kirkham et al, 202116/8 TRE on weekdays, eating ad libitum but only between 12 pm and 8 pm on weekdays or any time of day on weekends58 wks98% (range 93–100%)N/A
Kirkham et al, 202216/8 TRE on weekdays, eating ad libitum but only between 12 pm and 8 pm on weekdays or any time of day on weekends; consumption of only water, black coffee, or black tea outside of those hours58 wks98% (range: 85–100%)N/A
Kleckner et al, 2022TRE of 10 h eating window during the day. Hours selected by the participant based on their normal meal patterns and preferences. Water and medications were allowable any time, but, coffee, tea, chewing gum, and diet beverages were discouraged during the fasting window.7a14 d90%N/A
Marinac et al, 2016Nightly fasting duration of ≥13 h7aNightly fasting duration was estimated at baseline, 1 y, and 4 yFasting for <13 h overnight
O’Donnell et al, 2022Overnight fast of 13 h7a12 wks93%N/A
Palomar-Cros et al, 2021Fasting >11 h per night7aNot reportedControl group fasting for <11 h overnight
Vega et al, 2022Fasting window of ≥16 h7a12 wks75%Caloric restriction of 25% of basal caloric intake
Yassin et al, 2021Ramadan: fasting from dawn to sunset71 moN/A
PROTOCOL AND TRIAL REGISTRIES
Christensen et al, 202216/8 TRE with the following variations: (1) adjustment of eating window length from 8 h up to 10 h; (2) self-selected eating window start time as long as end time is >3 h before bedtime; (3) follow TRE as many days as possible, but if time off is required, aim to limit it to 1–2 d off following at least 5 successive days of TRE each week.5–7Duration of chemotherapy (12–18 wks)Standard of care, including a single group-based nutrition class, and provision of a copy of Canada’s Food Guide. The control group will maintain their usual dietary habits (timing, amount, and type) outside of any recommendations given in the nutrition class for the duration of the intervention period.
NCT03523377Overnight fast of ≥14 h7aDaily × 6 moEat a heart-healthy diet and exercise for at least 30 min for 5 d per wk, which is the usual counseling in our clinics
NCT0428833616/8 TRE71 yN/A
NCT04560439Modified Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)-based lifestyle modification intervention that utilizes IF (no definition of IF)7a16 sessions over 6 moN/A
NCT0462684316/8 TRE: fasting for 16 h of the day and eating with an 8-h feeding window7a3 moN/A
NCT04691999TRE of ∼16–18 h fasting, 4 times per week46 moN/A
NCT04708860TRE with 13 h nocturnal fasting; no consumption of any calorie-containing food/drinks after 8 pm, goal of fasting at least 6 d per wk612 wksN/A
NCT04783467TRE of 8–10 h eating window of prepared frozen lunch and dinner meals. The meal plans will be individualized to meet weight maintenance energy requirements.7a6 wksFor 4 wks, women will receive frozen lunch and dinner meals, and a standardized breakfast and snacks menu. The meal plans will be individualized to meet weight maintenance energy requirements. No restrictions on eating times.
NCT05023967TRE of ≥16 nocturnal hours every night and use the continuous glucose monitoring system for 4–6 wks74–6 wksPatients continue their usual dietary pattern and use the continuous glucose monitoring system for 4–6 wks (until surgery).
NCT05083416TRE in any 10-h eating period that falls between 6 pm and 6 pm It will be recommended that participants follow study diet guidelines, eat to satiety, and do not count calories. Participants will be allowed to have water, beverages (<4 kcal) during the fasting period.7a3 moA traditional eating pattern with no time restrictions
NCT0525941016/8 TRE: a Mediterranean-style diet or usual diet will be eaten within the same self-selected 8-h eating window daily, with water fasting the remaining hours of the day7a12 wksStandard care: eat enough calories and protein to maintain weight and lean mass
NCT0531225516/8 TRE7a1 moExercise: patients undergo strength training twice weekly for 6 mo, wear a FitBit, and increase physical activity over 6 mo
NCT05327608TRE of 14 h fasting7a∼4 moN/A
NCT05722288TRE Monday through Friday only (no eating/fasting windows provided)54 wksNutritional counseling
a

Number of days not explicitly stated but 7 days per week implied. Abbreviations: mo, month; N/A, not applicable; TRE, time-restricted eating.

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