Table 2. Open in new tab Brain Regions...

Variable	Cortical Thickness (mm) M ± SD	ANCOVA	Pairwise Comparisons P Value
Left hemisphere
Opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus	2.54 ± 0.16	2.58 ± 0.19	2.64 ± 0.13	F = 9.79 (<.00034)	.29	<.003	.03
Orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus	2.64 ± 0.21	2.67 ± 0.23	2.76 ± 0.19	F = 8.17 (<.00034)	.57	<.003	.04
Orbital gyri	2.62 ± 0.14	2.67 ± 0.15	2.73 ± 0.12	F = 15.58 (<.00034)	.03	<.003	.02
Anterior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.78 ± 0.19	2.86 ± 0.24	2.94 ± 0.17	F = 12.81 (<.00034)	.02	<.003	.09
Inferior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.69 ± 0.18	2.78 ± 0.18	2.81 ± 0.18	F = 10.64 (<.00034)	.01	<.003	.38
Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.41 ± 0.14	2.45 ± 0.14	2.52 ± 0.11	F = 14.71 (<.00034)	.17	<.003	.004
Inferior frontal sulcus	1.97 ± 0.13	2.01 ± 0.13	2.05 ± 0.12	F = 9.50 (<.00034)	.17	<.003	.07
Superior frontal sulcus	2.31 ± 0.13	2.35 ± 0.13	2.39 ± 0.12	F = 8.82 (<.00034)	.26	<.003	.26
Orbital sulci (H-shaped sulci)	2.43 ± 0.18	2.49 ± 0.17	2.58 ± 0.17	F = 15.31 (<.00034)	.07	<.003	.01
Right hemisphere
Anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus (ACC)	2.44 ± 0.17	2.48 ± 0.17	2.54 ± 0.15	F = 9.51 (<.00034)	.07	<.003	.18
Superior frontal gyrus	2.68 ± 0.15	2.69 ± 0.17	2.78 ± 0.18	F = 10.37 (<.00034)	.72	<.003	.01
Orbital gyri	2.69 ± 0.14	2.75 ± 0.15	2.79 ± 0.15	F = 11.63 (<.00034)	.004	<.003	.66
Straight gyrus/gyrus rectus	2.54 ± 0.14	2.59 ± 0.19	2.64 ± 0.16	F = 9.25 (<.00034)	.03	<.003	.44
Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.51 ± 0.15	2.54 ± 0.15	2.61 ± 0.13	F = 11.55, (<.00034)	.27	<.003	.01
Superior frontal gyrus	2.25 ± 0.11	2.31 ± 0.15	2.36 ± 0.12	F = 16.92, (<.00034)	.01	<.003	.04
Medial orbital sulcus (olfactory sulcus)^a	2.19 ± 0.15	2.28 ± 0.16	2.31 ± 0.16	F = 12.94, (<.00034)	.002	<.003	.54
Orbital sulci (H-shaped sulci)^a	2.39 ± 0.17	2.49 ± 0.20	2.56 ± 0.17	F = 21.57, (<.00034)	.0005	<.003	.05

Variable

Cortical Thickness (mm)
M ± SD

ANCOVA

Pairwise Comparisons
P Value

pAVH

Non-AVH

pAVH vs Non-AVH

pAVH vs HC

Non-AVH vs HC

Left hemisphere

Opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus

2.54 ± 0.16

2.58 ± 0.19

2.64 ± 0.13

F = 9.79
(<.00034)

.29

<.003

.03

Orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus

2.64 ± 0.21

2.67 ± 0.23

2.76 ± 0.19

F = 8.17
(<.00034)

.57

<.003

.04

Orbital gyri

2.62 ± 0.14

2.67 ± 0.15

2.73 ± 0.12

F = 15.58
(<.00034)

.03

<.003

.02

Anterior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula

2.78 ± 0.19

2.86 ± 0.24

2.94 ± 0.17

F = 12.81
(<.00034)

.02

<.003

.09

Inferior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula

2.69 ± 0.18

2.78 ± 0.18

2.81 ± 0.18

F = 10.64
(<.00034)

.01

<.003

.38

Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula

2.41 ± 0.14

2.45 ± 0.14

2.52 ± 0.11

F = 14.71
(<.00034)

.17

<.003

.004

Inferior frontal sulcus

1.97 ± 0.13

2.01 ± 0.13

2.05 ± 0.12

F = 9.50
(<.00034)

.17

<.003

.07

Superior frontal sulcus

2.31 ± 0.13

2.35 ± 0.13

2.39 ± 0.12

F = 8.82
(<.00034)

.26

<.003

.26

Orbital sulci (H-shaped sulci)

2.43 ± 0.18

2.49 ± 0.17

2.58 ± 0.17

F = 15.31
(<.00034)

.07

<.003

.01

Right hemisphere

Anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus (ACC)

2.44 ± 0.17

2.48 ± 0.17

2.54 ± 0.15

F = 9.51
(<.00034)

.07

<.003

.18

Superior frontal gyrus

2.68 ± 0.15

2.69 ± 0.17

2.78 ± 0.18

F = 10.37
(<.00034)

.72

<.003

.01

Orbital gyri

2.69 ± 0.14

2.75 ± 0.15

2.79 ± 0.15

F = 11.63
(<.00034)

.004

<.003

.66

Straight gyrus/gyrus rectus

2.54 ± 0.14

2.59 ± 0.19

2.64 ± 0.16

F = 9.25
(<.00034)

.03

<.003

.44

Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula

2.51 ± 0.15

2.54 ± 0.15

2.61 ± 0.13

F = 11.55, (<.00034)

.27

<.003

.01

Superior frontal gyrus

2.25 ± 0.11

2.31 ± 0.15

2.36 ± 0.12

F = 16.92, (<.00034)

.01

<.003

.04

Medial orbital sulcus (olfactory sulcus)^a

2.19 ± 0.15

2.28 ± 0.16

2.31 ± 0.16

F = 12.94, (<.00034)

.002

<.003

.54

Orbital sulci (H-shaped sulci)^a

2.39 ± 0.17

2.49 ± 0.20

2.56 ± 0.17

F = 21.57, (<.00034)

.0005

<.003

.05

Variable	Cortical Thickness (mm) M ± SD	ANCOVA	Pairwise Comparisons P Value
Left hemisphere
Opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus	2.54 ± 0.16	2.58 ± 0.19	2.64 ± 0.13	F = 9.79 (<.00034)	.29	<.003	.03
Orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus	2.64 ± 0.21	2.67 ± 0.23	2.76 ± 0.19	F = 8.17 (<.00034)	.57	<.003	.04
Orbital gyri	2.62 ± 0.14	2.67 ± 0.15	2.73 ± 0.12	F = 15.58 (<.00034)	.03	<.003	.02
Anterior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.78 ± 0.19	2.86 ± 0.24	2.94 ± 0.17	F = 12.81 (<.00034)	.02	<.003	.09
Inferior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.69 ± 0.18	2.78 ± 0.18	2.81 ± 0.18	F = 10.64 (<.00034)	.01	<.003	.38
Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.41 ± 0.14	2.45 ± 0.14	2.52 ± 0.11	F = 14.71 (<.00034)	.17	<.003	.004
Inferior frontal sulcus	1.97 ± 0.13	2.01 ± 0.13	2.05 ± 0.12	F = 9.50 (<.00034)	.17	<.003	.07
Superior frontal sulcus	2.31 ± 0.13	2.35 ± 0.13	2.39 ± 0.12	F = 8.82 (<.00034)	.26	<.003	.26
Orbital sulci (H-shaped sulci)	2.43 ± 0.18	2.49 ± 0.17	2.58 ± 0.17	F = 15.31 (<.00034)	.07	<.003	.01
Right hemisphere
Anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus (ACC)	2.44 ± 0.17	2.48 ± 0.17	2.54 ± 0.15	F = 9.51 (<.00034)	.07	<.003	.18
Superior frontal gyrus	2.68 ± 0.15	2.69 ± 0.17	2.78 ± 0.18	F = 10.37 (<.00034)	.72	<.003	.01
Orbital gyri	2.69 ± 0.14	2.75 ± 0.15	2.79 ± 0.15	F = 11.63 (<.00034)	.004	<.003	.66
Straight gyrus/gyrus rectus	2.54 ± 0.14	2.59 ± 0.19	2.64 ± 0.16	F = 9.25 (<.00034)	.03	<.003	.44
Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.51 ± 0.15	2.54 ± 0.15	2.61 ± 0.13	F = 11.55, (<.00034)	.27	<.003	.01
Superior frontal gyrus	2.25 ± 0.11	2.31 ± 0.15	2.36 ± 0.12	F = 16.92, (<.00034)	.01	<.003	.04
Medial orbital sulcus (olfactory sulcus)^a	2.19 ± 0.15	2.28 ± 0.16	2.31 ± 0.16	F = 12.94, (<.00034)	.002	<.003	.54
Orbital sulci (H-shaped sulci)^a	2.39 ± 0.17	2.49 ± 0.20	2.56 ± 0.17	F = 21.57, (<.00034)	.0005	<.003	.05

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Brain Regions With Cortical Thickness Differences in Patients and Healthy Controls

Variable	Cortical Thickness (mm) M ± SD			ANCOVA	Pairwise Comparisons P Value
Variable	pAVH	Non-AVH	HC	ANCOVA	pAVH vs Non-AVH	pAVH vs HC	Non-AVH vs HC
Left hemisphere
Opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus	2.54 ± 0.16	2.58 ± 0.19	2.64 ± 0.13	F = 9.79 (<.00034)	.29	<.003	.03
Orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus	2.64 ± 0.21	2.67 ± 0.23	2.76 ± 0.19	F = 8.17 (<.00034)	.57	<.003	.04
Orbital gyri	2.62 ± 0.14	2.67 ± 0.15	2.73 ± 0.12	F = 15.58 (<.00034)	.03	<.003	.02
Anterior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.78 ± 0.19	2.86 ± 0.24	2.94 ± 0.17	F = 12.81 (<.00034)	.02	<.003	.09
Inferior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.69 ± 0.18	2.78 ± 0.18	2.81 ± 0.18	F = 10.64 (<.00034)	.01	<.003	.38
Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.41 ± 0.14	2.45 ± 0.14	2.52 ± 0.11	F = 14.71 (<.00034)	.17	<.003	.004
Inferior frontal sulcus	1.97 ± 0.13	2.01 ± 0.13	2.05 ± 0.12	F = 9.50 (<.00034)	.17	<.003	.07
Superior frontal sulcus	2.31 ± 0.13	2.35 ± 0.13	2.39 ± 0.12	F = 8.82 (<.00034)	.26	<.003	.26
Orbital sulci (H-shaped sulci)	2.43 ± 0.18	2.49 ± 0.17	2.58 ± 0.17	F = 15.31 (<.00034)	.07	<.003	.01
Right hemisphere
Anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus (ACC)	2.44 ± 0.17	2.48 ± 0.17	2.54 ± 0.15	F = 9.51 (<.00034)	.07	<.003	.18
Superior frontal gyrus	2.68 ± 0.15	2.69 ± 0.17	2.78 ± 0.18	F = 10.37 (<.00034)	.72	<.003	.01
Orbital gyri	2.69 ± 0.14	2.75 ± 0.15	2.79 ± 0.15	F = 11.63 (<.00034)	.004	<.003	.66
Straight gyrus/gyrus rectus	2.54 ± 0.14	2.59 ± 0.19	2.64 ± 0.16	F = 9.25 (<.00034)	.03	<.003	.44
Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.51 ± 0.15	2.54 ± 0.15	2.61 ± 0.13	F = 11.55, (<.00034)	.27	<.003	.01
Superior frontal gyrus	2.25 ± 0.11	2.31 ± 0.15	2.36 ± 0.12	F = 16.92, (<.00034)	.01	<.003	.04
Medial orbital sulcus (olfactory sulcus)^a	2.19 ± 0.15	2.28 ± 0.16	2.31 ± 0.16	F = 12.94, (<.00034)	.002	<.003	.54
Orbital sulci (H-shaped sulci)^a	2.39 ± 0.17	2.49 ± 0.20	2.56 ± 0.17	F = 21.57, (<.00034)	.0005	<.003	.05

Variable	Cortical Thickness (mm) M ± SD			ANCOVA	Pairwise Comparisons P Value
Variable	pAVH	Non-AVH	HC	ANCOVA	pAVH vs Non-AVH	pAVH vs HC	Non-AVH vs HC
Left hemisphere
Opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus	2.54 ± 0.16	2.58 ± 0.19	2.64 ± 0.13	F = 9.79 (<.00034)	.29	<.003	.03
Orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus	2.64 ± 0.21	2.67 ± 0.23	2.76 ± 0.19	F = 8.17 (<.00034)	.57	<.003	.04
Orbital gyri	2.62 ± 0.14	2.67 ± 0.15	2.73 ± 0.12	F = 15.58 (<.00034)	.03	<.003	.02
Anterior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.78 ± 0.19	2.86 ± 0.24	2.94 ± 0.17	F = 12.81 (<.00034)	.02	<.003	.09
Inferior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.69 ± 0.18	2.78 ± 0.18	2.81 ± 0.18	F = 10.64 (<.00034)	.01	<.003	.38
Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.41 ± 0.14	2.45 ± 0.14	2.52 ± 0.11	F = 14.71 (<.00034)	.17	<.003	.004
Inferior frontal sulcus	1.97 ± 0.13	2.01 ± 0.13	2.05 ± 0.12	F = 9.50 (<.00034)	.17	<.003	.07
Superior frontal sulcus	2.31 ± 0.13	2.35 ± 0.13	2.39 ± 0.12	F = 8.82 (<.00034)	.26	<.003	.26
Orbital sulci (H-shaped sulci)	2.43 ± 0.18	2.49 ± 0.17	2.58 ± 0.17	F = 15.31 (<.00034)	.07	<.003	.01
Right hemisphere
Anterior part of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus (ACC)	2.44 ± 0.17	2.48 ± 0.17	2.54 ± 0.15	F = 9.51 (<.00034)	.07	<.003	.18
Superior frontal gyrus	2.68 ± 0.15	2.69 ± 0.17	2.78 ± 0.18	F = 10.37 (<.00034)	.72	<.003	.01
Orbital gyri	2.69 ± 0.14	2.75 ± 0.15	2.79 ± 0.15	F = 11.63 (<.00034)	.004	<.003	.66
Straight gyrus/gyrus rectus	2.54 ± 0.14	2.59 ± 0.19	2.64 ± 0.16	F = 9.25 (<.00034)	.03	<.003	.44
Superior segment of the circular sulcus of the insula	2.51 ± 0.15	2.54 ± 0.15	2.61 ± 0.13	F = 11.55, (<.00034)	.27	<.003	.01
Superior frontal gyrus	2.25 ± 0.11	2.31 ± 0.15	2.36 ± 0.12	F = 16.92, (<.00034)	.01	<.003	.04
Medial orbital sulcus (olfactory sulcus)^a	2.19 ± 0.15	2.28 ± 0.16	2.31 ± 0.16	F = 12.94, (<.00034)	.002	<.003	.54
Orbital sulci (H-shaped sulci)^a	2.39 ± 0.17	2.49 ± 0.20	2.56 ± 0.17	F = 21.57, (<.00034)	.0005	<.003	.05

Note: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; mm, millimeter; ANCOVA, univariate covariance analysis; pAVH: persistent auditory verbal hallucinations; non-AVH: without auditory verbal hallucinations; HC: health control; Bonferroni correction was used for ANCOVA (P < 0.05/148 = 0.00034) and multiple comparisons (P < 0.05/17 = 0.003). Brain region labeling was conducted utilizing the Destrieux atlas.

^aThe statistical significance remained after the Bonferroni correction.

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