Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients and Healthy Controls Groups
| Characteristics . | HC (n = 83) . | Patients (n = 136) . | Significance . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pAVH (n = 78) . | Non-AVH (n = 58) . | 3 Groups . | HC vs Non-AVH . | HC vs pAVH . | pAVH vs Non-AVH . | ||
| P value . | |||||||
| Gender (M/F), n | 38/45 | 38/40 | 35/23 | χ2 = 3.08 (.21) | .09 | .71 | .18 |
| Age (y) (M ± SD)a | 26.80 ± 5.91 | 25.64 ± 5.52 | 26.95 ± 5.77 | F = 1.14 (.32) | 1.00 | .61 | .57 |
| Education (y) (M ± SD)a | 14.43 ± 2.65 | 11.69 ± 3.18 | 13.09 ± 2.82 | F = 18.04 (<.001)*** | .02* | <.001*** | .02* |
| Smoker/nonsmoker, n | 12/71 | 12/66 | 14/44 | χ2 = 2.56 (.28) | .15 | .87 | .20 |
| Drinker/nondrinker, n | 2/81 | 0/78 | 1/57 | χ2 = 1.80 (.41) | .78 | .17 | .24 |
| Age at disease onset (y) (M ± SD) | – | 19.74 ± 4.08 | 20.84 ± 4.48 | – | – | – | U = 1939 (.15) |
| Illness duration (y) (M ± SD) | – | 7.21 ± 4.61 | 5.90 ± 3.86 | – | – | – | U = 1893 (.10) |
| PANSS-P (M ± SD) | – | 13.62 ± 2.83 | 12.93 ± 3.70 | – | – | – | U = 1953 (.21) |
| PANSS-N (M ± SD) | – | 15.01 ± 5.67 | 14.09 ± 7.30 | – | – | – | U = 1857 (.09) |
| PANSS-G (M ± SD) | – | 26.79 ± 6.59 | 26.95 ± 8.78 | – | – | – | U = 2051 (.42) |
| PANSS-T (M ± SD) | – | 54.72 ± 12.52 | 53.97 ± 16.78 | – | – | – | U = 1873 (.09) |
| AHRS (M ± SD) | – | 26.31 ± 4.51 | – | – | – | – | – |
| OSIT-J (M ± SD)b | 8.49 ± 1.67 | 6.71 ± 2.08 | 6.86 ± 1.86 | F = 11.27 (<.001)*** | <.001*** | <.001*** | .54 |
| CPZ equivalent (mg/d) (M ± SD) | – | 650.41 ± 280.59 | 593.48 ± 337.16 | – | – | – | U = 1912 (.12) |
| Characteristics . | HC (n = 83) . | Patients (n = 136) . | Significance . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pAVH (n = 78) . | Non-AVH (n = 58) . | 3 Groups . | HC vs Non-AVH . | HC vs pAVH . | pAVH vs Non-AVH . | ||
| P value . | |||||||
| Gender (M/F), n | 38/45 | 38/40 | 35/23 | χ2 = 3.08 (.21) | .09 | .71 | .18 |
| Age (y) (M ± SD)a | 26.80 ± 5.91 | 25.64 ± 5.52 | 26.95 ± 5.77 | F = 1.14 (.32) | 1.00 | .61 | .57 |
| Education (y) (M ± SD)a | 14.43 ± 2.65 | 11.69 ± 3.18 | 13.09 ± 2.82 | F = 18.04 (<.001)*** | .02* | <.001*** | .02* |
| Smoker/nonsmoker, n | 12/71 | 12/66 | 14/44 | χ2 = 2.56 (.28) | .15 | .87 | .20 |
| Drinker/nondrinker, n | 2/81 | 0/78 | 1/57 | χ2 = 1.80 (.41) | .78 | .17 | .24 |
| Age at disease onset (y) (M ± SD) | – | 19.74 ± 4.08 | 20.84 ± 4.48 | – | – | – | U = 1939 (.15) |
| Illness duration (y) (M ± SD) | – | 7.21 ± 4.61 | 5.90 ± 3.86 | – | – | – | U = 1893 (.10) |
| PANSS-P (M ± SD) | – | 13.62 ± 2.83 | 12.93 ± 3.70 | – | – | – | U = 1953 (.21) |
| PANSS-N (M ± SD) | – | 15.01 ± 5.67 | 14.09 ± 7.30 | – | – | – | U = 1857 (.09) |
| PANSS-G (M ± SD) | – | 26.79 ± 6.59 | 26.95 ± 8.78 | – | – | – | U = 2051 (.42) |
| PANSS-T (M ± SD) | – | 54.72 ± 12.52 | 53.97 ± 16.78 | – | – | – | U = 1873 (.09) |
| AHRS (M ± SD) | – | 26.31 ± 4.51 | – | – | – | – | – |
| OSIT-J (M ± SD)b | 8.49 ± 1.67 | 6.71 ± 2.08 | 6.86 ± 1.86 | F = 11.27 (<.001)*** | <.001*** | <.001*** | .54 |
| CPZ equivalent (mg/d) (M ± SD) | – | 650.41 ± 280.59 | 593.48 ± 337.16 | – | – | – | U = 1912 (.12) |
Note: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; n, number; M/F, male/female; pAVH, persistent auditory verbal hallucination; non-AVH, without auditory verbal hallucination; HC, health control; PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale; PANSS-T, PANSS total score; PANSS-P, PANSS positive score; PANSS-N, PANSS negative score; PANSS-G, PANSS general psychopathology score; AHRS, Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale; OSIT-J, Odor Stick Identification Test Japan; CPZ, chlorpromazine; -, not applicable.
aANOVA was performed.
bANCOVA was performed.
*P < .05.
***P < .001.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients and Healthy Controls Groups
| Characteristics . | HC (n = 83) . | Patients (n = 136) . | Significance . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pAVH (n = 78) . | Non-AVH (n = 58) . | 3 Groups . | HC vs Non-AVH . | HC vs pAVH . | pAVH vs Non-AVH . | ||
| P value . | |||||||
| Gender (M/F), n | 38/45 | 38/40 | 35/23 | χ2 = 3.08 (.21) | .09 | .71 | .18 |
| Age (y) (M ± SD)a | 26.80 ± 5.91 | 25.64 ± 5.52 | 26.95 ± 5.77 | F = 1.14 (.32) | 1.00 | .61 | .57 |
| Education (y) (M ± SD)a | 14.43 ± 2.65 | 11.69 ± 3.18 | 13.09 ± 2.82 | F = 18.04 (<.001)*** | .02* | <.001*** | .02* |
| Smoker/nonsmoker, n | 12/71 | 12/66 | 14/44 | χ2 = 2.56 (.28) | .15 | .87 | .20 |
| Drinker/nondrinker, n | 2/81 | 0/78 | 1/57 | χ2 = 1.80 (.41) | .78 | .17 | .24 |
| Age at disease onset (y) (M ± SD) | – | 19.74 ± 4.08 | 20.84 ± 4.48 | – | – | – | U = 1939 (.15) |
| Illness duration (y) (M ± SD) | – | 7.21 ± 4.61 | 5.90 ± 3.86 | – | – | – | U = 1893 (.10) |
| PANSS-P (M ± SD) | – | 13.62 ± 2.83 | 12.93 ± 3.70 | – | – | – | U = 1953 (.21) |
| PANSS-N (M ± SD) | – | 15.01 ± 5.67 | 14.09 ± 7.30 | – | – | – | U = 1857 (.09) |
| PANSS-G (M ± SD) | – | 26.79 ± 6.59 | 26.95 ± 8.78 | – | – | – | U = 2051 (.42) |
| PANSS-T (M ± SD) | – | 54.72 ± 12.52 | 53.97 ± 16.78 | – | – | – | U = 1873 (.09) |
| AHRS (M ± SD) | – | 26.31 ± 4.51 | – | – | – | – | – |
| OSIT-J (M ± SD)b | 8.49 ± 1.67 | 6.71 ± 2.08 | 6.86 ± 1.86 | F = 11.27 (<.001)*** | <.001*** | <.001*** | .54 |
| CPZ equivalent (mg/d) (M ± SD) | – | 650.41 ± 280.59 | 593.48 ± 337.16 | – | – | – | U = 1912 (.12) |
| Characteristics . | HC (n = 83) . | Patients (n = 136) . | Significance . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pAVH (n = 78) . | Non-AVH (n = 58) . | 3 Groups . | HC vs Non-AVH . | HC vs pAVH . | pAVH vs Non-AVH . | ||
| P value . | |||||||
| Gender (M/F), n | 38/45 | 38/40 | 35/23 | χ2 = 3.08 (.21) | .09 | .71 | .18 |
| Age (y) (M ± SD)a | 26.80 ± 5.91 | 25.64 ± 5.52 | 26.95 ± 5.77 | F = 1.14 (.32) | 1.00 | .61 | .57 |
| Education (y) (M ± SD)a | 14.43 ± 2.65 | 11.69 ± 3.18 | 13.09 ± 2.82 | F = 18.04 (<.001)*** | .02* | <.001*** | .02* |
| Smoker/nonsmoker, n | 12/71 | 12/66 | 14/44 | χ2 = 2.56 (.28) | .15 | .87 | .20 |
| Drinker/nondrinker, n | 2/81 | 0/78 | 1/57 | χ2 = 1.80 (.41) | .78 | .17 | .24 |
| Age at disease onset (y) (M ± SD) | – | 19.74 ± 4.08 | 20.84 ± 4.48 | – | – | – | U = 1939 (.15) |
| Illness duration (y) (M ± SD) | – | 7.21 ± 4.61 | 5.90 ± 3.86 | – | – | – | U = 1893 (.10) |
| PANSS-P (M ± SD) | – | 13.62 ± 2.83 | 12.93 ± 3.70 | – | – | – | U = 1953 (.21) |
| PANSS-N (M ± SD) | – | 15.01 ± 5.67 | 14.09 ± 7.30 | – | – | – | U = 1857 (.09) |
| PANSS-G (M ± SD) | – | 26.79 ± 6.59 | 26.95 ± 8.78 | – | – | – | U = 2051 (.42) |
| PANSS-T (M ± SD) | – | 54.72 ± 12.52 | 53.97 ± 16.78 | – | – | – | U = 1873 (.09) |
| AHRS (M ± SD) | – | 26.31 ± 4.51 | – | – | – | – | – |
| OSIT-J (M ± SD)b | 8.49 ± 1.67 | 6.71 ± 2.08 | 6.86 ± 1.86 | F = 11.27 (<.001)*** | <.001*** | <.001*** | .54 |
| CPZ equivalent (mg/d) (M ± SD) | – | 650.41 ± 280.59 | 593.48 ± 337.16 | – | – | – | U = 1912 (.12) |
Note: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; n, number; M/F, male/female; pAVH, persistent auditory verbal hallucination; non-AVH, without auditory verbal hallucination; HC, health control; PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale; PANSS-T, PANSS total score; PANSS-P, PANSS positive score; PANSS-N, PANSS negative score; PANSS-G, PANSS general psychopathology score; AHRS, Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale; OSIT-J, Odor Stick Identification Test Japan; CPZ, chlorpromazine; -, not applicable.
aANOVA was performed.
bANCOVA was performed.
*P < .05.
***P < .001.
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