| Study . | Country . | Number of centres . | Study interval . | Patient selection . | Operation type . | Operative indication . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alder et al. 202119 | UK | 1 | July 2015–July 2016 | Inclusion: all patients over the age of 70 years who underwent emergency laparotomy Exclusion: not stated | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Carter et al. 202020 | UK | 49 | 20 March–19 June 2017 | Inclusion: if undergoing an expedited, urgent or emergency surgical abdominal procedure for gastrointestinal pathology (laparoscopic or open) and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence Exclusion: not stated | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopy cases | Gastrointestinal pathology or return to theatre for complication |
| Ethiraj et al. 202221 | India | 1 | March 2021–December 2021 | Inclusion: > 60 years undergoing emergency laparotomy for acute surgical conditions Exclusion: patients lost to follow-up, poly trauma patients, and patients with associated medical emergencies | Emergency laparotomy | Emergency laparotomy for acute surgical conditions (obstruction, perforation, abdominal abscess, ischaemia) |
| Hajibandeh et al. 202422 | UK | 1 | January 2017–January 2022 | Inclusion: all patients aged over 18 who underwent emergency laparotomy due to non-traumatic abdominal pathology during the time interval Exclusion: patients who underwent emergency laparotomy due to abdominal trauma | Emergency laparotomy | Small and large bowel obstruction, perforated peptic ulcer, small and colonic bowel perforation, ischaemia, intra-abdominal collection, colitis, anastomotic leak |
| Isand et al. 202323 | UK | 1 | January 2018–June 2021 | Inclusion: patients who underwent a major emergency abdominal operation corresponded to the NELA inclusion criteria from the same time interval Exclusion: duplicates or missing critical data, not enough information to calculate P-POSSUM score, or NELA score | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Major emergency abdominal operation corresponded to the NELA inclusion criteria |
| Palaniappan et al. 202225 | UK | 18 | November 2017–October 2018 | Inclusion: patients aged 18 and above; admitted or underwent expedited, urgent, or emergency open laparotomy, laparoscopic abdominal procedures Exclusion: <18 years, diagnostic or elective laparotomy/laparoscopy, emergency hernia repair without bowel resection or division of adhesions, all oesophageal, pancreatic, splenic, hepatobiliary, appendiceal, urological, vascular, organ transplant, trauma, obstetric or gynaecological complications | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Major procedures limited to the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, intraperitoneal haematomas and abscesses, incarcerated hernias, substantial abdominal wound dehiscence and returns to theatre for elective general surgery complications |
| Parmar et al. 202126 | UK | 49 | March 2017–June 2017 | Inclusion: if undergoing an expedited, urgent or emergency surgical abdominal procedure for gastrointestinal pathology (laparoscopic or open) and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence Exclusion: <18; elective; diagnostic where no subsequent procedure is performed; appendicectomy; cholecystectomy; non-elective hernia repair without bowel resection or division of adhesions; minor abdominal wound dehiscence; non-elective formation of a colostomy or ileostomy as laparoscopic; vascular surgery; caesarean section or obstetric laparotomies | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Gastrointestinal pathology and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence |
| Ramsay et al. 202227 | UK | 17 | November 2017–October 2018 | Inclusion: patients undergoing emergency laparotomy Exclusion: previous surgical procedures during same admission | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Vilches-Moraga et al. 202028 | UK | 1 | September 2014–March 2017 | Inclusion: aged 75 years or older undergoing emergency laparotomy within the time interval Exclusion: remaining an inpatient > 90 days before the final date of data collection. Patients who had more than one laparotomy on separate admissions were only included for index admission | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Bowel obstruction/perforation, hernias, peritonitis, ulcers, diverticulitis, ischaemia |
| Youssef et al. 202229 | UK | 1 | December 2018–May 2021 | Inclusion: all patients aged 65 years and older who underwent emergency laparotomy Exclusion: patients who had previously undergone surgical procedures during the same admission were excluded | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Park et al. 202430 | New Zealand | 4 | August 2017–September 2022 | Inclusion: adult patients aged 55 years or older who were undergoing emergency laparotomy with a recorded CFS Exclusion: < 55, elective laparotomy or laparoscopic procedures, appendicectomy, cholecystectomy, non-elective (urgent or emergent) hernia repair without bowel resection, vascular, gynaecological, urological or transplant procedures | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Obstruction, perforation, ischaemia, peritonitis, volvulus, haemorrhage, anastomotic leak, relook, abdominal wall abscess, wound dehiscence, fistula, stricture |
| Mak et al. 202424 | UK | 1 | January 2013–December 2016 | Inclusion: all patients with colorectal cancer admitted as emergency, not diagnosed via GP referral and elective investigation, and had emergency colorectal cancer operations as primary intervention within the time interval Exclusion: not specified | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Emergency operations for colorectal cancer including for perforation. Not further specified |
| Study . | Country . | Number of centres . | Study interval . | Patient selection . | Operation type . | Operative indication . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alder et al. 202119 | UK | 1 | July 2015–July 2016 | Inclusion: all patients over the age of 70 years who underwent emergency laparotomy Exclusion: not stated | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Carter et al. 202020 | UK | 49 | 20 March–19 June 2017 | Inclusion: if undergoing an expedited, urgent or emergency surgical abdominal procedure for gastrointestinal pathology (laparoscopic or open) and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence Exclusion: not stated | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopy cases | Gastrointestinal pathology or return to theatre for complication |
| Ethiraj et al. 202221 | India | 1 | March 2021–December 2021 | Inclusion: > 60 years undergoing emergency laparotomy for acute surgical conditions Exclusion: patients lost to follow-up, poly trauma patients, and patients with associated medical emergencies | Emergency laparotomy | Emergency laparotomy for acute surgical conditions (obstruction, perforation, abdominal abscess, ischaemia) |
| Hajibandeh et al. 202422 | UK | 1 | January 2017–January 2022 | Inclusion: all patients aged over 18 who underwent emergency laparotomy due to non-traumatic abdominal pathology during the time interval Exclusion: patients who underwent emergency laparotomy due to abdominal trauma | Emergency laparotomy | Small and large bowel obstruction, perforated peptic ulcer, small and colonic bowel perforation, ischaemia, intra-abdominal collection, colitis, anastomotic leak |
| Isand et al. 202323 | UK | 1 | January 2018–June 2021 | Inclusion: patients who underwent a major emergency abdominal operation corresponded to the NELA inclusion criteria from the same time interval Exclusion: duplicates or missing critical data, not enough information to calculate P-POSSUM score, or NELA score | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Major emergency abdominal operation corresponded to the NELA inclusion criteria |
| Palaniappan et al. 202225 | UK | 18 | November 2017–October 2018 | Inclusion: patients aged 18 and above; admitted or underwent expedited, urgent, or emergency open laparotomy, laparoscopic abdominal procedures Exclusion: <18 years, diagnostic or elective laparotomy/laparoscopy, emergency hernia repair without bowel resection or division of adhesions, all oesophageal, pancreatic, splenic, hepatobiliary, appendiceal, urological, vascular, organ transplant, trauma, obstetric or gynaecological complications | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Major procedures limited to the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, intraperitoneal haematomas and abscesses, incarcerated hernias, substantial abdominal wound dehiscence and returns to theatre for elective general surgery complications |
| Parmar et al. 202126 | UK | 49 | March 2017–June 2017 | Inclusion: if undergoing an expedited, urgent or emergency surgical abdominal procedure for gastrointestinal pathology (laparoscopic or open) and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence Exclusion: <18; elective; diagnostic where no subsequent procedure is performed; appendicectomy; cholecystectomy; non-elective hernia repair without bowel resection or division of adhesions; minor abdominal wound dehiscence; non-elective formation of a colostomy or ileostomy as laparoscopic; vascular surgery; caesarean section or obstetric laparotomies | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Gastrointestinal pathology and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence |
| Ramsay et al. 202227 | UK | 17 | November 2017–October 2018 | Inclusion: patients undergoing emergency laparotomy Exclusion: previous surgical procedures during same admission | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Vilches-Moraga et al. 202028 | UK | 1 | September 2014–March 2017 | Inclusion: aged 75 years or older undergoing emergency laparotomy within the time interval Exclusion: remaining an inpatient > 90 days before the final date of data collection. Patients who had more than one laparotomy on separate admissions were only included for index admission | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Bowel obstruction/perforation, hernias, peritonitis, ulcers, diverticulitis, ischaemia |
| Youssef et al. 202229 | UK | 1 | December 2018–May 2021 | Inclusion: all patients aged 65 years and older who underwent emergency laparotomy Exclusion: patients who had previously undergone surgical procedures during the same admission were excluded | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Park et al. 202430 | New Zealand | 4 | August 2017–September 2022 | Inclusion: adult patients aged 55 years or older who were undergoing emergency laparotomy with a recorded CFS Exclusion: < 55, elective laparotomy or laparoscopic procedures, appendicectomy, cholecystectomy, non-elective (urgent or emergent) hernia repair without bowel resection, vascular, gynaecological, urological or transplant procedures | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Obstruction, perforation, ischaemia, peritonitis, volvulus, haemorrhage, anastomotic leak, relook, abdominal wall abscess, wound dehiscence, fistula, stricture |
| Mak et al. 202424 | UK | 1 | January 2013–December 2016 | Inclusion: all patients with colorectal cancer admitted as emergency, not diagnosed via GP referral and elective investigation, and had emergency colorectal cancer operations as primary intervention within the time interval Exclusion: not specified | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Emergency operations for colorectal cancer including for perforation. Not further specified |
NELA, National Emergency Laparotomy Audit; P-POSSUM, Portsmouth-Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM); CFS, Clinical Frailty Scale; GP, General Practitioner.
| Study . | Country . | Number of centres . | Study interval . | Patient selection . | Operation type . | Operative indication . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alder et al. 202119 | UK | 1 | July 2015–July 2016 | Inclusion: all patients over the age of 70 years who underwent emergency laparotomy Exclusion: not stated | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Carter et al. 202020 | UK | 49 | 20 March–19 June 2017 | Inclusion: if undergoing an expedited, urgent or emergency surgical abdominal procedure for gastrointestinal pathology (laparoscopic or open) and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence Exclusion: not stated | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopy cases | Gastrointestinal pathology or return to theatre for complication |
| Ethiraj et al. 202221 | India | 1 | March 2021–December 2021 | Inclusion: > 60 years undergoing emergency laparotomy for acute surgical conditions Exclusion: patients lost to follow-up, poly trauma patients, and patients with associated medical emergencies | Emergency laparotomy | Emergency laparotomy for acute surgical conditions (obstruction, perforation, abdominal abscess, ischaemia) |
| Hajibandeh et al. 202422 | UK | 1 | January 2017–January 2022 | Inclusion: all patients aged over 18 who underwent emergency laparotomy due to non-traumatic abdominal pathology during the time interval Exclusion: patients who underwent emergency laparotomy due to abdominal trauma | Emergency laparotomy | Small and large bowel obstruction, perforated peptic ulcer, small and colonic bowel perforation, ischaemia, intra-abdominal collection, colitis, anastomotic leak |
| Isand et al. 202323 | UK | 1 | January 2018–June 2021 | Inclusion: patients who underwent a major emergency abdominal operation corresponded to the NELA inclusion criteria from the same time interval Exclusion: duplicates or missing critical data, not enough information to calculate P-POSSUM score, or NELA score | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Major emergency abdominal operation corresponded to the NELA inclusion criteria |
| Palaniappan et al. 202225 | UK | 18 | November 2017–October 2018 | Inclusion: patients aged 18 and above; admitted or underwent expedited, urgent, or emergency open laparotomy, laparoscopic abdominal procedures Exclusion: <18 years, diagnostic or elective laparotomy/laparoscopy, emergency hernia repair without bowel resection or division of adhesions, all oesophageal, pancreatic, splenic, hepatobiliary, appendiceal, urological, vascular, organ transplant, trauma, obstetric or gynaecological complications | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Major procedures limited to the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, intraperitoneal haematomas and abscesses, incarcerated hernias, substantial abdominal wound dehiscence and returns to theatre for elective general surgery complications |
| Parmar et al. 202126 | UK | 49 | March 2017–June 2017 | Inclusion: if undergoing an expedited, urgent or emergency surgical abdominal procedure for gastrointestinal pathology (laparoscopic or open) and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence Exclusion: <18; elective; diagnostic where no subsequent procedure is performed; appendicectomy; cholecystectomy; non-elective hernia repair without bowel resection or division of adhesions; minor abdominal wound dehiscence; non-elective formation of a colostomy or ileostomy as laparoscopic; vascular surgery; caesarean section or obstetric laparotomies | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Gastrointestinal pathology and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence |
| Ramsay et al. 202227 | UK | 17 | November 2017–October 2018 | Inclusion: patients undergoing emergency laparotomy Exclusion: previous surgical procedures during same admission | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Vilches-Moraga et al. 202028 | UK | 1 | September 2014–March 2017 | Inclusion: aged 75 years or older undergoing emergency laparotomy within the time interval Exclusion: remaining an inpatient > 90 days before the final date of data collection. Patients who had more than one laparotomy on separate admissions were only included for index admission | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Bowel obstruction/perforation, hernias, peritonitis, ulcers, diverticulitis, ischaemia |
| Youssef et al. 202229 | UK | 1 | December 2018–May 2021 | Inclusion: all patients aged 65 years and older who underwent emergency laparotomy Exclusion: patients who had previously undergone surgical procedures during the same admission were excluded | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Park et al. 202430 | New Zealand | 4 | August 2017–September 2022 | Inclusion: adult patients aged 55 years or older who were undergoing emergency laparotomy with a recorded CFS Exclusion: < 55, elective laparotomy or laparoscopic procedures, appendicectomy, cholecystectomy, non-elective (urgent or emergent) hernia repair without bowel resection, vascular, gynaecological, urological or transplant procedures | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Obstruction, perforation, ischaemia, peritonitis, volvulus, haemorrhage, anastomotic leak, relook, abdominal wall abscess, wound dehiscence, fistula, stricture |
| Mak et al. 202424 | UK | 1 | January 2013–December 2016 | Inclusion: all patients with colorectal cancer admitted as emergency, not diagnosed via GP referral and elective investigation, and had emergency colorectal cancer operations as primary intervention within the time interval Exclusion: not specified | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Emergency operations for colorectal cancer including for perforation. Not further specified |
| Study . | Country . | Number of centres . | Study interval . | Patient selection . | Operation type . | Operative indication . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alder et al. 202119 | UK | 1 | July 2015–July 2016 | Inclusion: all patients over the age of 70 years who underwent emergency laparotomy Exclusion: not stated | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Carter et al. 202020 | UK | 49 | 20 March–19 June 2017 | Inclusion: if undergoing an expedited, urgent or emergency surgical abdominal procedure for gastrointestinal pathology (laparoscopic or open) and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence Exclusion: not stated | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopy cases | Gastrointestinal pathology or return to theatre for complication |
| Ethiraj et al. 202221 | India | 1 | March 2021–December 2021 | Inclusion: > 60 years undergoing emergency laparotomy for acute surgical conditions Exclusion: patients lost to follow-up, poly trauma patients, and patients with associated medical emergencies | Emergency laparotomy | Emergency laparotomy for acute surgical conditions (obstruction, perforation, abdominal abscess, ischaemia) |
| Hajibandeh et al. 202422 | UK | 1 | January 2017–January 2022 | Inclusion: all patients aged over 18 who underwent emergency laparotomy due to non-traumatic abdominal pathology during the time interval Exclusion: patients who underwent emergency laparotomy due to abdominal trauma | Emergency laparotomy | Small and large bowel obstruction, perforated peptic ulcer, small and colonic bowel perforation, ischaemia, intra-abdominal collection, colitis, anastomotic leak |
| Isand et al. 202323 | UK | 1 | January 2018–June 2021 | Inclusion: patients who underwent a major emergency abdominal operation corresponded to the NELA inclusion criteria from the same time interval Exclusion: duplicates or missing critical data, not enough information to calculate P-POSSUM score, or NELA score | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Major emergency abdominal operation corresponded to the NELA inclusion criteria |
| Palaniappan et al. 202225 | UK | 18 | November 2017–October 2018 | Inclusion: patients aged 18 and above; admitted or underwent expedited, urgent, or emergency open laparotomy, laparoscopic abdominal procedures Exclusion: <18 years, diagnostic or elective laparotomy/laparoscopy, emergency hernia repair without bowel resection or division of adhesions, all oesophageal, pancreatic, splenic, hepatobiliary, appendiceal, urological, vascular, organ transplant, trauma, obstetric or gynaecological complications | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Major procedures limited to the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, intraperitoneal haematomas and abscesses, incarcerated hernias, substantial abdominal wound dehiscence and returns to theatre for elective general surgery complications |
| Parmar et al. 202126 | UK | 49 | March 2017–June 2017 | Inclusion: if undergoing an expedited, urgent or emergency surgical abdominal procedure for gastrointestinal pathology (laparoscopic or open) and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence Exclusion: <18; elective; diagnostic where no subsequent procedure is performed; appendicectomy; cholecystectomy; non-elective hernia repair without bowel resection or division of adhesions; minor abdominal wound dehiscence; non-elective formation of a colostomy or ileostomy as laparoscopic; vascular surgery; caesarean section or obstetric laparotomies | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Gastrointestinal pathology and/or return to theatre for any major postoperative complication/dehiscence |
| Ramsay et al. 202227 | UK | 17 | November 2017–October 2018 | Inclusion: patients undergoing emergency laparotomy Exclusion: previous surgical procedures during same admission | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Vilches-Moraga et al. 202028 | UK | 1 | September 2014–March 2017 | Inclusion: aged 75 years or older undergoing emergency laparotomy within the time interval Exclusion: remaining an inpatient > 90 days before the final date of data collection. Patients who had more than one laparotomy on separate admissions were only included for index admission | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Bowel obstruction/perforation, hernias, peritonitis, ulcers, diverticulitis, ischaemia |
| Youssef et al. 202229 | UK | 1 | December 2018–May 2021 | Inclusion: all patients aged 65 years and older who underwent emergency laparotomy Exclusion: patients who had previously undergone surgical procedures during the same admission were excluded | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Not further specified |
| Park et al. 202430 | New Zealand | 4 | August 2017–September 2022 | Inclusion: adult patients aged 55 years or older who were undergoing emergency laparotomy with a recorded CFS Exclusion: < 55, elective laparotomy or laparoscopic procedures, appendicectomy, cholecystectomy, non-elective (urgent or emergent) hernia repair without bowel resection, vascular, gynaecological, urological or transplant procedures | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Obstruction, perforation, ischaemia, peritonitis, volvulus, haemorrhage, anastomotic leak, relook, abdominal wall abscess, wound dehiscence, fistula, stricture |
| Mak et al. 202424 | UK | 1 | January 2013–December 2016 | Inclusion: all patients with colorectal cancer admitted as emergency, not diagnosed via GP referral and elective investigation, and had emergency colorectal cancer operations as primary intervention within the time interval Exclusion: not specified | Emergency laparotomy and major laparoscopic cases | Emergency operations for colorectal cancer including for perforation. Not further specified |
NELA, National Emergency Laparotomy Audit; P-POSSUM, Portsmouth-Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM); CFS, Clinical Frailty Scale; GP, General Practitioner.
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