Table 4. Open in new tab Estimates for...

	Any Antibiotic Agent^a	Guideline-Concordant Agent^b	Guideline-Concordant Duration^b
Age group, y
18–24	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
25–44	1.04	1.04–1.04	1.05	1.04–1.05	1.21	1.20–1.22
45–64	1.07	1.07–1.07	1.00	1.00–1.00	1.10	1.09–1.11
Sex
Male	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Female	1.01	1.01–1.01	0.97	.97–.98	1.05	1.05–1.06
Rural-urban status
Urban	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Rural	1.02	1.02–1.02	0.92	.92–.92	0.77	.76–.77
Geographic region
West	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
South	1.04	1.03–1.04	0.94	.93–.94	1.03	1.02–1.04
Midwest	1.06	1.06–1.06	0.98	.98–.99	0.94	.93–.95
Northeast	1.02	1.01–1.02	0.98	.98–.98	1.02	1.01–1.02
Outpatient setting
Office	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Urgent care	1.03	1.03–1.03	1.02	1.02–1.03	0.76	.75–.76
Other^c	0.84	.83–.84	1.15	1.14–1.15	1.30	1.28–1.31

Any Antibiotic Agent^a

Guideline-Concordant Agent^b

Guideline-Concordant Duration^b

Characteristic

aRR

95% CI

aRR

95% CI

aRR

95% CI

Age group, y

18–24

1 [Reference]

25–44

1.04

1.04–1.04

1.05

1.04–1.05

1.21

1.20–1.22

45–64

1.07

1.07–1.07

1.00

1.00–1.00

1.10

1.09–1.11

Sex

Male

1 [Reference]

Female

1.01

1.01–1.01

0.97

.97–.98

1.05

1.05–1.06

Rural-urban status

Urban

1 [Reference]

Rural

1.02

1.02–1.02

0.92

.92–.92

0.77

.76–.77

Geographic region

West

1 [Reference]

South

1.04

1.03–1.04

0.94

.93–.94

1.03

1.02–1.04

Midwest

1.06

1.06–1.06

0.98

.98–.99

0.94

.93–.95

Northeast

1.02

1.01–1.02

0.98

.98–.98

1.02

1.01–1.02

Outpatient setting

Office

1 [Reference]

Urgent care

1.03

1.03–1.03

1.02

1.02–1.03

0.76

.75–.76

Other^c

0.84

.83–.84

1.15

1.14–1.15

1.30

1.28–1.31

	Any Antibiotic Agent^a	Guideline-Concordant Agent^b	Guideline-Concordant Duration^b
Age group, y
18–24	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
25–44	1.04	1.04–1.04	1.05	1.04–1.05	1.21	1.20–1.22
45–64	1.07	1.07–1.07	1.00	1.00–1.00	1.10	1.09–1.11
Sex
Male	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Female	1.01	1.01–1.01	0.97	.97–.98	1.05	1.05–1.06
Rural-urban status
Urban	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Rural	1.02	1.02–1.02	0.92	.92–.92	0.77	.76–.77
Geographic region
West	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
South	1.04	1.03–1.04	0.94	.93–.94	1.03	1.02–1.04
Midwest	1.06	1.06–1.06	0.98	.98–.99	0.94	.93–.95
Northeast	1.02	1.01–1.02	0.98	.98–.98	1.02	1.01–1.02
Outpatient setting
Office	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Urgent care	1.03	1.03–1.03	1.02	1.02–1.03	0.76	.75–.76
Other^c	0.84	.83–.84	1.15	1.14–1.15	1.30	1.28–1.31

Table 4.

Open in new tab

Estimates for the Association Between Individual- and Prescriber-Level Factors by Antibiotic Prescribing Model for Acute Sinusitis Management, Merative MarketScan Commercial Database, United States, 2016–2020

	Any Antibiotic Agent^a		Guideline-Concordant Agent^b		Guideline-Concordant Duration^b
Characteristic	aRR	95% CI	aRR	95% CI	aRR	95% CI
Age group, y
18–24	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
25–44	1.04	1.04–1.04	1.05	1.04–1.05	1.21	1.20–1.22
45–64	1.07	1.07–1.07	1.00	1.00–1.00	1.10	1.09–1.11
Sex
Male	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Female	1.01	1.01–1.01	0.97	.97–.98	1.05	1.05–1.06
Rural-urban status
Urban	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Rural	1.02	1.02–1.02	0.92	.92–.92	0.77	.76–.77
Geographic region
West	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
South	1.04	1.03–1.04	0.94	.93–.94	1.03	1.02–1.04
Midwest	1.06	1.06–1.06	0.98	.98–.99	0.94	.93–.95
Northeast	1.02	1.01–1.02	0.98	.98–.98	1.02	1.01–1.02
Outpatient setting
Office	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Urgent care	1.03	1.03–1.03	1.02	1.02–1.03	0.76	.75–.76
Other^c	0.84	.83–.84	1.15	1.14–1.15	1.30	1.28–1.31

	Any Antibiotic Agent^a		Guideline-Concordant Agent^b		Guideline-Concordant Duration^b
Characteristic	aRR	95% CI	aRR	95% CI	aRR	95% CI
Age group, y
18–24	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
25–44	1.04	1.04–1.04	1.05	1.04–1.05	1.21	1.20–1.22
45–64	1.07	1.07–1.07	1.00	1.00–1.00	1.10	1.09–1.11
Sex
Male	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Female	1.01	1.01–1.01	0.97	.97–.98	1.05	1.05–1.06
Rural-urban status
Urban	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Rural	1.02	1.02–1.02	0.92	.92–.92	0.77	.76–.77
Geographic region
West	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
South	1.04	1.03–1.04	0.94	.93–.94	1.03	1.02–1.04
Midwest	1.06	1.06–1.06	0.98	.98–.99	0.94	.93–.95
Northeast	1.02	1.01–1.02	0.98	.98–.98	1.02	1.01–1.02
Outpatient setting
Office	1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]		1 [Reference]
Urgent care	1.03	1.03–1.03	1.02	1.02–1.03	0.76	.75–.76
Other^c	0.84	.83–.84	1.15	1.14–1.15	1.30	1.28–1.31

Data are adjusted by age group, sex, rural-urban status, geographic region, and outpatient setting. Visits with missing rural-urban status and setting type are excluded. Total sample sizes for models differ from the totals in Table 1 because of these restrictions. Final model sample sizes are as follows: 3 348 915/4 059 509 (82.5%) for any antibiotic, 2 152 562/3 349 915 (64.3%) for guideline-concordant agent, and 587 842/2 152 562 (27.3%) for guideline-concordant duration.

Abbreviations: aRR, adjusted risk ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^aFirst-line, second-line, and guideline-discordant agents.

^bFirst- and second-line agents.

^cEmergency department, outpatient hospital, walk-in retail clinic, and other outpatient settings.

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