| Variable . | Mean . | Std. dev. . |
|---|---|---|
| Economic factors | ||
| Share of employees in the total farm labour force | 0.239 | 0.221 |
| Farming form (reference full-time farming, individual farm) | ||
| Full-time farming with secondary activity, individual farm | 0.320 | 0.467 |
| Part-time farming, individual farm | 0.229 | 0.420 |
| Farming collective | 0.028 | 0.166 |
| Share of arable crops in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.137 | 0.225 |
| Share of vegetables in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.010 | 0.030 |
| Share of permanent crops in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.013 | 0.040 |
| Share of milk and milk products in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.365 | 0.304 |
| Share of cattle in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.266 | 0.259 |
| Share of granivores in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.129 | 0.236 |
| Share of para-agricultural activities in the farm’s total monetary output | 0.020 | 0.061 |
| General direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 2,030.62 | 648.62 |
| Ecological direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 780.27 | 498.99 |
| Other direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 130.02 | 187.59 |
| Market income in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 9,015.72 | 6,001.25 |
| Farmer’s characteristics | ||
| Age of farm operator | 45.90 | 9.66 |
| Education (in shares, reference no diploma) | ||
| Currently in training | 0.002 | 0.041 |
| Completed vocational training | 0.390 | 0.488 |
| Completed higher vocational training | 0.514 | 0.500 |
| University (of applied sciences) | 0.065 | 0.246 |
| Farm structure and natural environment | ||
| Farmland in hectares | 27.43 | 14.32 |
| Share of land under ownership | 0.675 | 0.468 |
| Number of plots | 27.700 | 11.900 |
| Livestock density (livestock units per total farm area) | 1.320 | 0.834 |
| Share of arable crops in the farmland | 0.262 | 0.273 |
| Share of special crops in the farmland | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Agricultural production zone (in shares, reference valley zone) | ||
| Hill zone | 0.199 | 0.400 |
| Mountain zone I | 0.147 | 0.354 |
| Mountain zone II | 0.120 | 0.326 |
| Mountain zone III | 0.078 | 0.268 |
| Mountain zone IV | 0.025 | 0.157 |
| Altitude of production site in metres above sea level | 691.61 | 222.07 |
| Production system (reference in shares, conventional farming) | ||
| Organic farming | 0.109 | 0.312 |
| In conversion to organic farming | 0.009 | 0.094 |
| Variable . | Mean . | Std. dev. . |
|---|---|---|
| Economic factors | ||
| Share of employees in the total farm labour force | 0.239 | 0.221 |
| Farming form (reference full-time farming, individual farm) | ||
| Full-time farming with secondary activity, individual farm | 0.320 | 0.467 |
| Part-time farming, individual farm | 0.229 | 0.420 |
| Farming collective | 0.028 | 0.166 |
| Share of arable crops in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.137 | 0.225 |
| Share of vegetables in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.010 | 0.030 |
| Share of permanent crops in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.013 | 0.040 |
| Share of milk and milk products in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.365 | 0.304 |
| Share of cattle in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.266 | 0.259 |
| Share of granivores in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.129 | 0.236 |
| Share of para-agricultural activities in the farm’s total monetary output | 0.020 | 0.061 |
| General direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 2,030.62 | 648.62 |
| Ecological direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 780.27 | 498.99 |
| Other direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 130.02 | 187.59 |
| Market income in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 9,015.72 | 6,001.25 |
| Farmer’s characteristics | ||
| Age of farm operator | 45.90 | 9.66 |
| Education (in shares, reference no diploma) | ||
| Currently in training | 0.002 | 0.041 |
| Completed vocational training | 0.390 | 0.488 |
| Completed higher vocational training | 0.514 | 0.500 |
| University (of applied sciences) | 0.065 | 0.246 |
| Farm structure and natural environment | ||
| Farmland in hectares | 27.43 | 14.32 |
| Share of land under ownership | 0.675 | 0.468 |
| Number of plots | 27.700 | 11.900 |
| Livestock density (livestock units per total farm area) | 1.320 | 0.834 |
| Share of arable crops in the farmland | 0.262 | 0.273 |
| Share of special crops in the farmland | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Agricultural production zone (in shares, reference valley zone) | ||
| Hill zone | 0.199 | 0.400 |
| Mountain zone I | 0.147 | 0.354 |
| Mountain zone II | 0.120 | 0.326 |
| Mountain zone III | 0.078 | 0.268 |
| Mountain zone IV | 0.025 | 0.157 |
| Altitude of production site in metres above sea level | 691.61 | 222.07 |
| Production system (reference in shares, conventional farming) | ||
| Organic farming | 0.109 | 0.312 |
| In conversion to organic farming | 0.009 | 0.094 |
Notes: The dataset comprises unbalanced panel data from 410 farms for the years 2009–2020 (|$N = 2,341$|). More detailed statistics can be found in Jan et al. (2024).
We use the agricultural production zone, the altitude of the production site and the production system only as controls in the estimation approach using the Frisch–Waugh theorem, since these are variables with almost no temporal variation.
Cattle include cattle breeding and fattening, including dairy cattle culling but excluding milk and dairy products.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on SFADN 2009–2020.
| Variable . | Mean . | Std. dev. . |
|---|---|---|
| Economic factors | ||
| Share of employees in the total farm labour force | 0.239 | 0.221 |
| Farming form (reference full-time farming, individual farm) | ||
| Full-time farming with secondary activity, individual farm | 0.320 | 0.467 |
| Part-time farming, individual farm | 0.229 | 0.420 |
| Farming collective | 0.028 | 0.166 |
| Share of arable crops in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.137 | 0.225 |
| Share of vegetables in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.010 | 0.030 |
| Share of permanent crops in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.013 | 0.040 |
| Share of milk and milk products in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.365 | 0.304 |
| Share of cattle in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.266 | 0.259 |
| Share of granivores in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.129 | 0.236 |
| Share of para-agricultural activities in the farm’s total monetary output | 0.020 | 0.061 |
| General direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 2,030.62 | 648.62 |
| Ecological direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 780.27 | 498.99 |
| Other direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 130.02 | 187.59 |
| Market income in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 9,015.72 | 6,001.25 |
| Farmer’s characteristics | ||
| Age of farm operator | 45.90 | 9.66 |
| Education (in shares, reference no diploma) | ||
| Currently in training | 0.002 | 0.041 |
| Completed vocational training | 0.390 | 0.488 |
| Completed higher vocational training | 0.514 | 0.500 |
| University (of applied sciences) | 0.065 | 0.246 |
| Farm structure and natural environment | ||
| Farmland in hectares | 27.43 | 14.32 |
| Share of land under ownership | 0.675 | 0.468 |
| Number of plots | 27.700 | 11.900 |
| Livestock density (livestock units per total farm area) | 1.320 | 0.834 |
| Share of arable crops in the farmland | 0.262 | 0.273 |
| Share of special crops in the farmland | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Agricultural production zone (in shares, reference valley zone) | ||
| Hill zone | 0.199 | 0.400 |
| Mountain zone I | 0.147 | 0.354 |
| Mountain zone II | 0.120 | 0.326 |
| Mountain zone III | 0.078 | 0.268 |
| Mountain zone IV | 0.025 | 0.157 |
| Altitude of production site in metres above sea level | 691.61 | 222.07 |
| Production system (reference in shares, conventional farming) | ||
| Organic farming | 0.109 | 0.312 |
| In conversion to organic farming | 0.009 | 0.094 |
| Variable . | Mean . | Std. dev. . |
|---|---|---|
| Economic factors | ||
| Share of employees in the total farm labour force | 0.239 | 0.221 |
| Farming form (reference full-time farming, individual farm) | ||
| Full-time farming with secondary activity, individual farm | 0.320 | 0.467 |
| Part-time farming, individual farm | 0.229 | 0.420 |
| Farming collective | 0.028 | 0.166 |
| Share of arable crops in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.137 | 0.225 |
| Share of vegetables in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.010 | 0.030 |
| Share of permanent crops in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.013 | 0.040 |
| Share of milk and milk products in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.365 | 0.304 |
| Share of cattle in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.266 | 0.259 |
| Share of granivores in the farm’s agricultural monetary market output | 0.129 | 0.236 |
| Share of para-agricultural activities in the farm’s total monetary output | 0.020 | 0.061 |
| General direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 2,030.62 | 648.62 |
| Ecological direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 780.27 | 498.99 |
| Other direct payments in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 130.02 | 187.59 |
| Market income in CHF/agricultural land in hectares | 9,015.72 | 6,001.25 |
| Farmer’s characteristics | ||
| Age of farm operator | 45.90 | 9.66 |
| Education (in shares, reference no diploma) | ||
| Currently in training | 0.002 | 0.041 |
| Completed vocational training | 0.390 | 0.488 |
| Completed higher vocational training | 0.514 | 0.500 |
| University (of applied sciences) | 0.065 | 0.246 |
| Farm structure and natural environment | ||
| Farmland in hectares | 27.43 | 14.32 |
| Share of land under ownership | 0.675 | 0.468 |
| Number of plots | 27.700 | 11.900 |
| Livestock density (livestock units per total farm area) | 1.320 | 0.834 |
| Share of arable crops in the farmland | 0.262 | 0.273 |
| Share of special crops in the farmland | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Agricultural production zone (in shares, reference valley zone) | ||
| Hill zone | 0.199 | 0.400 |
| Mountain zone I | 0.147 | 0.354 |
| Mountain zone II | 0.120 | 0.326 |
| Mountain zone III | 0.078 | 0.268 |
| Mountain zone IV | 0.025 | 0.157 |
| Altitude of production site in metres above sea level | 691.61 | 222.07 |
| Production system (reference in shares, conventional farming) | ||
| Organic farming | 0.109 | 0.312 |
| In conversion to organic farming | 0.009 | 0.094 |
Notes: The dataset comprises unbalanced panel data from 410 farms for the years 2009–2020 (|$N = 2,341$|). More detailed statistics can be found in Jan et al. (2024).
We use the agricultural production zone, the altitude of the production site and the production system only as controls in the estimation approach using the Frisch–Waugh theorem, since these are variables with almost no temporal variation.
Cattle include cattle breeding and fattening, including dairy cattle culling but excluding milk and dairy products.
Source: Authors’ calculations based on SFADN 2009–2020.
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