| . | . | . | Intervention (N = 60) . | Control (N = 56) . | Total (N = 116) . | . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Mean ± SD or N (%) . | . | . | t/χ2 . | P . | ||
| Age (years old) | 32.48 ± 3.38 | 31.07 ± 2.37 | 31.80 ± 3.01 | 2.586 | .011 | ||
| Region | Seoul | 24 (20.7) | 28 (24.1) | 52 (44.8) | 1.313 | .519 | |
| Gyeonggi-do | 26 (22.4) | 19 (16.4) | 45 (38.8) | ||||
| Others | 10 (8.6) | 9 (7.8) | 19 (16.4) | ||||
| Social economic status | Good | 4 (3.4) | 2 (1.7) | 6 (5.2) | 1.778 | .411 | |
| Fair | 53 (45.7) | 48 (41.4) | 101 (87.1) | ||||
| Poor | 3 (2.6) | 6 (5.2) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Marriage | Married | 59 (50.9) | 55 (47.4) | 114 (98.3) | 0.002 | .961 | |
| Unmarried | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Persons living together | Husband | 53 (45.7) | 49 (42.2) | 102 (87.9) | 0.330 | .848 | |
| Birth parent | 3 (2.6) | 2 (1.7) | 5 (4.3) | ||||
| Husband and Birth parent | 4 (3.4) | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Gestational weeks | 20.08 ± 8.44 | 20.54 ± 7.31 | 20.30 ± 7.89 | −0.308 | .759 | ||
| Pregnancy type | Natural pregnancy | 54 (46.6) | 55 (47.4) | 109 (94.0) | 4.210 | .122 | |
| Pregnancy after induction of hyperovulation | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (2.6) | ||||
| In vitro fertilization | 4 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Obstetric history | Living baby | 0 | 45 (38.8) | 43 (37.1) | 88 (75.9) | 1.910 | .385 |
| 1 | 13 (11.2) | 13 (11.2) | 26 (22.4) | ||||
| 2 | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Preterm delivery | 0 | 57 (49.1) | 55 (47.4) | 112 (96.6) | 0.899 | .343 | |
| 1 | 3 (2.6) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Spontaneous abortion | 0 | 52 (44.8) | 53 (45.7) | 105 (90.5) | 2.875 | .238 | |
| 1 | 6 (5.2) | 3 (2.6) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| 2 | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Artificial abortion | 0 | 57 (49.1) | 55 (47.4) | 112 (96.6) | 1.233 | .540 | |
| 1 | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (2.6) | ||||
| 2 | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | ||||
| Menstrual health | Menarche age | 13.47 ± 3.41 | 13.57 ± 3.68 | 13.52 ± 3.53 | −0.159 | .874 | |
| Menstruation days | 6.58 ± 5.25 | 6.09 ± 4.31 | 6.34 ± 4.80 | 0.552 | .582 | ||
| Menstruation cycle | 29.90 ± 10.28 | 27.32 ± 5.25 | 28.66 ± 8.31 | 1.684 | .095 | ||
| Menstruation regularity | |||||||
| Very regular | 15 (12.9) | 15 (12.9) | 30 (25.9) | 6.903 | .075 | ||
| Regular | 35 (30.2) | 27 (23.3) | 62 (53.4) | ||||
| Irregular | 4 (3.4) | 12 (10.3) | 16 (13.8) | ||||
| Very irregular | 6 (5.2) | 2 (1.7) | 8 (6.9) | ||||
| Menstruation amount | |||||||
| Small | 8 (6.9) | 7 (6.0) | 15 (12.9) | 1.507 | .471 | ||
| Medium | 46 (39.7) | 39 (33.6) | 85 (73.3) | ||||
| Large | 6 (5.2) | 10 (8.6) | 16 (13.8) | ||||
| Work types | Healthcare worker | 4 (3.4) | 2 (1.7) | 16 (13.8) | 0.206 | .651 | |
| Educator | 7 (6.0) | 3 (2.6) | 10 (8.6) | ||||
| Office worker | 39 (33.6) | 37 (31.9) | 66 (56.9) | ||||
| Government worker | 4 (3.4) | 9 (7.8) | 13 (11.2) | ||||
| Service worker | 3 (2.6) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Others | 3 (2.6) | 4 (3.4) | 7 (6.0) | ||||
| Work condition | Work experience (Months) | 72.85 ± 54.40 | 62.09 ± 46.18 | 67.66 ± 50.67 | 1.145 | .255 | |
| Weekly work hours | 41.67 ± 8.63 | 43.46 ± 8.46 | 42.53 ± 8.56 | −1.132 | .260 | ||
| Religion | Yes | 20 (17.2) | 23 (19.8) | 43 (37.1) | 0.743 | .389 | |
| No | 40 (34.5) | 33 (28.4) | 73 (62.9) | ||||
| Religion participation | Frequently | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | 14 (12.1) | 2.199 | .532 | |
| Often | 4 (3.4) | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Rarely | 9 (7.8) | 9 (7.8) | 18 (15.5) | ||||
| Never | 42 (36.2) | 33 (28.4) | 75 (64.7) | ||||
| . | . | . | Intervention (N = 60) . | Control (N = 56) . | Total (N = 116) . | . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Mean ± SD or N (%) . | . | . | t/χ2 . | P . | ||
| Age (years old) | 32.48 ± 3.38 | 31.07 ± 2.37 | 31.80 ± 3.01 | 2.586 | .011 | ||
| Region | Seoul | 24 (20.7) | 28 (24.1) | 52 (44.8) | 1.313 | .519 | |
| Gyeonggi-do | 26 (22.4) | 19 (16.4) | 45 (38.8) | ||||
| Others | 10 (8.6) | 9 (7.8) | 19 (16.4) | ||||
| Social economic status | Good | 4 (3.4) | 2 (1.7) | 6 (5.2) | 1.778 | .411 | |
| Fair | 53 (45.7) | 48 (41.4) | 101 (87.1) | ||||
| Poor | 3 (2.6) | 6 (5.2) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Marriage | Married | 59 (50.9) | 55 (47.4) | 114 (98.3) | 0.002 | .961 | |
| Unmarried | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Persons living together | Husband | 53 (45.7) | 49 (42.2) | 102 (87.9) | 0.330 | .848 | |
| Birth parent | 3 (2.6) | 2 (1.7) | 5 (4.3) | ||||
| Husband and Birth parent | 4 (3.4) | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Gestational weeks | 20.08 ± 8.44 | 20.54 ± 7.31 | 20.30 ± 7.89 | −0.308 | .759 | ||
| Pregnancy type | Natural pregnancy | 54 (46.6) | 55 (47.4) | 109 (94.0) | 4.210 | .122 | |
| Pregnancy after induction of hyperovulation | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (2.6) | ||||
| In vitro fertilization | 4 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Obstetric history | Living baby | 0 | 45 (38.8) | 43 (37.1) | 88 (75.9) | 1.910 | .385 |
| 1 | 13 (11.2) | 13 (11.2) | 26 (22.4) | ||||
| 2 | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Preterm delivery | 0 | 57 (49.1) | 55 (47.4) | 112 (96.6) | 0.899 | .343 | |
| 1 | 3 (2.6) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Spontaneous abortion | 0 | 52 (44.8) | 53 (45.7) | 105 (90.5) | 2.875 | .238 | |
| 1 | 6 (5.2) | 3 (2.6) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| 2 | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Artificial abortion | 0 | 57 (49.1) | 55 (47.4) | 112 (96.6) | 1.233 | .540 | |
| 1 | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (2.6) | ||||
| 2 | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | ||||
| Menstrual health | Menarche age | 13.47 ± 3.41 | 13.57 ± 3.68 | 13.52 ± 3.53 | −0.159 | .874 | |
| Menstruation days | 6.58 ± 5.25 | 6.09 ± 4.31 | 6.34 ± 4.80 | 0.552 | .582 | ||
| Menstruation cycle | 29.90 ± 10.28 | 27.32 ± 5.25 | 28.66 ± 8.31 | 1.684 | .095 | ||
| Menstruation regularity | |||||||
| Very regular | 15 (12.9) | 15 (12.9) | 30 (25.9) | 6.903 | .075 | ||
| Regular | 35 (30.2) | 27 (23.3) | 62 (53.4) | ||||
| Irregular | 4 (3.4) | 12 (10.3) | 16 (13.8) | ||||
| Very irregular | 6 (5.2) | 2 (1.7) | 8 (6.9) | ||||
| Menstruation amount | |||||||
| Small | 8 (6.9) | 7 (6.0) | 15 (12.9) | 1.507 | .471 | ||
| Medium | 46 (39.7) | 39 (33.6) | 85 (73.3) | ||||
| Large | 6 (5.2) | 10 (8.6) | 16 (13.8) | ||||
| Work types | Healthcare worker | 4 (3.4) | 2 (1.7) | 16 (13.8) | 0.206 | .651 | |
| Educator | 7 (6.0) | 3 (2.6) | 10 (8.6) | ||||
| Office worker | 39 (33.6) | 37 (31.9) | 66 (56.9) | ||||
| Government worker | 4 (3.4) | 9 (7.8) | 13 (11.2) | ||||
| Service worker | 3 (2.6) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Others | 3 (2.6) | 4 (3.4) | 7 (6.0) | ||||
| Work condition | Work experience (Months) | 72.85 ± 54.40 | 62.09 ± 46.18 | 67.66 ± 50.67 | 1.145 | .255 | |
| Weekly work hours | 41.67 ± 8.63 | 43.46 ± 8.46 | 42.53 ± 8.56 | −1.132 | .260 | ||
| Religion | Yes | 20 (17.2) | 23 (19.8) | 43 (37.1) | 0.743 | .389 | |
| No | 40 (34.5) | 33 (28.4) | 73 (62.9) | ||||
| Religion participation | Frequently | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | 14 (12.1) | 2.199 | .532 | |
| Often | 4 (3.4) | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Rarely | 9 (7.8) | 9 (7.8) | 18 (15.5) | ||||
| Never | 42 (36.2) | 33 (28.4) | 75 (64.7) | ||||
| . | . | . | Intervention (N = 60) . | Control (N = 56) . | Total (N = 116) . | . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Mean ± SD or N (%) . | . | . | t/χ2 . | P . | ||
| Age (years old) | 32.48 ± 3.38 | 31.07 ± 2.37 | 31.80 ± 3.01 | 2.586 | .011 | ||
| Region | Seoul | 24 (20.7) | 28 (24.1) | 52 (44.8) | 1.313 | .519 | |
| Gyeonggi-do | 26 (22.4) | 19 (16.4) | 45 (38.8) | ||||
| Others | 10 (8.6) | 9 (7.8) | 19 (16.4) | ||||
| Social economic status | Good | 4 (3.4) | 2 (1.7) | 6 (5.2) | 1.778 | .411 | |
| Fair | 53 (45.7) | 48 (41.4) | 101 (87.1) | ||||
| Poor | 3 (2.6) | 6 (5.2) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Marriage | Married | 59 (50.9) | 55 (47.4) | 114 (98.3) | 0.002 | .961 | |
| Unmarried | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Persons living together | Husband | 53 (45.7) | 49 (42.2) | 102 (87.9) | 0.330 | .848 | |
| Birth parent | 3 (2.6) | 2 (1.7) | 5 (4.3) | ||||
| Husband and Birth parent | 4 (3.4) | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Gestational weeks | 20.08 ± 8.44 | 20.54 ± 7.31 | 20.30 ± 7.89 | −0.308 | .759 | ||
| Pregnancy type | Natural pregnancy | 54 (46.6) | 55 (47.4) | 109 (94.0) | 4.210 | .122 | |
| Pregnancy after induction of hyperovulation | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (2.6) | ||||
| In vitro fertilization | 4 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Obstetric history | Living baby | 0 | 45 (38.8) | 43 (37.1) | 88 (75.9) | 1.910 | .385 |
| 1 | 13 (11.2) | 13 (11.2) | 26 (22.4) | ||||
| 2 | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Preterm delivery | 0 | 57 (49.1) | 55 (47.4) | 112 (96.6) | 0.899 | .343 | |
| 1 | 3 (2.6) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Spontaneous abortion | 0 | 52 (44.8) | 53 (45.7) | 105 (90.5) | 2.875 | .238 | |
| 1 | 6 (5.2) | 3 (2.6) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| 2 | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Artificial abortion | 0 | 57 (49.1) | 55 (47.4) | 112 (96.6) | 1.233 | .540 | |
| 1 | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (2.6) | ||||
| 2 | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | ||||
| Menstrual health | Menarche age | 13.47 ± 3.41 | 13.57 ± 3.68 | 13.52 ± 3.53 | −0.159 | .874 | |
| Menstruation days | 6.58 ± 5.25 | 6.09 ± 4.31 | 6.34 ± 4.80 | 0.552 | .582 | ||
| Menstruation cycle | 29.90 ± 10.28 | 27.32 ± 5.25 | 28.66 ± 8.31 | 1.684 | .095 | ||
| Menstruation regularity | |||||||
| Very regular | 15 (12.9) | 15 (12.9) | 30 (25.9) | 6.903 | .075 | ||
| Regular | 35 (30.2) | 27 (23.3) | 62 (53.4) | ||||
| Irregular | 4 (3.4) | 12 (10.3) | 16 (13.8) | ||||
| Very irregular | 6 (5.2) | 2 (1.7) | 8 (6.9) | ||||
| Menstruation amount | |||||||
| Small | 8 (6.9) | 7 (6.0) | 15 (12.9) | 1.507 | .471 | ||
| Medium | 46 (39.7) | 39 (33.6) | 85 (73.3) | ||||
| Large | 6 (5.2) | 10 (8.6) | 16 (13.8) | ||||
| Work types | Healthcare worker | 4 (3.4) | 2 (1.7) | 16 (13.8) | 0.206 | .651 | |
| Educator | 7 (6.0) | 3 (2.6) | 10 (8.6) | ||||
| Office worker | 39 (33.6) | 37 (31.9) | 66 (56.9) | ||||
| Government worker | 4 (3.4) | 9 (7.8) | 13 (11.2) | ||||
| Service worker | 3 (2.6) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Others | 3 (2.6) | 4 (3.4) | 7 (6.0) | ||||
| Work condition | Work experience (Months) | 72.85 ± 54.40 | 62.09 ± 46.18 | 67.66 ± 50.67 | 1.145 | .255 | |
| Weekly work hours | 41.67 ± 8.63 | 43.46 ± 8.46 | 42.53 ± 8.56 | −1.132 | .260 | ||
| Religion | Yes | 20 (17.2) | 23 (19.8) | 43 (37.1) | 0.743 | .389 | |
| No | 40 (34.5) | 33 (28.4) | 73 (62.9) | ||||
| Religion participation | Frequently | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | 14 (12.1) | 2.199 | .532 | |
| Often | 4 (3.4) | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Rarely | 9 (7.8) | 9 (7.8) | 18 (15.5) | ||||
| Never | 42 (36.2) | 33 (28.4) | 75 (64.7) | ||||
| . | . | . | Intervention (N = 60) . | Control (N = 56) . | Total (N = 116) . | . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics . | Mean ± SD or N (%) . | . | . | t/χ2 . | P . | ||
| Age (years old) | 32.48 ± 3.38 | 31.07 ± 2.37 | 31.80 ± 3.01 | 2.586 | .011 | ||
| Region | Seoul | 24 (20.7) | 28 (24.1) | 52 (44.8) | 1.313 | .519 | |
| Gyeonggi-do | 26 (22.4) | 19 (16.4) | 45 (38.8) | ||||
| Others | 10 (8.6) | 9 (7.8) | 19 (16.4) | ||||
| Social economic status | Good | 4 (3.4) | 2 (1.7) | 6 (5.2) | 1.778 | .411 | |
| Fair | 53 (45.7) | 48 (41.4) | 101 (87.1) | ||||
| Poor | 3 (2.6) | 6 (5.2) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Marriage | Married | 59 (50.9) | 55 (47.4) | 114 (98.3) | 0.002 | .961 | |
| Unmarried | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Persons living together | Husband | 53 (45.7) | 49 (42.2) | 102 (87.9) | 0.330 | .848 | |
| Birth parent | 3 (2.6) | 2 (1.7) | 5 (4.3) | ||||
| Husband and Birth parent | 4 (3.4) | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Gestational weeks | 20.08 ± 8.44 | 20.54 ± 7.31 | 20.30 ± 7.89 | −0.308 | .759 | ||
| Pregnancy type | Natural pregnancy | 54 (46.6) | 55 (47.4) | 109 (94.0) | 4.210 | .122 | |
| Pregnancy after induction of hyperovulation | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (2.6) | ||||
| In vitro fertilization | 4 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Obstetric history | Living baby | 0 | 45 (38.8) | 43 (37.1) | 88 (75.9) | 1.910 | .385 |
| 1 | 13 (11.2) | 13 (11.2) | 26 (22.4) | ||||
| 2 | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Preterm delivery | 0 | 57 (49.1) | 55 (47.4) | 112 (96.6) | 0.899 | .343 | |
| 1 | 3 (2.6) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Spontaneous abortion | 0 | 52 (44.8) | 53 (45.7) | 105 (90.5) | 2.875 | .238 | |
| 1 | 6 (5.2) | 3 (2.6) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| 2 | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.7) | ||||
| Artificial abortion | 0 | 57 (49.1) | 55 (47.4) | 112 (96.6) | 1.233 | .540 | |
| 1 | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (2.6) | ||||
| 2 | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | ||||
| Menstrual health | Menarche age | 13.47 ± 3.41 | 13.57 ± 3.68 | 13.52 ± 3.53 | −0.159 | .874 | |
| Menstruation days | 6.58 ± 5.25 | 6.09 ± 4.31 | 6.34 ± 4.80 | 0.552 | .582 | ||
| Menstruation cycle | 29.90 ± 10.28 | 27.32 ± 5.25 | 28.66 ± 8.31 | 1.684 | .095 | ||
| Menstruation regularity | |||||||
| Very regular | 15 (12.9) | 15 (12.9) | 30 (25.9) | 6.903 | .075 | ||
| Regular | 35 (30.2) | 27 (23.3) | 62 (53.4) | ||||
| Irregular | 4 (3.4) | 12 (10.3) | 16 (13.8) | ||||
| Very irregular | 6 (5.2) | 2 (1.7) | 8 (6.9) | ||||
| Menstruation amount | |||||||
| Small | 8 (6.9) | 7 (6.0) | 15 (12.9) | 1.507 | .471 | ||
| Medium | 46 (39.7) | 39 (33.6) | 85 (73.3) | ||||
| Large | 6 (5.2) | 10 (8.6) | 16 (13.8) | ||||
| Work types | Healthcare worker | 4 (3.4) | 2 (1.7) | 16 (13.8) | 0.206 | .651 | |
| Educator | 7 (6.0) | 3 (2.6) | 10 (8.6) | ||||
| Office worker | 39 (33.6) | 37 (31.9) | 66 (56.9) | ||||
| Government worker | 4 (3.4) | 9 (7.8) | 13 (11.2) | ||||
| Service worker | 3 (2.6) | 1 (0.9) | 4 (3.4) | ||||
| Others | 3 (2.6) | 4 (3.4) | 7 (6.0) | ||||
| Work condition | Work experience (Months) | 72.85 ± 54.40 | 62.09 ± 46.18 | 67.66 ± 50.67 | 1.145 | .255 | |
| Weekly work hours | 41.67 ± 8.63 | 43.46 ± 8.46 | 42.53 ± 8.56 | −1.132 | .260 | ||
| Religion | Yes | 20 (17.2) | 23 (19.8) | 43 (37.1) | 0.743 | .389 | |
| No | 40 (34.5) | 33 (28.4) | 73 (62.9) | ||||
| Religion participation | Frequently | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | 14 (12.1) | 2.199 | .532 | |
| Often | 4 (3.4) | 5 (4.3) | 9 (7.8) | ||||
| Rarely | 9 (7.8) | 9 (7.8) | 18 (15.5) | ||||
| Never | 42 (36.2) | 33 (28.4) | 75 (64.7) | ||||
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