| . | n = 276 . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | High-performing group (n = 187) . | Low-performing group (n = 89) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | n . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | n . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | ||||
| Age (years) | 45.2 | (10.2) | 45.1 | (10.1) | 45.4 | (10.4) | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 178 | (64.5) | 113 | (60.4) | 65 | (73.0) | ||||||
| Female | 98 | (35.5) | 74 | (39.6) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| Other | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | ||||||
| Educational years | ||||||||||||
| ≤12 | 41 | (14.9) | 29 | (15.5) | 12 | (13.5) | ||||||
| 13–16 | 181 | (65.6) | 121 | (64.7) | 60 | (67.4) | ||||||
| ≥17 | 54 | (19.6) | 37 | (19.8) | 17 | (19.1) | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married (including living with common-law partner) | 193 | (69.9) | 132 | (70.6) | 61 | (68.5) | ||||||
| Single (including divorced and widowed) | 83 | (30.1) | 55 | (29.4) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Full-time worker | 230 | (83.3) | 154 | (82.4) | 76 | (85.4) | ||||||
| Part-time worker | 46 | (16.7) | 33 | (17.6) | 13 | (14.6) | ||||||
| Employment position | ||||||||||||
| Manager | 77 | (27.9) | 53 | (28.3) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| Nonmanager | 199 | (72.1) | 134 | (71.7) | 65 | (73.0) | ||||||
| Sleep difficulties (AIS) | ||||||||||||
| ≥6 | 117 | (57.6) | 59 | (31.6) | 58 | (65.2) | ||||||
| ≤5 | 159 | (68.4) | 128 | (68.4) | 31 | (34.8) | ||||||
| Physical disease treatment status | ||||||||||||
| Under treatment | 65 | (23.6) | 47 | (25.1) | 18 | (20.2) | ||||||
| Not treated | 211 | (76.4) | 140 | (74.9) | 71 | (79.8) | ||||||
| Mental illness treatment status | ||||||||||||
| Under treatment | 16 | (5.8) | 5 | (2.7) | 11 | (12.4) | ||||||
| Not treated | 260 | (94.2) | 182 | (97.3) | 78 | (87.6) | ||||||
| Depression tendency (K6) | ||||||||||||
| ≥5 | 124 | (44.9) | 65 | (34.8) | 30 | (66.3) | ||||||
| ≤4 | 152 | (55.1) | 122 | (65.2) | 59 | (33.7) | ||||||
| ADHD tendency (ASRS v.1.1 part A) | ||||||||||||
| + | 35 | (12.7) | 16 | (8.6) | 19 | (21.3) | ||||||
| − | 241 | (87.3) | 171 | (91.4) | 70 | (78.7) | ||||||
| Autistic traits (AQ-J) | ||||||||||||
| ≥7 | 18 | (6.5) | 9 | (4.8) | 9 | (10.1) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 258 | (93.5) | 178 | (95.2) | 80 | (89.9) | ||||||
| Resilience (RS-14) | 65.3 | (14.7) | 68.8 | (12.5) | 58.0 | (16.4) | ||||||
| QOL (WHOQOL 26) | 3.3 | (0.6) | 3.2 | (0.8) | 2.8 | (0.8) | ||||||
| Cognitive functioning (THINC-it®) | ||||||||||||
| Spotter (ms) | 554.93 | (135.8) | 543.5 | (123.6) | 578.9 | (156.6) | ||||||
| Symbol check (number) | 28.717 | (10.0) | 29.4 | (9.9) | 27.3 | (10.2) | ||||||
| Codebreaker (number) | 60.812 | (15.2) | 60.7 | (14.6) | 61.2 | (16.6) | ||||||
| Trails (s) | 26 | (11.7) | 25.9 | (10.9) | 26.3 | (13.4) | ||||||
| PDQ-5D (point) | 4.13 | (2.9) | 3.9 | (2.7) | 4.6 | (3.2) | ||||||
| Spotter (ms) | ||||||||||||
| Low (344.73–485.62) | 92 | (33.3) | 69 | (36.9) | 23 | (25.8) | ||||||
| Moderate (485.63–595.38) | 91 | (33.0) | 62 | (33.2) | 29 | (32.6) | ||||||
| High (595.39–1490.00) | 93 | (33.7) | 56 | (29.9) | 37 | (41.6) | ||||||
| Symbol check (number) | ||||||||||||
| Low (0–26) | 95 | (34.4) | 61 | (32.6) | 34 | (38.2) | ||||||
| Moderate (27–35) | 91 | (33.0) | 57 | (30.5) | 34 | (38.2) | ||||||
| High (36–40) | 90 | (32.6) | 69 | (36.9) | 21 | (23.6) | ||||||
| Codebreaker (number) | ||||||||||||
| Low (3–56) | 94 | (34.1) | 59 | (31.6) | 35 | (39.3) | ||||||
| Moderate (57–67) | 91 | (33.0) | 70 | (37.4) | 21 | (23.6) | ||||||
| High (58–108) | 91 | (33.0) | 58 | (31.0) | 33 | (37.1) | ||||||
| Trails (s) | ||||||||||||
| Low (11.05–20.47) | 92 | (33.3) | 64 | (34.2) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
| Moderate (20.48–27.37) | 92 | (33.3) | 61 | (32.6) | 31 | (34.8) | ||||||
| High (27.38–103.07) | 92 | (33.3) | 62 | (33.2) | 30 | (33.7) | ||||||
| PDQ-5D (points) | ||||||||||||
| Low (0–3) | 123 | (44.6) | 86 | (46.0) | 37 | (41.6) | ||||||
| Moderate (4–5) | 69 | (25.0) | 45 | (24.1) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| High (5–15) | 84 | (30.4) | 56 | (29.9) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
| . | n = 276 . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | High-performing group (n = 187) . | Low-performing group (n = 89) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | n . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | n . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | ||||
| Age (years) | 45.2 | (10.2) | 45.1 | (10.1) | 45.4 | (10.4) | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 178 | (64.5) | 113 | (60.4) | 65 | (73.0) | ||||||
| Female | 98 | (35.5) | 74 | (39.6) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| Other | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | ||||||
| Educational years | ||||||||||||
| ≤12 | 41 | (14.9) | 29 | (15.5) | 12 | (13.5) | ||||||
| 13–16 | 181 | (65.6) | 121 | (64.7) | 60 | (67.4) | ||||||
| ≥17 | 54 | (19.6) | 37 | (19.8) | 17 | (19.1) | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married (including living with common-law partner) | 193 | (69.9) | 132 | (70.6) | 61 | (68.5) | ||||||
| Single (including divorced and widowed) | 83 | (30.1) | 55 | (29.4) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Full-time worker | 230 | (83.3) | 154 | (82.4) | 76 | (85.4) | ||||||
| Part-time worker | 46 | (16.7) | 33 | (17.6) | 13 | (14.6) | ||||||
| Employment position | ||||||||||||
| Manager | 77 | (27.9) | 53 | (28.3) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| Nonmanager | 199 | (72.1) | 134 | (71.7) | 65 | (73.0) | ||||||
| Sleep difficulties (AIS) | ||||||||||||
| ≥6 | 117 | (57.6) | 59 | (31.6) | 58 | (65.2) | ||||||
| ≤5 | 159 | (68.4) | 128 | (68.4) | 31 | (34.8) | ||||||
| Physical disease treatment status | ||||||||||||
| Under treatment | 65 | (23.6) | 47 | (25.1) | 18 | (20.2) | ||||||
| Not treated | 211 | (76.4) | 140 | (74.9) | 71 | (79.8) | ||||||
| Mental illness treatment status | ||||||||||||
| Under treatment | 16 | (5.8) | 5 | (2.7) | 11 | (12.4) | ||||||
| Not treated | 260 | (94.2) | 182 | (97.3) | 78 | (87.6) | ||||||
| Depression tendency (K6) | ||||||||||||
| ≥5 | 124 | (44.9) | 65 | (34.8) | 30 | (66.3) | ||||||
| ≤4 | 152 | (55.1) | 122 | (65.2) | 59 | (33.7) | ||||||
| ADHD tendency (ASRS v.1.1 part A) | ||||||||||||
| + | 35 | (12.7) | 16 | (8.6) | 19 | (21.3) | ||||||
| − | 241 | (87.3) | 171 | (91.4) | 70 | (78.7) | ||||||
| Autistic traits (AQ-J) | ||||||||||||
| ≥7 | 18 | (6.5) | 9 | (4.8) | 9 | (10.1) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 258 | (93.5) | 178 | (95.2) | 80 | (89.9) | ||||||
| Resilience (RS-14) | 65.3 | (14.7) | 68.8 | (12.5) | 58.0 | (16.4) | ||||||
| QOL (WHOQOL 26) | 3.3 | (0.6) | 3.2 | (0.8) | 2.8 | (0.8) | ||||||
| Cognitive functioning (THINC-it®) | ||||||||||||
| Spotter (ms) | 554.93 | (135.8) | 543.5 | (123.6) | 578.9 | (156.6) | ||||||
| Symbol check (number) | 28.717 | (10.0) | 29.4 | (9.9) | 27.3 | (10.2) | ||||||
| Codebreaker (number) | 60.812 | (15.2) | 60.7 | (14.6) | 61.2 | (16.6) | ||||||
| Trails (s) | 26 | (11.7) | 25.9 | (10.9) | 26.3 | (13.4) | ||||||
| PDQ-5D (point) | 4.13 | (2.9) | 3.9 | (2.7) | 4.6 | (3.2) | ||||||
| Spotter (ms) | ||||||||||||
| Low (344.73–485.62) | 92 | (33.3) | 69 | (36.9) | 23 | (25.8) | ||||||
| Moderate (485.63–595.38) | 91 | (33.0) | 62 | (33.2) | 29 | (32.6) | ||||||
| High (595.39–1490.00) | 93 | (33.7) | 56 | (29.9) | 37 | (41.6) | ||||||
| Symbol check (number) | ||||||||||||
| Low (0–26) | 95 | (34.4) | 61 | (32.6) | 34 | (38.2) | ||||||
| Moderate (27–35) | 91 | (33.0) | 57 | (30.5) | 34 | (38.2) | ||||||
| High (36–40) | 90 | (32.6) | 69 | (36.9) | 21 | (23.6) | ||||||
| Codebreaker (number) | ||||||||||||
| Low (3–56) | 94 | (34.1) | 59 | (31.6) | 35 | (39.3) | ||||||
| Moderate (57–67) | 91 | (33.0) | 70 | (37.4) | 21 | (23.6) | ||||||
| High (58–108) | 91 | (33.0) | 58 | (31.0) | 33 | (37.1) | ||||||
| Trails (s) | ||||||||||||
| Low (11.05–20.47) | 92 | (33.3) | 64 | (34.2) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
| Moderate (20.48–27.37) | 92 | (33.3) | 61 | (32.6) | 31 | (34.8) | ||||||
| High (27.38–103.07) | 92 | (33.3) | 62 | (33.2) | 30 | (33.7) | ||||||
| PDQ-5D (points) | ||||||||||||
| Low (0–3) | 123 | (44.6) | 86 | (46.0) | 37 | (41.6) | ||||||
| Moderate (4–5) | 69 | (25.0) | 45 | (24.1) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| High (5–15) | 84 | (30.4) | 56 | (29.9) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
Note: Spotter (Choice Reaction Time) = mean latency for correct response. Symbol check (N-back) = total number of correct responses. Codebreaker (Digit Symbol Substitution Test) = total number of correct responses. Trails (Trail Making Test) = total time taken for completion. PDQ-5D (Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression-5 item) = total score (points).
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale; AQ-J, Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Japanese version; ASRS, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale v.1.1 part A; K6, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; QOL, quality of life; SD, standard deviation.
| . | n = 276 . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | High-performing group (n = 187) . | Low-performing group (n = 89) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | n . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | n . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | ||||
| Age (years) | 45.2 | (10.2) | 45.1 | (10.1) | 45.4 | (10.4) | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 178 | (64.5) | 113 | (60.4) | 65 | (73.0) | ||||||
| Female | 98 | (35.5) | 74 | (39.6) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| Other | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | ||||||
| Educational years | ||||||||||||
| ≤12 | 41 | (14.9) | 29 | (15.5) | 12 | (13.5) | ||||||
| 13–16 | 181 | (65.6) | 121 | (64.7) | 60 | (67.4) | ||||||
| ≥17 | 54 | (19.6) | 37 | (19.8) | 17 | (19.1) | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married (including living with common-law partner) | 193 | (69.9) | 132 | (70.6) | 61 | (68.5) | ||||||
| Single (including divorced and widowed) | 83 | (30.1) | 55 | (29.4) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Full-time worker | 230 | (83.3) | 154 | (82.4) | 76 | (85.4) | ||||||
| Part-time worker | 46 | (16.7) | 33 | (17.6) | 13 | (14.6) | ||||||
| Employment position | ||||||||||||
| Manager | 77 | (27.9) | 53 | (28.3) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| Nonmanager | 199 | (72.1) | 134 | (71.7) | 65 | (73.0) | ||||||
| Sleep difficulties (AIS) | ||||||||||||
| ≥6 | 117 | (57.6) | 59 | (31.6) | 58 | (65.2) | ||||||
| ≤5 | 159 | (68.4) | 128 | (68.4) | 31 | (34.8) | ||||||
| Physical disease treatment status | ||||||||||||
| Under treatment | 65 | (23.6) | 47 | (25.1) | 18 | (20.2) | ||||||
| Not treated | 211 | (76.4) | 140 | (74.9) | 71 | (79.8) | ||||||
| Mental illness treatment status | ||||||||||||
| Under treatment | 16 | (5.8) | 5 | (2.7) | 11 | (12.4) | ||||||
| Not treated | 260 | (94.2) | 182 | (97.3) | 78 | (87.6) | ||||||
| Depression tendency (K6) | ||||||||||||
| ≥5 | 124 | (44.9) | 65 | (34.8) | 30 | (66.3) | ||||||
| ≤4 | 152 | (55.1) | 122 | (65.2) | 59 | (33.7) | ||||||
| ADHD tendency (ASRS v.1.1 part A) | ||||||||||||
| + | 35 | (12.7) | 16 | (8.6) | 19 | (21.3) | ||||||
| − | 241 | (87.3) | 171 | (91.4) | 70 | (78.7) | ||||||
| Autistic traits (AQ-J) | ||||||||||||
| ≥7 | 18 | (6.5) | 9 | (4.8) | 9 | (10.1) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 258 | (93.5) | 178 | (95.2) | 80 | (89.9) | ||||||
| Resilience (RS-14) | 65.3 | (14.7) | 68.8 | (12.5) | 58.0 | (16.4) | ||||||
| QOL (WHOQOL 26) | 3.3 | (0.6) | 3.2 | (0.8) | 2.8 | (0.8) | ||||||
| Cognitive functioning (THINC-it®) | ||||||||||||
| Spotter (ms) | 554.93 | (135.8) | 543.5 | (123.6) | 578.9 | (156.6) | ||||||
| Symbol check (number) | 28.717 | (10.0) | 29.4 | (9.9) | 27.3 | (10.2) | ||||||
| Codebreaker (number) | 60.812 | (15.2) | 60.7 | (14.6) | 61.2 | (16.6) | ||||||
| Trails (s) | 26 | (11.7) | 25.9 | (10.9) | 26.3 | (13.4) | ||||||
| PDQ-5D (point) | 4.13 | (2.9) | 3.9 | (2.7) | 4.6 | (3.2) | ||||||
| Spotter (ms) | ||||||||||||
| Low (344.73–485.62) | 92 | (33.3) | 69 | (36.9) | 23 | (25.8) | ||||||
| Moderate (485.63–595.38) | 91 | (33.0) | 62 | (33.2) | 29 | (32.6) | ||||||
| High (595.39–1490.00) | 93 | (33.7) | 56 | (29.9) | 37 | (41.6) | ||||||
| Symbol check (number) | ||||||||||||
| Low (0–26) | 95 | (34.4) | 61 | (32.6) | 34 | (38.2) | ||||||
| Moderate (27–35) | 91 | (33.0) | 57 | (30.5) | 34 | (38.2) | ||||||
| High (36–40) | 90 | (32.6) | 69 | (36.9) | 21 | (23.6) | ||||||
| Codebreaker (number) | ||||||||||||
| Low (3–56) | 94 | (34.1) | 59 | (31.6) | 35 | (39.3) | ||||||
| Moderate (57–67) | 91 | (33.0) | 70 | (37.4) | 21 | (23.6) | ||||||
| High (58–108) | 91 | (33.0) | 58 | (31.0) | 33 | (37.1) | ||||||
| Trails (s) | ||||||||||||
| Low (11.05–20.47) | 92 | (33.3) | 64 | (34.2) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
| Moderate (20.48–27.37) | 92 | (33.3) | 61 | (32.6) | 31 | (34.8) | ||||||
| High (27.38–103.07) | 92 | (33.3) | 62 | (33.2) | 30 | (33.7) | ||||||
| PDQ-5D (points) | ||||||||||||
| Low (0–3) | 123 | (44.6) | 86 | (46.0) | 37 | (41.6) | ||||||
| Moderate (4–5) | 69 | (25.0) | 45 | (24.1) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| High (5–15) | 84 | (30.4) | 56 | (29.9) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
| . | n = 276 . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | High-performing group (n = 187) . | Low-performing group (n = 89) . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | n . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | n . | (%) . | Mean . | (SD) . | ||||
| Age (years) | 45.2 | (10.2) | 45.1 | (10.1) | 45.4 | (10.4) | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 178 | (64.5) | 113 | (60.4) | 65 | (73.0) | ||||||
| Female | 98 | (35.5) | 74 | (39.6) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| Other | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | ||||||
| Educational years | ||||||||||||
| ≤12 | 41 | (14.9) | 29 | (15.5) | 12 | (13.5) | ||||||
| 13–16 | 181 | (65.6) | 121 | (64.7) | 60 | (67.4) | ||||||
| ≥17 | 54 | (19.6) | 37 | (19.8) | 17 | (19.1) | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married (including living with common-law partner) | 193 | (69.9) | 132 | (70.6) | 61 | (68.5) | ||||||
| Single (including divorced and widowed) | 83 | (30.1) | 55 | (29.4) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Full-time worker | 230 | (83.3) | 154 | (82.4) | 76 | (85.4) | ||||||
| Part-time worker | 46 | (16.7) | 33 | (17.6) | 13 | (14.6) | ||||||
| Employment position | ||||||||||||
| Manager | 77 | (27.9) | 53 | (28.3) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| Nonmanager | 199 | (72.1) | 134 | (71.7) | 65 | (73.0) | ||||||
| Sleep difficulties (AIS) | ||||||||||||
| ≥6 | 117 | (57.6) | 59 | (31.6) | 58 | (65.2) | ||||||
| ≤5 | 159 | (68.4) | 128 | (68.4) | 31 | (34.8) | ||||||
| Physical disease treatment status | ||||||||||||
| Under treatment | 65 | (23.6) | 47 | (25.1) | 18 | (20.2) | ||||||
| Not treated | 211 | (76.4) | 140 | (74.9) | 71 | (79.8) | ||||||
| Mental illness treatment status | ||||||||||||
| Under treatment | 16 | (5.8) | 5 | (2.7) | 11 | (12.4) | ||||||
| Not treated | 260 | (94.2) | 182 | (97.3) | 78 | (87.6) | ||||||
| Depression tendency (K6) | ||||||||||||
| ≥5 | 124 | (44.9) | 65 | (34.8) | 30 | (66.3) | ||||||
| ≤4 | 152 | (55.1) | 122 | (65.2) | 59 | (33.7) | ||||||
| ADHD tendency (ASRS v.1.1 part A) | ||||||||||||
| + | 35 | (12.7) | 16 | (8.6) | 19 | (21.3) | ||||||
| − | 241 | (87.3) | 171 | (91.4) | 70 | (78.7) | ||||||
| Autistic traits (AQ-J) | ||||||||||||
| ≥7 | 18 | (6.5) | 9 | (4.8) | 9 | (10.1) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 258 | (93.5) | 178 | (95.2) | 80 | (89.9) | ||||||
| Resilience (RS-14) | 65.3 | (14.7) | 68.8 | (12.5) | 58.0 | (16.4) | ||||||
| QOL (WHOQOL 26) | 3.3 | (0.6) | 3.2 | (0.8) | 2.8 | (0.8) | ||||||
| Cognitive functioning (THINC-it®) | ||||||||||||
| Spotter (ms) | 554.93 | (135.8) | 543.5 | (123.6) | 578.9 | (156.6) | ||||||
| Symbol check (number) | 28.717 | (10.0) | 29.4 | (9.9) | 27.3 | (10.2) | ||||||
| Codebreaker (number) | 60.812 | (15.2) | 60.7 | (14.6) | 61.2 | (16.6) | ||||||
| Trails (s) | 26 | (11.7) | 25.9 | (10.9) | 26.3 | (13.4) | ||||||
| PDQ-5D (point) | 4.13 | (2.9) | 3.9 | (2.7) | 4.6 | (3.2) | ||||||
| Spotter (ms) | ||||||||||||
| Low (344.73–485.62) | 92 | (33.3) | 69 | (36.9) | 23 | (25.8) | ||||||
| Moderate (485.63–595.38) | 91 | (33.0) | 62 | (33.2) | 29 | (32.6) | ||||||
| High (595.39–1490.00) | 93 | (33.7) | 56 | (29.9) | 37 | (41.6) | ||||||
| Symbol check (number) | ||||||||||||
| Low (0–26) | 95 | (34.4) | 61 | (32.6) | 34 | (38.2) | ||||||
| Moderate (27–35) | 91 | (33.0) | 57 | (30.5) | 34 | (38.2) | ||||||
| High (36–40) | 90 | (32.6) | 69 | (36.9) | 21 | (23.6) | ||||||
| Codebreaker (number) | ||||||||||||
| Low (3–56) | 94 | (34.1) | 59 | (31.6) | 35 | (39.3) | ||||||
| Moderate (57–67) | 91 | (33.0) | 70 | (37.4) | 21 | (23.6) | ||||||
| High (58–108) | 91 | (33.0) | 58 | (31.0) | 33 | (37.1) | ||||||
| Trails (s) | ||||||||||||
| Low (11.05–20.47) | 92 | (33.3) | 64 | (34.2) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
| Moderate (20.48–27.37) | 92 | (33.3) | 61 | (32.6) | 31 | (34.8) | ||||||
| High (27.38–103.07) | 92 | (33.3) | 62 | (33.2) | 30 | (33.7) | ||||||
| PDQ-5D (points) | ||||||||||||
| Low (0–3) | 123 | (44.6) | 86 | (46.0) | 37 | (41.6) | ||||||
| Moderate (4–5) | 69 | (25.0) | 45 | (24.1) | 24 | (27.0) | ||||||
| High (5–15) | 84 | (30.4) | 56 | (29.9) | 28 | (31.5) | ||||||
Note: Spotter (Choice Reaction Time) = mean latency for correct response. Symbol check (N-back) = total number of correct responses. Codebreaker (Digit Symbol Substitution Test) = total number of correct responses. Trails (Trail Making Test) = total time taken for completion. PDQ-5D (Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression-5 item) = total score (points).
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale; AQ-J, Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Japanese version; ASRS, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale v.1.1 part A; K6, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; QOL, quality of life; SD, standard deviation.
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