Data from echocardiography and cardiac catheterization of haemodynamic groups according to the 2022 classification
| . | CpcPH (n = 113) . | IpcPH (n = 101) . | Pre-capillary PH (n = 65) . | Unclassified PH (n = 42) . | No PH (n = 182) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm) | 47 ± 9 | 47 ± 7 | 44 ± 7 | 48 ± 8 | 45 ± 8 | 0.01 |
| Indexed left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm/m2) | 26 ± 5 | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | 0.12 |
| Septal wall thickness (mm) | 14 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 0.01 |
| Posterior wall thickness (mm) | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 2 | 12 ± 3 | 11 ± 2 | 0.21 |
| Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) | 126 ± 37 | 112 ± 31 | 104 ± 31 | 110 ± 38 | 103 ± 36 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 48 ± 20 | 46 ± 16 | 43 ± 16 | 41 ± 12 | 43 ± 16 | 0.16 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 52 ± 14 | 55 ± 13 | 59 ± 10 | 61 ± 7 | 61 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| E/e′ | 22 ± 11 | 17 ± 8 | 18 ± 9 | 16 ± 8 | 13 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 44 ± 7 | 43 ± 6 | 40 ± 7 | 40 ± 6 | 38 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Indexed left atrial diameter (mm/m2) | 24 ± 4 | 22 ± 3 | 22 ± 4 | 20 ± 3 | 20 ± 4 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial area (cm2) | 27 ± 8 | 24 ± 6 | 23 ± 7 | 22 ± 6 | 21 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Indexed left atrial area (cm2/m2) | 15 ± 4 | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 4 | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 52 ± 21 | 45 ± 14 | 43 ± 18 | 36 ± 13 | 37 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Indexed RV basal diameter (mm/m2) | 18 ± 4 | 16 ± 3 | 17 ± 4 | 15 ± 4 | 15 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Indexed right atrial area (cm2/m2) | 10 ± 3 | 8 ± 3 | 9 ± 3 | 8 ± 4 | 8 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| Right atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 30 ± 16 | 23 ± 12 | 24 ± 11 | 20 ± 7 | 21 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 19 ± 5 | 21 ± 5 | 23 ± 5 | 22 ± 4 | 22 ± 5 | 0.001 |
| Estimated sPAP (mmHg) | 48 ± 14 | 39 ± 10 | 41 ± 15 | 36 ± 9 | 33 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| Mean aortic valve gradient (mmHg) | 47 ± 19 | 48 ± 18 | 48 ± 16 | 45 ± 18 | 47 ± 16 | 0.85 |
| Aortic valve area (cm2) | 0.72 ± 0.22 | 0.77 ± 0.21 | 0.81 ± 0.21 | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 0.83 ± 0.25 | 0.002 |
| Indexed aortic valve area (cm2/m2) | 0.39 ± 0.12 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 0.44 ± 0.13 | 0.45 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
| Mitral regurgitation | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 24 (21%) | 34 (34%) | 36 (55%) | 23 (55%) | 121 (66%) | |
| Mild | 63 (56%) | 59 (58%) | 22 (34%) | 17 (41%) | 54 (30%) | |
| Moderate | 22 (19%) | 6 (6%) | 5 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 6 (3%) | |
| Severe | 4 (4%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.28 | |||||
| No coronary artery disease | 52 (46%) | 55 (54%) | 31 (48%) | 20 (48%) | 106 (58%) | |
| One-vessel disease | 16 (14%) | 18 (18%) | 15 (23%) | 7 (17%) | 31 (17%) | |
| Two-vessel disease | 22 (20%) | 12 (12%) | 8 (12%) | 4 (9%) | 24 (13%) | |
| Three-vessel disease | 23 (20%) | 16 (16%) | 11 (17%) | 11 (26%) | 21 (12%) | |
| Invasive haemodynamics | ||||||
| Mean right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 10 ± 4 | 8 ± 3 | 6 ± 3 | 7 ± 2 | 5 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 12 ± 4 | 10 ± 3 | 8 ± 3 | 8 ± 2 | 6 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| sPAP (mmHg) | 59 ± 14 | 42 ± 8 | 39 ± 11 | 36 ± 10 | 28 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| dPAP (mmHg) | 24 ± 7 | 18 ± 5 | 15 ± 4 | 13 ± 2 | 9 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| mPAP (mmHg) | 39 ± 9 | 28 ± 5 | 25 ± 4 | 22 ± 1 | 16 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| mPAWP (mmHg) | 24 ± 6 | 22 ± 5 | 12 ± 2 | 14 ± 1 | 9 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Transpulmonary gradient (mmHg) | 14 ± 5 | 6 ± 2 | 13 ± 6 | 9 ± 2 | 7 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance (Wood units) | 3.3 (2.5–4.1) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 2.6 (2.2–3.1) | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | |
| Pulmonary artery compliance (mL/mmHg) | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) (n = 335) | 25 ± 8 | 25 ± 6 | 19 ± 7 | 23 ± 8 | 18 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic aortic pressure (mmHg) | 146 ± 31 | 148 ± 28 | 147 ± 23 | 150 ± 21 | 142 ± 23 | 0.28 |
| Diastolic aortic pressure (mmHg) | 67 ± 13 | 69 ± 12 | 69 ± 12 | 69 ± 7 | 68 ± 11 | 0.70 |
| Mean aortic pressure (mmHg) | 99 ± 16 | 100 ± 15 | 99 ± 14 | 100 ± 12 | 96 ± 13 | 0.16 |
| Systemic vascular resistance (Wood units) | 22.1 ± 5.4 | 19.6 ± 5.2 | 20.9 ± 4.4 | 18.3 ± 4.2 | 19.2 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Arterial oxygen saturation (%) | 94 (93–96) | 95 (93–97) | 94 (92–96) | 95 (94–96) | 96 (95–97) | <0.001 |
| Mixed venous oxygen saturation (%) | 63 (58–67) | 69 (64–72) | 69 (64–71) | 71 (67–73) | 70 (67–74) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume (mL) | 59 ± 18 | 71 ± 19 | 68 ± 15 | 79 ± 16 | 76 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume index (mL/m2) | 31 ± 9 | 36 ± 9 | 37 ± 8 | 41 ± 8 | 41 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| . | CpcPH (n = 113) . | IpcPH (n = 101) . | Pre-capillary PH (n = 65) . | Unclassified PH (n = 42) . | No PH (n = 182) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm) | 47 ± 9 | 47 ± 7 | 44 ± 7 | 48 ± 8 | 45 ± 8 | 0.01 |
| Indexed left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm/m2) | 26 ± 5 | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | 0.12 |
| Septal wall thickness (mm) | 14 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 0.01 |
| Posterior wall thickness (mm) | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 2 | 12 ± 3 | 11 ± 2 | 0.21 |
| Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) | 126 ± 37 | 112 ± 31 | 104 ± 31 | 110 ± 38 | 103 ± 36 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 48 ± 20 | 46 ± 16 | 43 ± 16 | 41 ± 12 | 43 ± 16 | 0.16 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 52 ± 14 | 55 ± 13 | 59 ± 10 | 61 ± 7 | 61 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| E/e′ | 22 ± 11 | 17 ± 8 | 18 ± 9 | 16 ± 8 | 13 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 44 ± 7 | 43 ± 6 | 40 ± 7 | 40 ± 6 | 38 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Indexed left atrial diameter (mm/m2) | 24 ± 4 | 22 ± 3 | 22 ± 4 | 20 ± 3 | 20 ± 4 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial area (cm2) | 27 ± 8 | 24 ± 6 | 23 ± 7 | 22 ± 6 | 21 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Indexed left atrial area (cm2/m2) | 15 ± 4 | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 4 | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 52 ± 21 | 45 ± 14 | 43 ± 18 | 36 ± 13 | 37 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Indexed RV basal diameter (mm/m2) | 18 ± 4 | 16 ± 3 | 17 ± 4 | 15 ± 4 | 15 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Indexed right atrial area (cm2/m2) | 10 ± 3 | 8 ± 3 | 9 ± 3 | 8 ± 4 | 8 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| Right atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 30 ± 16 | 23 ± 12 | 24 ± 11 | 20 ± 7 | 21 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 19 ± 5 | 21 ± 5 | 23 ± 5 | 22 ± 4 | 22 ± 5 | 0.001 |
| Estimated sPAP (mmHg) | 48 ± 14 | 39 ± 10 | 41 ± 15 | 36 ± 9 | 33 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| Mean aortic valve gradient (mmHg) | 47 ± 19 | 48 ± 18 | 48 ± 16 | 45 ± 18 | 47 ± 16 | 0.85 |
| Aortic valve area (cm2) | 0.72 ± 0.22 | 0.77 ± 0.21 | 0.81 ± 0.21 | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 0.83 ± 0.25 | 0.002 |
| Indexed aortic valve area (cm2/m2) | 0.39 ± 0.12 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 0.44 ± 0.13 | 0.45 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
| Mitral regurgitation | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 24 (21%) | 34 (34%) | 36 (55%) | 23 (55%) | 121 (66%) | |
| Mild | 63 (56%) | 59 (58%) | 22 (34%) | 17 (41%) | 54 (30%) | |
| Moderate | 22 (19%) | 6 (6%) | 5 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 6 (3%) | |
| Severe | 4 (4%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.28 | |||||
| No coronary artery disease | 52 (46%) | 55 (54%) | 31 (48%) | 20 (48%) | 106 (58%) | |
| One-vessel disease | 16 (14%) | 18 (18%) | 15 (23%) | 7 (17%) | 31 (17%) | |
| Two-vessel disease | 22 (20%) | 12 (12%) | 8 (12%) | 4 (9%) | 24 (13%) | |
| Three-vessel disease | 23 (20%) | 16 (16%) | 11 (17%) | 11 (26%) | 21 (12%) | |
| Invasive haemodynamics | ||||||
| Mean right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 10 ± 4 | 8 ± 3 | 6 ± 3 | 7 ± 2 | 5 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 12 ± 4 | 10 ± 3 | 8 ± 3 | 8 ± 2 | 6 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| sPAP (mmHg) | 59 ± 14 | 42 ± 8 | 39 ± 11 | 36 ± 10 | 28 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| dPAP (mmHg) | 24 ± 7 | 18 ± 5 | 15 ± 4 | 13 ± 2 | 9 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| mPAP (mmHg) | 39 ± 9 | 28 ± 5 | 25 ± 4 | 22 ± 1 | 16 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| mPAWP (mmHg) | 24 ± 6 | 22 ± 5 | 12 ± 2 | 14 ± 1 | 9 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Transpulmonary gradient (mmHg) | 14 ± 5 | 6 ± 2 | 13 ± 6 | 9 ± 2 | 7 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance (Wood units) | 3.3 (2.5–4.1) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 2.6 (2.2–3.1) | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | |
| Pulmonary artery compliance (mL/mmHg) | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) (n = 335) | 25 ± 8 | 25 ± 6 | 19 ± 7 | 23 ± 8 | 18 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic aortic pressure (mmHg) | 146 ± 31 | 148 ± 28 | 147 ± 23 | 150 ± 21 | 142 ± 23 | 0.28 |
| Diastolic aortic pressure (mmHg) | 67 ± 13 | 69 ± 12 | 69 ± 12 | 69 ± 7 | 68 ± 11 | 0.70 |
| Mean aortic pressure (mmHg) | 99 ± 16 | 100 ± 15 | 99 ± 14 | 100 ± 12 | 96 ± 13 | 0.16 |
| Systemic vascular resistance (Wood units) | 22.1 ± 5.4 | 19.6 ± 5.2 | 20.9 ± 4.4 | 18.3 ± 4.2 | 19.2 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Arterial oxygen saturation (%) | 94 (93–96) | 95 (93–97) | 94 (92–96) | 95 (94–96) | 96 (95–97) | <0.001 |
| Mixed venous oxygen saturation (%) | 63 (58–67) | 69 (64–72) | 69 (64–71) | 71 (67–73) | 70 (67–74) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume (mL) | 59 ± 18 | 71 ± 19 | 68 ± 15 | 79 ± 16 | 76 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume index (mL/m2) | 31 ± 9 | 36 ± 9 | 37 ± 8 | 41 ± 8 | 41 ± 9 | <0.001 |
Data are given as numbers and percentages, mean ± standard deviation, and/or median (interquartile range).
E/e′, ratio of peak early mitral inflow velocity to peak early mitral annular velocity; mPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure; mPAWP, mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
Data from echocardiography and cardiac catheterization of haemodynamic groups according to the 2022 classification
| . | CpcPH (n = 113) . | IpcPH (n = 101) . | Pre-capillary PH (n = 65) . | Unclassified PH (n = 42) . | No PH (n = 182) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm) | 47 ± 9 | 47 ± 7 | 44 ± 7 | 48 ± 8 | 45 ± 8 | 0.01 |
| Indexed left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm/m2) | 26 ± 5 | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | 0.12 |
| Septal wall thickness (mm) | 14 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 0.01 |
| Posterior wall thickness (mm) | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 2 | 12 ± 3 | 11 ± 2 | 0.21 |
| Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) | 126 ± 37 | 112 ± 31 | 104 ± 31 | 110 ± 38 | 103 ± 36 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 48 ± 20 | 46 ± 16 | 43 ± 16 | 41 ± 12 | 43 ± 16 | 0.16 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 52 ± 14 | 55 ± 13 | 59 ± 10 | 61 ± 7 | 61 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| E/e′ | 22 ± 11 | 17 ± 8 | 18 ± 9 | 16 ± 8 | 13 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 44 ± 7 | 43 ± 6 | 40 ± 7 | 40 ± 6 | 38 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Indexed left atrial diameter (mm/m2) | 24 ± 4 | 22 ± 3 | 22 ± 4 | 20 ± 3 | 20 ± 4 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial area (cm2) | 27 ± 8 | 24 ± 6 | 23 ± 7 | 22 ± 6 | 21 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Indexed left atrial area (cm2/m2) | 15 ± 4 | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 4 | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 52 ± 21 | 45 ± 14 | 43 ± 18 | 36 ± 13 | 37 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Indexed RV basal diameter (mm/m2) | 18 ± 4 | 16 ± 3 | 17 ± 4 | 15 ± 4 | 15 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Indexed right atrial area (cm2/m2) | 10 ± 3 | 8 ± 3 | 9 ± 3 | 8 ± 4 | 8 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| Right atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 30 ± 16 | 23 ± 12 | 24 ± 11 | 20 ± 7 | 21 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 19 ± 5 | 21 ± 5 | 23 ± 5 | 22 ± 4 | 22 ± 5 | 0.001 |
| Estimated sPAP (mmHg) | 48 ± 14 | 39 ± 10 | 41 ± 15 | 36 ± 9 | 33 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| Mean aortic valve gradient (mmHg) | 47 ± 19 | 48 ± 18 | 48 ± 16 | 45 ± 18 | 47 ± 16 | 0.85 |
| Aortic valve area (cm2) | 0.72 ± 0.22 | 0.77 ± 0.21 | 0.81 ± 0.21 | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 0.83 ± 0.25 | 0.002 |
| Indexed aortic valve area (cm2/m2) | 0.39 ± 0.12 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 0.44 ± 0.13 | 0.45 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
| Mitral regurgitation | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 24 (21%) | 34 (34%) | 36 (55%) | 23 (55%) | 121 (66%) | |
| Mild | 63 (56%) | 59 (58%) | 22 (34%) | 17 (41%) | 54 (30%) | |
| Moderate | 22 (19%) | 6 (6%) | 5 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 6 (3%) | |
| Severe | 4 (4%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.28 | |||||
| No coronary artery disease | 52 (46%) | 55 (54%) | 31 (48%) | 20 (48%) | 106 (58%) | |
| One-vessel disease | 16 (14%) | 18 (18%) | 15 (23%) | 7 (17%) | 31 (17%) | |
| Two-vessel disease | 22 (20%) | 12 (12%) | 8 (12%) | 4 (9%) | 24 (13%) | |
| Three-vessel disease | 23 (20%) | 16 (16%) | 11 (17%) | 11 (26%) | 21 (12%) | |
| Invasive haemodynamics | ||||||
| Mean right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 10 ± 4 | 8 ± 3 | 6 ± 3 | 7 ± 2 | 5 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 12 ± 4 | 10 ± 3 | 8 ± 3 | 8 ± 2 | 6 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| sPAP (mmHg) | 59 ± 14 | 42 ± 8 | 39 ± 11 | 36 ± 10 | 28 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| dPAP (mmHg) | 24 ± 7 | 18 ± 5 | 15 ± 4 | 13 ± 2 | 9 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| mPAP (mmHg) | 39 ± 9 | 28 ± 5 | 25 ± 4 | 22 ± 1 | 16 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| mPAWP (mmHg) | 24 ± 6 | 22 ± 5 | 12 ± 2 | 14 ± 1 | 9 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Transpulmonary gradient (mmHg) | 14 ± 5 | 6 ± 2 | 13 ± 6 | 9 ± 2 | 7 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance (Wood units) | 3.3 (2.5–4.1) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 2.6 (2.2–3.1) | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | |
| Pulmonary artery compliance (mL/mmHg) | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) (n = 335) | 25 ± 8 | 25 ± 6 | 19 ± 7 | 23 ± 8 | 18 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic aortic pressure (mmHg) | 146 ± 31 | 148 ± 28 | 147 ± 23 | 150 ± 21 | 142 ± 23 | 0.28 |
| Diastolic aortic pressure (mmHg) | 67 ± 13 | 69 ± 12 | 69 ± 12 | 69 ± 7 | 68 ± 11 | 0.70 |
| Mean aortic pressure (mmHg) | 99 ± 16 | 100 ± 15 | 99 ± 14 | 100 ± 12 | 96 ± 13 | 0.16 |
| Systemic vascular resistance (Wood units) | 22.1 ± 5.4 | 19.6 ± 5.2 | 20.9 ± 4.4 | 18.3 ± 4.2 | 19.2 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Arterial oxygen saturation (%) | 94 (93–96) | 95 (93–97) | 94 (92–96) | 95 (94–96) | 96 (95–97) | <0.001 |
| Mixed venous oxygen saturation (%) | 63 (58–67) | 69 (64–72) | 69 (64–71) | 71 (67–73) | 70 (67–74) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume (mL) | 59 ± 18 | 71 ± 19 | 68 ± 15 | 79 ± 16 | 76 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume index (mL/m2) | 31 ± 9 | 36 ± 9 | 37 ± 8 | 41 ± 8 | 41 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| . | CpcPH (n = 113) . | IpcPH (n = 101) . | Pre-capillary PH (n = 65) . | Unclassified PH (n = 42) . | No PH (n = 182) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm) | 47 ± 9 | 47 ± 7 | 44 ± 7 | 48 ± 8 | 45 ± 8 | 0.01 |
| Indexed left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm/m2) | 26 ± 5 | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | 0.12 |
| Septal wall thickness (mm) | 14 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 0.01 |
| Posterior wall thickness (mm) | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 2 | 12 ± 3 | 11 ± 2 | 0.21 |
| Left ventricular mass index (g/m2) | 126 ± 37 | 112 ± 31 | 104 ± 31 | 110 ± 38 | 103 ± 36 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 48 ± 20 | 46 ± 16 | 43 ± 16 | 41 ± 12 | 43 ± 16 | 0.16 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 52 ± 14 | 55 ± 13 | 59 ± 10 | 61 ± 7 | 61 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| E/e′ | 22 ± 11 | 17 ± 8 | 18 ± 9 | 16 ± 8 | 13 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | 44 ± 7 | 43 ± 6 | 40 ± 7 | 40 ± 6 | 38 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Indexed left atrial diameter (mm/m2) | 24 ± 4 | 22 ± 3 | 22 ± 4 | 20 ± 3 | 20 ± 4 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial area (cm2) | 27 ± 8 | 24 ± 6 | 23 ± 7 | 22 ± 6 | 21 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Indexed left atrial area (cm2/m2) | 15 ± 4 | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 4 | 11 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 52 ± 21 | 45 ± 14 | 43 ± 18 | 36 ± 13 | 37 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Indexed RV basal diameter (mm/m2) | 18 ± 4 | 16 ± 3 | 17 ± 4 | 15 ± 4 | 15 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Indexed right atrial area (cm2/m2) | 10 ± 3 | 8 ± 3 | 9 ± 3 | 8 ± 4 | 8 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| Right atrial volume index (mL/m2) | 30 ± 16 | 23 ± 12 | 24 ± 11 | 20 ± 7 | 21 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 19 ± 5 | 21 ± 5 | 23 ± 5 | 22 ± 4 | 22 ± 5 | 0.001 |
| Estimated sPAP (mmHg) | 48 ± 14 | 39 ± 10 | 41 ± 15 | 36 ± 9 | 33 ± 8 | <0.001 |
| Mean aortic valve gradient (mmHg) | 47 ± 19 | 48 ± 18 | 48 ± 16 | 45 ± 18 | 47 ± 16 | 0.85 |
| Aortic valve area (cm2) | 0.72 ± 0.22 | 0.77 ± 0.21 | 0.81 ± 0.21 | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 0.83 ± 0.25 | 0.002 |
| Indexed aortic valve area (cm2/m2) | 0.39 ± 0.12 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 0.44 ± 0.13 | 0.45 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
| Mitral regurgitation | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 24 (21%) | 34 (34%) | 36 (55%) | 23 (55%) | 121 (66%) | |
| Mild | 63 (56%) | 59 (58%) | 22 (34%) | 17 (41%) | 54 (30%) | |
| Moderate | 22 (19%) | 6 (6%) | 5 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 6 (3%) | |
| Severe | 4 (4%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.28 | |||||
| No coronary artery disease | 52 (46%) | 55 (54%) | 31 (48%) | 20 (48%) | 106 (58%) | |
| One-vessel disease | 16 (14%) | 18 (18%) | 15 (23%) | 7 (17%) | 31 (17%) | |
| Two-vessel disease | 22 (20%) | 12 (12%) | 8 (12%) | 4 (9%) | 24 (13%) | |
| Three-vessel disease | 23 (20%) | 16 (16%) | 11 (17%) | 11 (26%) | 21 (12%) | |
| Invasive haemodynamics | ||||||
| Mean right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 10 ± 4 | 8 ± 3 | 6 ± 3 | 7 ± 2 | 5 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 12 ± 4 | 10 ± 3 | 8 ± 3 | 8 ± 2 | 6 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| sPAP (mmHg) | 59 ± 14 | 42 ± 8 | 39 ± 11 | 36 ± 10 | 28 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| dPAP (mmHg) | 24 ± 7 | 18 ± 5 | 15 ± 4 | 13 ± 2 | 9 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| mPAP (mmHg) | 39 ± 9 | 28 ± 5 | 25 ± 4 | 22 ± 1 | 16 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| mPAWP (mmHg) | 24 ± 6 | 22 ± 5 | 12 ± 2 | 14 ± 1 | 9 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Transpulmonary gradient (mmHg) | 14 ± 5 | 6 ± 2 | 13 ± 6 | 9 ± 2 | 7 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance (Wood units) | 3.3 (2.5–4.1) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 2.6 (2.2–3.1) | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | |
| Pulmonary artery compliance (mL/mmHg) | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) (n = 335) | 25 ± 8 | 25 ± 6 | 19 ± 7 | 23 ± 8 | 18 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic aortic pressure (mmHg) | 146 ± 31 | 148 ± 28 | 147 ± 23 | 150 ± 21 | 142 ± 23 | 0.28 |
| Diastolic aortic pressure (mmHg) | 67 ± 13 | 69 ± 12 | 69 ± 12 | 69 ± 7 | 68 ± 11 | 0.70 |
| Mean aortic pressure (mmHg) | 99 ± 16 | 100 ± 15 | 99 ± 14 | 100 ± 12 | 96 ± 13 | 0.16 |
| Systemic vascular resistance (Wood units) | 22.1 ± 5.4 | 19.6 ± 5.2 | 20.9 ± 4.4 | 18.3 ± 4.2 | 19.2 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Arterial oxygen saturation (%) | 94 (93–96) | 95 (93–97) | 94 (92–96) | 95 (94–96) | 96 (95–97) | <0.001 |
| Mixed venous oxygen saturation (%) | 63 (58–67) | 69 (64–72) | 69 (64–71) | 71 (67–73) | 70 (67–74) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume (mL) | 59 ± 18 | 71 ± 19 | 68 ± 15 | 79 ± 16 | 76 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume index (mL/m2) | 31 ± 9 | 36 ± 9 | 37 ± 8 | 41 ± 8 | 41 ± 9 | <0.001 |
Data are given as numbers and percentages, mean ± standard deviation, and/or median (interquartile range).
E/e′, ratio of peak early mitral inflow velocity to peak early mitral annular velocity; mPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure; mPAWP, mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure; sPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
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