Clinical characteristics of the haemodynamic groups according to the 2022 definition
| . | CpcPH (n = 113) . | IpcPH (n = 101) . | Pre-capillary PH (n = 65) . | Unclassified PH (n = 42) . | No PH (n = 182) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 77 ± 9 | 74 ± 10 | 77 ± 7 | 76 ± 8 | 71 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male) | 54 (48%) | 68 (67%) | 34 (52%) | 30 (71%) | 104 (57%) | 0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 5.5 | 29.0 ± 5.5 | 27.7 ± 5.5 | 28.5 ± 4.2 | 27.0 ± 4.5 | 0.03 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 60 ± 21 | 66 ± 18 | 65 ± 18 | 62 ± 18 | 71 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 130 ± 19 | 137 ± 15 | 133 ± 22 | 139 ± 15 | 138 ± 16 | 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 37 ± 5 | 38 ± 3 | 38 ± 4 | 38 ± 3 | 39 ± 6 | 0.002 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 137 ± 4 | 138 ± 3 | 138 ± 3 | 139 ± 3 | 137 ± 3 | 0.14 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 0.64 |
| Diabetes | 25 (22%) | 30 (30%) | 16 (25%) | 7 (17%) | 27 (15%) | 0.04 |
| Insulin-dependent | 8 (7%) | 6 (6%) | 4 (6%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 0.15 |
| Stroke | 8 (7%) | 7 (7%) | 5 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 9 (5%) | 0.72 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 15 (13%) | 8 (8%) | 17 (26%) | 4 (10%) | 15 (8%) | 0.002 |
| GOLD stage 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| GOLD stage 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 2 | 10 | |
| GOLD stage 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 3 | |
| GOLD stage unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| CPAP therapy | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (<1%) | 0.75 |
| Previous PCI | 14 (12%) | 8 (8%) | 7 (11%) | 5 (12%) | 12 (7%) | 0.46 |
| Previous CABG | 8 (7%) | 9 (9%) | 4 (6%) | 2 (5%) | 4 (2%) | 0.14 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 79 ± 18 | 86 ± 19 | 76 ± 23 | 89 ± 21 | 94 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Heart rhythma | <0.001 | |||||
| Sinus rhythm | 83 (74%) | 85 (84%) | 60 (92%) | 39 (93%) | 169 (93%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 25 (22%) | 13 (13%) | 4 (6%) | 2 (5%) | 6 (3%) | |
| Pacemaker | 5 (4%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 7 (4%) | |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 74 ± 15 | 71 ± 13 | 70 ± 14 | 68 ± 10 | 66 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Medication | ||||||
| Oral anticoagulation | 41 (36%) | 17 (17%) | 7 (11%) | 7 (17%) | 22 (12%) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 59 (52%) | 65 (64%) | 42 (65%) | 30 (71%) | 112 (62%) | 0.17 |
| Loop diuretics | 88 (78%) | 60 (59%) | 31 (48%) | 15 (36%) | 55 (30%) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 60 (53%) | 53 (52%) | 36 (55%) | 19 (45%) | 70 (38%) | 0.04 |
| ACEI/ARB | 58 (51%) | 62 (61%) | 42 (65%) | 21 (50%) | 94 (52%) | 0.20 |
| Digoxin | 18 (16%) | 6 (6%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (2%) | <0.001 |
| Spironolactone | 13 (12%) | 4 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 0 | 6 (3%) | 0.07 |
| B-type natriuretic peptide (ng/L) | 625 (285–1200) | 310(180–530) | 161 (76–359) | 146 (68–281) | 91 (51–209) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Dyspnoea NYHA class | <0.001 | |||||
| I | 10 (9%) | 17 (17%) | 13 (20%) | 4 (10%) | 57 (32%) | |
| II | 45 (40%) | 48 (47%) | 29 (45%) | 29 (69%) | 95 (52%) | |
| III | 46 (41%) | 32 (32%) | 21 (32%) | 8 (19%) | 26 (14%) | |
| IV | 12 (10%) | 4 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (2%) | |
| STS score | 4.4 ± 3.1 | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.4 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Mode of AVR | <0.001 | |||||
| Surgical AVR | 63 (56%) | 66 (65%) | 41 (63%) | 31 (74%) | 160 (88%) | |
| Transcatheter AVR | 50 (44%) | 35 (35%) | 24 (37%) | 11 (26%) | 22 (12%) |
| . | CpcPH (n = 113) . | IpcPH (n = 101) . | Pre-capillary PH (n = 65) . | Unclassified PH (n = 42) . | No PH (n = 182) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 77 ± 9 | 74 ± 10 | 77 ± 7 | 76 ± 8 | 71 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male) | 54 (48%) | 68 (67%) | 34 (52%) | 30 (71%) | 104 (57%) | 0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 5.5 | 29.0 ± 5.5 | 27.7 ± 5.5 | 28.5 ± 4.2 | 27.0 ± 4.5 | 0.03 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 60 ± 21 | 66 ± 18 | 65 ± 18 | 62 ± 18 | 71 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 130 ± 19 | 137 ± 15 | 133 ± 22 | 139 ± 15 | 138 ± 16 | 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 37 ± 5 | 38 ± 3 | 38 ± 4 | 38 ± 3 | 39 ± 6 | 0.002 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 137 ± 4 | 138 ± 3 | 138 ± 3 | 139 ± 3 | 137 ± 3 | 0.14 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 0.64 |
| Diabetes | 25 (22%) | 30 (30%) | 16 (25%) | 7 (17%) | 27 (15%) | 0.04 |
| Insulin-dependent | 8 (7%) | 6 (6%) | 4 (6%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 0.15 |
| Stroke | 8 (7%) | 7 (7%) | 5 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 9 (5%) | 0.72 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 15 (13%) | 8 (8%) | 17 (26%) | 4 (10%) | 15 (8%) | 0.002 |
| GOLD stage 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| GOLD stage 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 2 | 10 | |
| GOLD stage 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 3 | |
| GOLD stage unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| CPAP therapy | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (<1%) | 0.75 |
| Previous PCI | 14 (12%) | 8 (8%) | 7 (11%) | 5 (12%) | 12 (7%) | 0.46 |
| Previous CABG | 8 (7%) | 9 (9%) | 4 (6%) | 2 (5%) | 4 (2%) | 0.14 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 79 ± 18 | 86 ± 19 | 76 ± 23 | 89 ± 21 | 94 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Heart rhythma | <0.001 | |||||
| Sinus rhythm | 83 (74%) | 85 (84%) | 60 (92%) | 39 (93%) | 169 (93%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 25 (22%) | 13 (13%) | 4 (6%) | 2 (5%) | 6 (3%) | |
| Pacemaker | 5 (4%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 7 (4%) | |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 74 ± 15 | 71 ± 13 | 70 ± 14 | 68 ± 10 | 66 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Medication | ||||||
| Oral anticoagulation | 41 (36%) | 17 (17%) | 7 (11%) | 7 (17%) | 22 (12%) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 59 (52%) | 65 (64%) | 42 (65%) | 30 (71%) | 112 (62%) | 0.17 |
| Loop diuretics | 88 (78%) | 60 (59%) | 31 (48%) | 15 (36%) | 55 (30%) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 60 (53%) | 53 (52%) | 36 (55%) | 19 (45%) | 70 (38%) | 0.04 |
| ACEI/ARB | 58 (51%) | 62 (61%) | 42 (65%) | 21 (50%) | 94 (52%) | 0.20 |
| Digoxin | 18 (16%) | 6 (6%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (2%) | <0.001 |
| Spironolactone | 13 (12%) | 4 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 0 | 6 (3%) | 0.07 |
| B-type natriuretic peptide (ng/L) | 625 (285–1200) | 310(180–530) | 161 (76–359) | 146 (68–281) | 91 (51–209) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Dyspnoea NYHA class | <0.001 | |||||
| I | 10 (9%) | 17 (17%) | 13 (20%) | 4 (10%) | 57 (32%) | |
| II | 45 (40%) | 48 (47%) | 29 (45%) | 29 (69%) | 95 (52%) | |
| III | 46 (41%) | 32 (32%) | 21 (32%) | 8 (19%) | 26 (14%) | |
| IV | 12 (10%) | 4 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (2%) | |
| STS score | 4.4 ± 3.1 | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.4 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Mode of AVR | <0.001 | |||||
| Surgical AVR | 63 (56%) | 66 (65%) | 41 (63%) | 31 (74%) | 160 (88%) | |
| Transcatheter AVR | 50 (44%) | 35 (35%) | 24 (37%) | 11 (26%) | 22 (12%) |
Data are given as numbers and percentages, mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).
ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; AVR, aortic valve replacement; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FEV1, forced expiratory volume within the first second (percent predicted); GOLD, global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease; NYHA, New York Heart Association; STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons.
aRhythm at the time of cardiac catheterization.
Clinical characteristics of the haemodynamic groups according to the 2022 definition
| . | CpcPH (n = 113) . | IpcPH (n = 101) . | Pre-capillary PH (n = 65) . | Unclassified PH (n = 42) . | No PH (n = 182) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 77 ± 9 | 74 ± 10 | 77 ± 7 | 76 ± 8 | 71 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male) | 54 (48%) | 68 (67%) | 34 (52%) | 30 (71%) | 104 (57%) | 0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 5.5 | 29.0 ± 5.5 | 27.7 ± 5.5 | 28.5 ± 4.2 | 27.0 ± 4.5 | 0.03 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 60 ± 21 | 66 ± 18 | 65 ± 18 | 62 ± 18 | 71 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 130 ± 19 | 137 ± 15 | 133 ± 22 | 139 ± 15 | 138 ± 16 | 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 37 ± 5 | 38 ± 3 | 38 ± 4 | 38 ± 3 | 39 ± 6 | 0.002 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 137 ± 4 | 138 ± 3 | 138 ± 3 | 139 ± 3 | 137 ± 3 | 0.14 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 0.64 |
| Diabetes | 25 (22%) | 30 (30%) | 16 (25%) | 7 (17%) | 27 (15%) | 0.04 |
| Insulin-dependent | 8 (7%) | 6 (6%) | 4 (6%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 0.15 |
| Stroke | 8 (7%) | 7 (7%) | 5 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 9 (5%) | 0.72 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 15 (13%) | 8 (8%) | 17 (26%) | 4 (10%) | 15 (8%) | 0.002 |
| GOLD stage 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| GOLD stage 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 2 | 10 | |
| GOLD stage 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 3 | |
| GOLD stage unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| CPAP therapy | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (<1%) | 0.75 |
| Previous PCI | 14 (12%) | 8 (8%) | 7 (11%) | 5 (12%) | 12 (7%) | 0.46 |
| Previous CABG | 8 (7%) | 9 (9%) | 4 (6%) | 2 (5%) | 4 (2%) | 0.14 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 79 ± 18 | 86 ± 19 | 76 ± 23 | 89 ± 21 | 94 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Heart rhythma | <0.001 | |||||
| Sinus rhythm | 83 (74%) | 85 (84%) | 60 (92%) | 39 (93%) | 169 (93%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 25 (22%) | 13 (13%) | 4 (6%) | 2 (5%) | 6 (3%) | |
| Pacemaker | 5 (4%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 7 (4%) | |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 74 ± 15 | 71 ± 13 | 70 ± 14 | 68 ± 10 | 66 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Medication | ||||||
| Oral anticoagulation | 41 (36%) | 17 (17%) | 7 (11%) | 7 (17%) | 22 (12%) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 59 (52%) | 65 (64%) | 42 (65%) | 30 (71%) | 112 (62%) | 0.17 |
| Loop diuretics | 88 (78%) | 60 (59%) | 31 (48%) | 15 (36%) | 55 (30%) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 60 (53%) | 53 (52%) | 36 (55%) | 19 (45%) | 70 (38%) | 0.04 |
| ACEI/ARB | 58 (51%) | 62 (61%) | 42 (65%) | 21 (50%) | 94 (52%) | 0.20 |
| Digoxin | 18 (16%) | 6 (6%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (2%) | <0.001 |
| Spironolactone | 13 (12%) | 4 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 0 | 6 (3%) | 0.07 |
| B-type natriuretic peptide (ng/L) | 625 (285–1200) | 310(180–530) | 161 (76–359) | 146 (68–281) | 91 (51–209) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Dyspnoea NYHA class | <0.001 | |||||
| I | 10 (9%) | 17 (17%) | 13 (20%) | 4 (10%) | 57 (32%) | |
| II | 45 (40%) | 48 (47%) | 29 (45%) | 29 (69%) | 95 (52%) | |
| III | 46 (41%) | 32 (32%) | 21 (32%) | 8 (19%) | 26 (14%) | |
| IV | 12 (10%) | 4 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (2%) | |
| STS score | 4.4 ± 3.1 | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.4 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Mode of AVR | <0.001 | |||||
| Surgical AVR | 63 (56%) | 66 (65%) | 41 (63%) | 31 (74%) | 160 (88%) | |
| Transcatheter AVR | 50 (44%) | 35 (35%) | 24 (37%) | 11 (26%) | 22 (12%) |
| . | CpcPH (n = 113) . | IpcPH (n = 101) . | Pre-capillary PH (n = 65) . | Unclassified PH (n = 42) . | No PH (n = 182) . | P value . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 77 ± 9 | 74 ± 10 | 77 ± 7 | 76 ± 8 | 71 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male) | 54 (48%) | 68 (67%) | 34 (52%) | 30 (71%) | 104 (57%) | 0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 5.5 | 29.0 ± 5.5 | 27.7 ± 5.5 | 28.5 ± 4.2 | 27.0 ± 4.5 | 0.03 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 60 ± 21 | 66 ± 18 | 65 ± 18 | 62 ± 18 | 71 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 130 ± 19 | 137 ± 15 | 133 ± 22 | 139 ± 15 | 138 ± 16 | 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 37 ± 5 | 38 ± 3 | 38 ± 4 | 38 ± 3 | 39 ± 6 | 0.002 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 137 ± 4 | 138 ± 3 | 138 ± 3 | 139 ± 3 | 137 ± 3 | 0.14 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 0.64 |
| Diabetes | 25 (22%) | 30 (30%) | 16 (25%) | 7 (17%) | 27 (15%) | 0.04 |
| Insulin-dependent | 8 (7%) | 6 (6%) | 4 (6%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 0.15 |
| Stroke | 8 (7%) | 7 (7%) | 5 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 9 (5%) | 0.72 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 15 (13%) | 8 (8%) | 17 (26%) | 4 (10%) | 15 (8%) | 0.002 |
| GOLD stage 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
| GOLD stage 2 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 2 | 10 | |
| GOLD stage 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 3 | |
| GOLD stage unknown | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| CPAP therapy | 0 | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (<1%) | 0.75 |
| Previous PCI | 14 (12%) | 8 (8%) | 7 (11%) | 5 (12%) | 12 (7%) | 0.46 |
| Previous CABG | 8 (7%) | 9 (9%) | 4 (6%) | 2 (5%) | 4 (2%) | 0.14 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 79 ± 18 | 86 ± 19 | 76 ± 23 | 89 ± 21 | 94 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Heart rhythma | <0.001 | |||||
| Sinus rhythm | 83 (74%) | 85 (84%) | 60 (92%) | 39 (93%) | 169 (93%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 25 (22%) | 13 (13%) | 4 (6%) | 2 (5%) | 6 (3%) | |
| Pacemaker | 5 (4%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 7 (4%) | |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 74 ± 15 | 71 ± 13 | 70 ± 14 | 68 ± 10 | 66 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Medication | ||||||
| Oral anticoagulation | 41 (36%) | 17 (17%) | 7 (11%) | 7 (17%) | 22 (12%) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 59 (52%) | 65 (64%) | 42 (65%) | 30 (71%) | 112 (62%) | 0.17 |
| Loop diuretics | 88 (78%) | 60 (59%) | 31 (48%) | 15 (36%) | 55 (30%) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 60 (53%) | 53 (52%) | 36 (55%) | 19 (45%) | 70 (38%) | 0.04 |
| ACEI/ARB | 58 (51%) | 62 (61%) | 42 (65%) | 21 (50%) | 94 (52%) | 0.20 |
| Digoxin | 18 (16%) | 6 (6%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (2%) | <0.001 |
| Spironolactone | 13 (12%) | 4 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 0 | 6 (3%) | 0.07 |
| B-type natriuretic peptide (ng/L) | 625 (285–1200) | 310(180–530) | 161 (76–359) | 146 (68–281) | 91 (51–209) | <0.001 |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Dyspnoea NYHA class | <0.001 | |||||
| I | 10 (9%) | 17 (17%) | 13 (20%) | 4 (10%) | 57 (32%) | |
| II | 45 (40%) | 48 (47%) | 29 (45%) | 29 (69%) | 95 (52%) | |
| III | 46 (41%) | 32 (32%) | 21 (32%) | 8 (19%) | 26 (14%) | |
| IV | 12 (10%) | 4 (4%) | 2 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (2%) | |
| STS score | 4.4 ± 3.1 | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.4 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Mode of AVR | <0.001 | |||||
| Surgical AVR | 63 (56%) | 66 (65%) | 41 (63%) | 31 (74%) | 160 (88%) | |
| Transcatheter AVR | 50 (44%) | 35 (35%) | 24 (37%) | 11 (26%) | 22 (12%) |
Data are given as numbers and percentages, mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).
ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; AVR, aortic valve replacement; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FEV1, forced expiratory volume within the first second (percent predicted); GOLD, global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease; NYHA, New York Heart Association; STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons.
aRhythm at the time of cardiac catheterization.
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