Table 2

Summary of Effects at the End of Intervention Timepoint

Physical activitySedentary behaviorFruit and veg intakeFat intakeSmoking cessationAlcohol consumptionMedication adherence
Subjective and continuousd = 0.177
CI = 0.091–0.263
I2 = 50.95%
k = 20
nIG = 2,566
nCG = 2,535
8 targeted D, PA, and S
6 targeted D and PA
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 targeted PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, and MA
d = 2.003
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 1
nIG = 93
nCG = 93
Targeted D, PA, and S
d = 0.232
CI = 0.013–0.452
I2 = 86.04%
k = 8
nIG = 1,279
nCG = 1,342
2 targeted D, PA, and S
4 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
d = 0.436
CI = 0.199–0.674
I2 = 85.47%
k = 10
nIG = 1,181
nCG = 1,128
3 targeted D, PA, and S
6 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
d = −0.019
CI = −0.211 to 0.172
I2 = 19.41%
k = 4
nIG = 288
nCG = 275
1 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
d = 0.081
CI = −0.045 to 0.206
I2 = 15.35%
k = 6
nIG = 650
nCG = 641
1 targeted D and PA
3 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
d = 0.373
CI = 0.185–0.560
I2 = 3.67%
k = 4
nIG = 236
nCG = 229
1 targeted D, PA, S & A
1 targeted D, PA, S, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
Subjective and dichotomousRR = 1.661
CI = 1.395–1.977
I2 = 85.66%
k = 12
nIG = 2,209
nCG = 2,188
3 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
2 targeted D, PA, and S
2 targeted D and PA
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, and A
RR = 2.001
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 1
nIG = 338
nCG = 351
Targeted D, PA, and S
RR = 1.326
CI = 1.043–1.686
I2 = 87.93%
k = 7
nIG = 2,292
nCG = 1,042
2 targeted D, PA, and S
2 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
RR = 1.286
CI = 0.896–1.845
I2 = 64.56%
k = 3
nIG = 371
nCG = 349
1 targeted D, PA & S
1 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, and A
RR = 1.102
CI = 1.020–1.189
I2 = 77.63%
k = 12
nIG = 1,712
nCG = 1,781
3 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D, PA, and A
4 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted S and A
Targeted D, PA, S
1 targeted D, PA, S, and MA
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
RR = 1.026
CI = 0.936–1.125
I2 = 55.11%
k = 5
nIG = 609
nCG = 491
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
1 S and A
RR = 1.047
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 2
nIG = 595
nCG = 595
1 targeted D, PA, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
Objective and continuousd = 0.358
CI = −0.074 to 0.790
I2 = 87.22%
k = 3
nIG = 339
nCG = 337
1 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D and PA
N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Objective and dichotomousN/AN/AN/AN/ARR = 1.252
CI = 1.019–1.538
I2 = 65.35%
k = 4
nIG = 675
nCG = 699
4 targeted D, PA, and S
N/AN/A
Physical activitySedentary behaviorFruit and veg intakeFat intakeSmoking cessationAlcohol consumptionMedication adherence
Subjective and continuousd = 0.177
CI = 0.091–0.263
I2 = 50.95%
k = 20
nIG = 2,566
nCG = 2,535
8 targeted D, PA, and S
6 targeted D and PA
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 targeted PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, and MA
d = 2.003
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 1
nIG = 93
nCG = 93
Targeted D, PA, and S
d = 0.232
CI = 0.013–0.452
I2 = 86.04%
k = 8
nIG = 1,279
nCG = 1,342
2 targeted D, PA, and S
4 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
d = 0.436
CI = 0.199–0.674
I2 = 85.47%
k = 10
nIG = 1,181
nCG = 1,128
3 targeted D, PA, and S
6 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
d = −0.019
CI = −0.211 to 0.172
I2 = 19.41%
k = 4
nIG = 288
nCG = 275
1 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
d = 0.081
CI = −0.045 to 0.206
I2 = 15.35%
k = 6
nIG = 650
nCG = 641
1 targeted D and PA
3 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
d = 0.373
CI = 0.185–0.560
I2 = 3.67%
k = 4
nIG = 236
nCG = 229
1 targeted D, PA, S & A
1 targeted D, PA, S, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
Subjective and dichotomousRR = 1.661
CI = 1.395–1.977
I2 = 85.66%
k = 12
nIG = 2,209
nCG = 2,188
3 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
2 targeted D, PA, and S
2 targeted D and PA
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, and A
RR = 2.001
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 1
nIG = 338
nCG = 351
Targeted D, PA, and S
RR = 1.326
CI = 1.043–1.686
I2 = 87.93%
k = 7
nIG = 2,292
nCG = 1,042
2 targeted D, PA, and S
2 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
RR = 1.286
CI = 0.896–1.845
I2 = 64.56%
k = 3
nIG = 371
nCG = 349
1 targeted D, PA & S
1 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, and A
RR = 1.102
CI = 1.020–1.189
I2 = 77.63%
k = 12
nIG = 1,712
nCG = 1,781
3 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D, PA, and A
4 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted S and A
Targeted D, PA, S
1 targeted D, PA, S, and MA
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
RR = 1.026
CI = 0.936–1.125
I2 = 55.11%
k = 5
nIG = 609
nCG = 491
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
1 S and A
RR = 1.047
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 2
nIG = 595
nCG = 595
1 targeted D, PA, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
Objective and continuousd = 0.358
CI = −0.074 to 0.790
I2 = 87.22%
k = 3
nIG = 339
nCG = 337
1 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D and PA
N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Objective and dichotomousN/AN/AN/AN/ARR = 1.252
CI = 1.019–1.538
I2 = 65.35%
k = 4
nIG = 675
nCG = 699
4 targeted D, PA, and S
N/AN/A

A alcohol consumption; CG control group; D diet; IG intervention group; MA medication adherence; PA physical activity; S smoking cessation.

Table 2

Summary of Effects at the End of Intervention Timepoint

Physical activitySedentary behaviorFruit and veg intakeFat intakeSmoking cessationAlcohol consumptionMedication adherence
Subjective and continuousd = 0.177
CI = 0.091–0.263
I2 = 50.95%
k = 20
nIG = 2,566
nCG = 2,535
8 targeted D, PA, and S
6 targeted D and PA
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 targeted PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, and MA
d = 2.003
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 1
nIG = 93
nCG = 93
Targeted D, PA, and S
d = 0.232
CI = 0.013–0.452
I2 = 86.04%
k = 8
nIG = 1,279
nCG = 1,342
2 targeted D, PA, and S
4 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
d = 0.436
CI = 0.199–0.674
I2 = 85.47%
k = 10
nIG = 1,181
nCG = 1,128
3 targeted D, PA, and S
6 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
d = −0.019
CI = −0.211 to 0.172
I2 = 19.41%
k = 4
nIG = 288
nCG = 275
1 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
d = 0.081
CI = −0.045 to 0.206
I2 = 15.35%
k = 6
nIG = 650
nCG = 641
1 targeted D and PA
3 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
d = 0.373
CI = 0.185–0.560
I2 = 3.67%
k = 4
nIG = 236
nCG = 229
1 targeted D, PA, S & A
1 targeted D, PA, S, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
Subjective and dichotomousRR = 1.661
CI = 1.395–1.977
I2 = 85.66%
k = 12
nIG = 2,209
nCG = 2,188
3 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
2 targeted D, PA, and S
2 targeted D and PA
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, and A
RR = 2.001
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 1
nIG = 338
nCG = 351
Targeted D, PA, and S
RR = 1.326
CI = 1.043–1.686
I2 = 87.93%
k = 7
nIG = 2,292
nCG = 1,042
2 targeted D, PA, and S
2 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
RR = 1.286
CI = 0.896–1.845
I2 = 64.56%
k = 3
nIG = 371
nCG = 349
1 targeted D, PA & S
1 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, and A
RR = 1.102
CI = 1.020–1.189
I2 = 77.63%
k = 12
nIG = 1,712
nCG = 1,781
3 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D, PA, and A
4 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted S and A
Targeted D, PA, S
1 targeted D, PA, S, and MA
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
RR = 1.026
CI = 0.936–1.125
I2 = 55.11%
k = 5
nIG = 609
nCG = 491
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
1 S and A
RR = 1.047
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 2
nIG = 595
nCG = 595
1 targeted D, PA, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
Objective and continuousd = 0.358
CI = −0.074 to 0.790
I2 = 87.22%
k = 3
nIG = 339
nCG = 337
1 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D and PA
N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Objective and dichotomousN/AN/AN/AN/ARR = 1.252
CI = 1.019–1.538
I2 = 65.35%
k = 4
nIG = 675
nCG = 699
4 targeted D, PA, and S
N/AN/A
Physical activitySedentary behaviorFruit and veg intakeFat intakeSmoking cessationAlcohol consumptionMedication adherence
Subjective and continuousd = 0.177
CI = 0.091–0.263
I2 = 50.95%
k = 20
nIG = 2,566
nCG = 2,535
8 targeted D, PA, and S
6 targeted D and PA
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 targeted PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, and MA
d = 2.003
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 1
nIG = 93
nCG = 93
Targeted D, PA, and S
d = 0.232
CI = 0.013–0.452
I2 = 86.04%
k = 8
nIG = 1,279
nCG = 1,342
2 targeted D, PA, and S
4 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
d = 0.436
CI = 0.199–0.674
I2 = 85.47%
k = 10
nIG = 1,181
nCG = 1,128
3 targeted D, PA, and S
6 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
d = −0.019
CI = −0.211 to 0.172
I2 = 19.41%
k = 4
nIG = 288
nCG = 275
1 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
d = 0.081
CI = −0.045 to 0.206
I2 = 15.35%
k = 6
nIG = 650
nCG = 641
1 targeted D and PA
3 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
d = 0.373
CI = 0.185–0.560
I2 = 3.67%
k = 4
nIG = 236
nCG = 229
1 targeted D, PA, S & A
1 targeted D, PA, S, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
Subjective and dichotomousRR = 1.661
CI = 1.395–1.977
I2 = 85.66%
k = 12
nIG = 2,209
nCG = 2,188
3 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
2 targeted D, PA, and S
2 targeted D and PA
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, and A
RR = 2.001
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 1
nIG = 338
nCG = 351
Targeted D, PA, and S
RR = 1.326
CI = 1.043–1.686
I2 = 87.93%
k = 7
nIG = 2,292
nCG = 1,042
2 targeted D, PA, and S
2 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, S, and A
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
RR = 1.286
CI = 0.896–1.845
I2 = 64.56%
k = 3
nIG = 371
nCG = 349
1 targeted D, PA & S
1 targeted D and PA
1 targeted D, PA, and A
RR = 1.102
CI = 1.020–1.189
I2 = 77.63%
k = 12
nIG = 1,712
nCG = 1,781
3 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D, PA, and A
4 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted S and A
Targeted D, PA, S
1 targeted D, PA, S, and MA
2 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
RR = 1.026
CI = 0.936–1.125
I2 = 55.11%
k = 5
nIG = 609
nCG = 491
2 targeted D, PA, S, and A
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
1 PA, S, and A
1 S and A
RR = 1.047
CI = N/A
I2 = N/A
k = 2
nIG = 595
nCG = 595
1 targeted D, PA, and MA
1 targeted D, PA, S, A, and MA
Objective and continuousd = 0.358
CI = −0.074 to 0.790
I2 = 87.22%
k = 3
nIG = 339
nCG = 337
1 targeted D, PA, and S
1 targeted D and PA
N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
Objective and dichotomousN/AN/AN/AN/ARR = 1.252
CI = 1.019–1.538
I2 = 65.35%
k = 4
nIG = 675
nCG = 699
4 targeted D, PA, and S
N/AN/A

A alcohol consumption; CG control group; D diet; IG intervention group; MA medication adherence; PA physical activity; S smoking cessation.

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