Table 1 Open in new tab Dilated...

Dilated cardiomyopathy: non-genetic aetiologies

Post-myocarditis

Infectious myocarditis
- Virus-mediated or viral-triggered myocarditis: Coxsackieviruses A and B, echoviruses, influenza A and B viruses, RSV, mumps virus, measles virus, rubella virus, HCV, polioviruses, yellow fever virus, Chikungunya virus, Junin virus, rabies virus, HIV-1, adenoviruses, PVB-19, CMV, HHV-6, EBV, VZV, HSV, Lassa fever virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, dengue virus, SARS-CoV-2
- Bacterial myocarditis: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Meningococcus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Salmonella, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium, Gonococcus, Brucella, Rickettsia
- Fungal myocarditis: Aspergillus, Histoplasma, Actinomyces, Candida, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Mucormycoses, Nocardia, Sporothrix, Blastomyces
- Spirochetal myocarditis: Borrelia (Lyme disease), Leptospira
- Protozoal myocarditis: Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba, Leishmania
- Parasitic: Trichinella spiralis, Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia solium
Immune-mediated myocarditis: autoimmune disorders (SLE, systemic sclerosis, EGPA, RA, sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis, coeliac disease primary biliary cirrhosis, myasthenia gravis, pemphigus pemphigoid, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, autoinflammatory syndromes, reactive arthritis, immune checkpoint inhibitor–related myocarditis, CAR-T cell therapy–related myocarditis
Alloantigens: tetanus toxoid, vaccines, serum sickness, cocaine
Autoantigens: heart transplant rejection

Toxic aetiologies: cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cobalt, anabolic steroids, primary and secondary iron overloads

Peri-partum cardiomyopathy

Drugs
- Antineoplastic agents: anthracyclines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy antimetabolites, alkylating agents, Taxol, hypomethylating agent, monoclonal antibodies; tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- Psychiatric drugs: clozapine, olanzapine, chlorpromazine, risperidone, lithium, methylphenidate, tricyclic antidepressants
- Other drugs: all-trans retinoic acid, antiretroviral agents, phenothiazines

Endocrinologic disorders: hypo- and hyperthyroidism, Cushing, Addison disease, pheochromocytoma, diabetes mellitus, acromegaly

Nutritional deficiencies: thiamine (beriberi), selenium, zinc, copper, carnitine

Electrolyte abnormalities: hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia

Table 1

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Dilated cardiomyopathy: non-genetic causes

Dilated cardiomyopathy: non-genetic aetiologies
Post-myocarditis Infectious myocarditis Virus-mediated or viral-triggered myocarditis: Coxsackieviruses A and B, echoviruses, influenza A and B viruses, RSV, mumps virus, measles virus, rubella virus, HCV, polioviruses, yellow fever virus, Chikungunya virus, Junin virus, rabies virus, HIV-1, adenoviruses, PVB-19, CMV, HHV-6, EBV, VZV, HSV, Lassa fever virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, dengue virus, SARS-CoV-2 Bacterial myocarditis: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Meningococcus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Salmonella, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium, Gonococcus, Brucella, Rickettsia Fungal myocarditis: Aspergillus, Histoplasma, Actinomyces, Candida, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Mucormycoses, Nocardia, Sporothrix, Blastomyces Spirochetal myocarditis: Borrelia (Lyme disease), Leptospira Protozoal myocarditis: Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba, Leishmania Parasitic: Trichinella spiralis, Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia solium Immune-mediated myocarditis: autoimmune disorders (SLE, systemic sclerosis, EGPA, RA, sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis, coeliac disease primary biliary cirrhosis, myasthenia gravis, pemphigus pemphigoid, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, autoinflammatory syndromes, reactive arthritis, immune checkpoint inhibitor–related myocarditis, CAR-T cell therapy–related myocarditis Alloantigens: tetanus toxoid, vaccines, serum sickness, cocaine Autoantigens: heart transplant rejection
Toxic aetiologies: cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cobalt, anabolic steroids, primary and secondary iron overloads
Peri-partum cardiomyopathy
Drugs Antineoplastic agents: anthracyclines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy antimetabolites, alkylating agents, Taxol, hypomethylating agent, monoclonal antibodies; tyrosine kinase inhibitors Psychiatric drugs: clozapine, olanzapine, chlorpromazine, risperidone, lithium, methylphenidate, tricyclic antidepressants Other drugs: all-trans retinoic acid, antiretroviral agents, phenothiazines
Endocrinologic disorders: hypo- and hyperthyroidism, Cushing, Addison disease, pheochromocytoma, diabetes mellitus, acromegaly
Nutritional deficiencies: thiamine (beriberi), selenium, zinc, copper, carnitine
Electrolyte abnormalities: hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia

Dilated cardiomyopathy: non-genetic aetiologies
Post-myocarditis Infectious myocarditis Virus-mediated or viral-triggered myocarditis: Coxsackieviruses A and B, echoviruses, influenza A and B viruses, RSV, mumps virus, measles virus, rubella virus, HCV, polioviruses, yellow fever virus, Chikungunya virus, Junin virus, rabies virus, HIV-1, adenoviruses, PVB-19, CMV, HHV-6, EBV, VZV, HSV, Lassa fever virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, dengue virus, SARS-CoV-2 Bacterial myocarditis: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Meningococcus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Salmonella, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium, Gonococcus, Brucella, Rickettsia Fungal myocarditis: Aspergillus, Histoplasma, Actinomyces, Candida, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Mucormycoses, Nocardia, Sporothrix, Blastomyces Spirochetal myocarditis: Borrelia (Lyme disease), Leptospira Protozoal myocarditis: Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba, Leishmania Parasitic: Trichinella spiralis, Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia solium Immune-mediated myocarditis: autoimmune disorders (SLE, systemic sclerosis, EGPA, RA, sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis, coeliac disease primary biliary cirrhosis, myasthenia gravis, pemphigus pemphigoid, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, autoinflammatory syndromes, reactive arthritis, immune checkpoint inhibitor–related myocarditis, CAR-T cell therapy–related myocarditis Alloantigens: tetanus toxoid, vaccines, serum sickness, cocaine Autoantigens: heart transplant rejection
Toxic aetiologies: cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, cobalt, anabolic steroids, primary and secondary iron overloads
Peri-partum cardiomyopathy
Drugs Antineoplastic agents: anthracyclines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy antimetabolites, alkylating agents, Taxol, hypomethylating agent, monoclonal antibodies; tyrosine kinase inhibitors Psychiatric drugs: clozapine, olanzapine, chlorpromazine, risperidone, lithium, methylphenidate, tricyclic antidepressants Other drugs: all-trans retinoic acid, antiretroviral agents, phenothiazines
Endocrinologic disorders: hypo- and hyperthyroidism, Cushing, Addison disease, pheochromocytoma, diabetes mellitus, acromegaly
Nutritional deficiencies: thiamine (beriberi), selenium, zinc, copper, carnitine
Electrolyte abnormalities: hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia

RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; PVB-19, parvovirus B-19; CMV, cytomegalovirus; HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus-1; HHV-6, human herpesvirus-6; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; VZV, varicella zoster virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; EGPA, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T.

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