Table 3.
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WPPSI methods and results among typically developing preschool-age children in Spanish-speaking Latin America.

Lead author (year)EditionLanguage administered inTotal No. of participantsAge of participants completing WPPSIIndex scores (FSIQ, VIQ, NVIQ): Mean (SD)
Blouin et al. (2018)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish8804–5No index scores reported
Bojorque et al. (2018)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish3555–6No index scores reported
Cando et al. (2019)WPPSI (Mexican version)Spanish375–6FSIQ: 89.25 (10.43)
VIQ: 86.46 (11.55)
NVIQ: 96.39 (9.96)
Caulfield et al. (2011)WPPSI (Spanish version) cited 1993Spanish165 (subset of larger sample, n = 184)4No index scores reported for sub-sample of 165 children; scores below reflect original sample (n = 184):
FSIQ:
Group 1: 91.9 (10.0)
Group 2: 92.3 (10.1)
VIQ:
Group 1: 85.3 (9.8)
Group 2: 86.2 (10.3)
NVIQ:
Group 1: 100.6 (11.7)
Group 2: 100.0 (12.8)
Chasiotis et al. (2006)WPPSI (Costa Rican version, cites Echeverría 1980)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish3143–5No index scores reported
Clark et al. (2006)WPPSI-RNot mentioned; presumed Spanish7845FSIQ:
Breastfed <2 months: 87.1 (0.6)
Breastfed 2–8 months: 88.4 (0.05)
Breastfed >8 months: 88.1 (1.2)
Galván et al. (2014)WPPSI-RNot mentioned; presumed Spanish2154–5FSIQ:
Obese: 92.0 (8.94)
Nonobese: 91.69 (8.57)
Hermida et al. (2019)WPPSI-IIINot mentioned; presumed Spanish1315No index scores reported
Hill et al. (2014)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish1914–6No index scores reported
Lozoff et al. (2006)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish1615No index scores reported for WPPSI (Figure 2 shows FSIQ range of ∼86–115)
Moguel-Ancheita et al. (2008)WPPSI (not specified or cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish and article written in Spanish95–6FSIQ: 88.1 (12)
VIQ: 89.8 (11)
NVIQ: 84.7 (10)
Morales-Buenrostro et al. (2019)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Spanish1004–6FSIQ:
Unexposed: 108.56 (11.59)
Exposed: 100.2 (9.79)
VIQ:
Unexposed: 104.33 (11.4)
Exposed: 99.9 (10.54)
NVIQ:
Unexposed: 112.22 (13.18)
Exposed: 99.5 (12.06)
Salinas-Piélago et al. (1998)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish and article written in Spanish1083–5FSIQ:
Controls (initial evaluation): 102.63 (10.27)
Warthon-Medina et al. (2015)WPPSI-R (Spanish version)Spanish1843–4FSIQ:
Group 1: 86.61 (12.23)
Group 2: 87.9 (12.91)
VIQ:
Group 1: 83.31 (9.86)
Group 2: 83.38 (11.09)
NVIQ:
Group 1: 93.95 (14.80)
Group 2: 94.48 (16.75)
Zambrano-Sánchez et al. (2010)WPPSI (Spanish version; not cited)Spanish1624–6FSIQ: 99 (12.9)
VIQ: 93 (11.7)
NVIQ: 99 (14.9)
Lead author (year)EditionLanguage administered inTotal No. of participantsAge of participants completing WPPSIIndex scores (FSIQ, VIQ, NVIQ): Mean (SD)
Blouin et al. (2018)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish8804–5No index scores reported
Bojorque et al. (2018)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish3555–6No index scores reported
Cando et al. (2019)WPPSI (Mexican version)Spanish375–6FSIQ: 89.25 (10.43)
VIQ: 86.46 (11.55)
NVIQ: 96.39 (9.96)
Caulfield et al. (2011)WPPSI (Spanish version) cited 1993Spanish165 (subset of larger sample, n = 184)4No index scores reported for sub-sample of 165 children; scores below reflect original sample (n = 184):
FSIQ:
Group 1: 91.9 (10.0)
Group 2: 92.3 (10.1)
VIQ:
Group 1: 85.3 (9.8)
Group 2: 86.2 (10.3)
NVIQ:
Group 1: 100.6 (11.7)
Group 2: 100.0 (12.8)
Chasiotis et al. (2006)WPPSI (Costa Rican version, cites Echeverría 1980)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish3143–5No index scores reported
Clark et al. (2006)WPPSI-RNot mentioned; presumed Spanish7845FSIQ:
Breastfed <2 months: 87.1 (0.6)
Breastfed 2–8 months: 88.4 (0.05)
Breastfed >8 months: 88.1 (1.2)
Galván et al. (2014)WPPSI-RNot mentioned; presumed Spanish2154–5FSIQ:
Obese: 92.0 (8.94)
Nonobese: 91.69 (8.57)
Hermida et al. (2019)WPPSI-IIINot mentioned; presumed Spanish1315No index scores reported
Hill et al. (2014)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish1914–6No index scores reported
Lozoff et al. (2006)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish1615No index scores reported for WPPSI (Figure 2 shows FSIQ range of ∼86–115)
Moguel-Ancheita et al. (2008)WPPSI (not specified or cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish and article written in Spanish95–6FSIQ: 88.1 (12)
VIQ: 89.8 (11)
NVIQ: 84.7 (10)
Morales-Buenrostro et al. (2019)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Spanish1004–6FSIQ:
Unexposed: 108.56 (11.59)
Exposed: 100.2 (9.79)
VIQ:
Unexposed: 104.33 (11.4)
Exposed: 99.9 (10.54)
NVIQ:
Unexposed: 112.22 (13.18)
Exposed: 99.5 (12.06)
Salinas-Piélago et al. (1998)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish and article written in Spanish1083–5FSIQ:
Controls (initial evaluation): 102.63 (10.27)
Warthon-Medina et al. (2015)WPPSI-R (Spanish version)Spanish1843–4FSIQ:
Group 1: 86.61 (12.23)
Group 2: 87.9 (12.91)
VIQ:
Group 1: 83.31 (9.86)
Group 2: 83.38 (11.09)
NVIQ:
Group 1: 93.95 (14.80)
Group 2: 94.48 (16.75)
Zambrano-Sánchez et al. (2010)WPPSI (Spanish version; not cited)Spanish1624–6FSIQ: 99 (12.9)
VIQ: 93 (11.7)
NVIQ: 99 (14.9)

Note. Although the WISC was used in a higher number of studies in this review than the WPPSI (29 used the WISC compared to the WPPSI with 23), the studies using the WISC used the assessment to measure development of children at the highest end of our intended age range (6+) and generally focused on school age children. The WPPSI was selected for this table because it was the most frequently used assessment that measured cognitive development among our target population of preschool-aged children between ages 2–6 and allows us to interpret findings more accurately to this target population. FSIQ = full Scale IQ, or total IQ; VIQ = verbal IQ; NVIQ = nonverbal IQ or other nonverbal index scores (executive IQ, manipulative IQ, performance IQ).

Table 3.
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WPPSI methods and results among typically developing preschool-age children in Spanish-speaking Latin America.

Lead author (year)EditionLanguage administered inTotal No. of participantsAge of participants completing WPPSIIndex scores (FSIQ, VIQ, NVIQ): Mean (SD)
Blouin et al. (2018)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish8804–5No index scores reported
Bojorque et al. (2018)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish3555–6No index scores reported
Cando et al. (2019)WPPSI (Mexican version)Spanish375–6FSIQ: 89.25 (10.43)
VIQ: 86.46 (11.55)
NVIQ: 96.39 (9.96)
Caulfield et al. (2011)WPPSI (Spanish version) cited 1993Spanish165 (subset of larger sample, n = 184)4No index scores reported for sub-sample of 165 children; scores below reflect original sample (n = 184):
FSIQ:
Group 1: 91.9 (10.0)
Group 2: 92.3 (10.1)
VIQ:
Group 1: 85.3 (9.8)
Group 2: 86.2 (10.3)
NVIQ:
Group 1: 100.6 (11.7)
Group 2: 100.0 (12.8)
Chasiotis et al. (2006)WPPSI (Costa Rican version, cites Echeverría 1980)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish3143–5No index scores reported
Clark et al. (2006)WPPSI-RNot mentioned; presumed Spanish7845FSIQ:
Breastfed <2 months: 87.1 (0.6)
Breastfed 2–8 months: 88.4 (0.05)
Breastfed >8 months: 88.1 (1.2)
Galván et al. (2014)WPPSI-RNot mentioned; presumed Spanish2154–5FSIQ:
Obese: 92.0 (8.94)
Nonobese: 91.69 (8.57)
Hermida et al. (2019)WPPSI-IIINot mentioned; presumed Spanish1315No index scores reported
Hill et al. (2014)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish1914–6No index scores reported
Lozoff et al. (2006)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish1615No index scores reported for WPPSI (Figure 2 shows FSIQ range of ∼86–115)
Moguel-Ancheita et al. (2008)WPPSI (not specified or cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish and article written in Spanish95–6FSIQ: 88.1 (12)
VIQ: 89.8 (11)
NVIQ: 84.7 (10)
Morales-Buenrostro et al. (2019)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Spanish1004–6FSIQ:
Unexposed: 108.56 (11.59)
Exposed: 100.2 (9.79)
VIQ:
Unexposed: 104.33 (11.4)
Exposed: 99.9 (10.54)
NVIQ:
Unexposed: 112.22 (13.18)
Exposed: 99.5 (12.06)
Salinas-Piélago et al. (1998)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish and article written in Spanish1083–5FSIQ:
Controls (initial evaluation): 102.63 (10.27)
Warthon-Medina et al. (2015)WPPSI-R (Spanish version)Spanish1843–4FSIQ:
Group 1: 86.61 (12.23)
Group 2: 87.9 (12.91)
VIQ:
Group 1: 83.31 (9.86)
Group 2: 83.38 (11.09)
NVIQ:
Group 1: 93.95 (14.80)
Group 2: 94.48 (16.75)
Zambrano-Sánchez et al. (2010)WPPSI (Spanish version; not cited)Spanish1624–6FSIQ: 99 (12.9)
VIQ: 93 (11.7)
NVIQ: 99 (14.9)
Lead author (year)EditionLanguage administered inTotal No. of participantsAge of participants completing WPPSIIndex scores (FSIQ, VIQ, NVIQ): Mean (SD)
Blouin et al. (2018)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish8804–5No index scores reported
Bojorque et al. (2018)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish3555–6No index scores reported
Cando et al. (2019)WPPSI (Mexican version)Spanish375–6FSIQ: 89.25 (10.43)
VIQ: 86.46 (11.55)
NVIQ: 96.39 (9.96)
Caulfield et al. (2011)WPPSI (Spanish version) cited 1993Spanish165 (subset of larger sample, n = 184)4No index scores reported for sub-sample of 165 children; scores below reflect original sample (n = 184):
FSIQ:
Group 1: 91.9 (10.0)
Group 2: 92.3 (10.1)
VIQ:
Group 1: 85.3 (9.8)
Group 2: 86.2 (10.3)
NVIQ:
Group 1: 100.6 (11.7)
Group 2: 100.0 (12.8)
Chasiotis et al. (2006)WPPSI (Costa Rican version, cites Echeverría 1980)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish3143–5No index scores reported
Clark et al. (2006)WPPSI-RNot mentioned; presumed Spanish7845FSIQ:
Breastfed <2 months: 87.1 (0.6)
Breastfed 2–8 months: 88.4 (0.05)
Breastfed >8 months: 88.1 (1.2)
Galván et al. (2014)WPPSI-RNot mentioned; presumed Spanish2154–5FSIQ:
Obese: 92.0 (8.94)
Nonobese: 91.69 (8.57)
Hermida et al. (2019)WPPSI-IIINot mentioned; presumed Spanish1315No index scores reported
Hill et al. (2014)WPPSI-III (Spanish version)Spanish1914–6No index scores reported
Lozoff et al. (2006)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish1615No index scores reported for WPPSI (Figure 2 shows FSIQ range of ∼86–115)
Moguel-Ancheita et al. (2008)WPPSI (not specified or cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish and article written in Spanish95–6FSIQ: 88.1 (12)
VIQ: 89.8 (11)
NVIQ: 84.7 (10)
Morales-Buenrostro et al. (2019)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Spanish1004–6FSIQ:
Unexposed: 108.56 (11.59)
Exposed: 100.2 (9.79)
VIQ:
Unexposed: 104.33 (11.4)
Exposed: 99.9 (10.54)
NVIQ:
Unexposed: 112.22 (13.18)
Exposed: 99.5 (12.06)
Salinas-Piélago et al. (1998)WPPSI (not specified; 1967 version cited)Not mentioned; presumed Spanish and article written in Spanish1083–5FSIQ:
Controls (initial evaluation): 102.63 (10.27)
Warthon-Medina et al. (2015)WPPSI-R (Spanish version)Spanish1843–4FSIQ:
Group 1: 86.61 (12.23)
Group 2: 87.9 (12.91)
VIQ:
Group 1: 83.31 (9.86)
Group 2: 83.38 (11.09)
NVIQ:
Group 1: 93.95 (14.80)
Group 2: 94.48 (16.75)
Zambrano-Sánchez et al. (2010)WPPSI (Spanish version; not cited)Spanish1624–6FSIQ: 99 (12.9)
VIQ: 93 (11.7)
NVIQ: 99 (14.9)

Note. Although the WISC was used in a higher number of studies in this review than the WPPSI (29 used the WISC compared to the WPPSI with 23), the studies using the WISC used the assessment to measure development of children at the highest end of our intended age range (6+) and generally focused on school age children. The WPPSI was selected for this table because it was the most frequently used assessment that measured cognitive development among our target population of preschool-aged children between ages 2–6 and allows us to interpret findings more accurately to this target population. FSIQ = full Scale IQ, or total IQ; VIQ = verbal IQ; NVIQ = nonverbal IQ or other nonverbal index scores (executive IQ, manipulative IQ, performance IQ).

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