| Protein . | Arabidopsis identifier . | Activity/interaction/family/domain . | Proposed function in ribogenesis . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ribonucleases | ||||
| PNPase | At3g03710 | 3ʹ-5ʹ exoribonuclease | Maturation of 23S rRNA 3ʹ ends | Yehudai-Resheff et al. 2001 |
| RNE | At2g04270 | Endunuclease | Production of the dicistronic 23S-4.5S rRNA precursor | Stoppel et al. 2012 |
| RNR1 | At5g02250 | 3ʹ-5ʹ exoribonuclease | 3ʹ trimming of 23S, 16S and 5S rRNAs | Kishine et al. 2004; Bollenbach et al. 2005 |
| RNJ | At5g63420 | Endoribonuclease and 5′-to-3′ exoribonuclease | Trimming of 16S and 23S 5ʹ rRNA termini and quality control | Hotto et al. 2020 |
| RNC3/4 | At1g55140/At3g13740 | Endonucleases, mini-ribonuclease III | rRNA maturation and intron recycling | Hotto et al. 2015 |
| CSP41a/b | AT3G63140/AT1G09340 | Endoribonuclease | Association and stability of 23S and 16S rRNAs; processing of hidden break A | Beligni and Mayfield 2008 |
| YbeY | AT2G25870 | Endoribonuclease | Maturation of the 5ʹ and 3ʹ ends of 16S, 23S and 4.5S rRNAs | Liu et al. 2015 |
| Helicases | ||||
| RH39 | AT4G09730 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, binds to and associates in cleavage of 23S rRNA | Processing of a stem-loop structure of 23S rRNA, introduction of the hidden break B site into the 23S rRNA | Nishimura et al. 2010 |
| RH22 | AT1G59990 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, interacts with RPL24 | Rearrange secondary structures and processing of the 23S-4.5S precursor rRNA | Chi et al. 2012 |
| RH50 | At3g06980 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, binds to rRNAs | Maturation of the 23S and 4.5S rRNAs | Paieri et al. 2018 |
| RH3 | At5g26742 | DEAD-box RNA helicase | Associates with Group II introns and 23S rRNA, chaperone function | Asakura et al. 2012; Gu et al. 2014 |
| ISE2 | AT1G7007 | Ski2-like RNA helicase | RNA editing and splicing of mRNAs for RPs, rRNA processing | Bobik et al. 2017 |
| PRBP (EMB1513) | AT2G37920 | DEAD-box RNA helicase | Maturation of the 4.5 rRNA | Park et al. 2011 |
| RHON1 | AT1G06190 | Rho-like RNA helicase | Guides RNE to specific targets, rRNA processing | Stoppel et al. 2012 |
| GTPases | ||||
| AtRsgA | AT1G67440 | GTPase A, interacts with RbfA | Maturation of 16S rRNA | Janowski et al. 2018 |
| WSL6 (Era-1) | AT5G66470 | Era-type GTPase | Binds to the 3ʹ end region of 16S rRNA, 30S assembly | Suwastika et al. 2014 |
| YqeH (AtNOA1) | AT3G47450 | YqeH class GTPase | cGTPase participating in 30S ribosome assembly | Li et al. 2015 |
| BPG2 | AT3G57180 | YqeH-type GTPase | Maturation of 16S and 23S rRNA | Komatsu et al. 2010 |
| ObgC | AT5G18570 | Obg GTPases | Binds to 23S rRNA, 50S ribosome assembly | Bang et al. 2012 |
| RbgA | AT4G02790 | RbgA GTPase | Interacts with the plastid RPs RPL6 and RPL35, GTP hydrolysis promotes its dissociation from the 50S subunit | Seffouh et al. 2019; Jeon et al. 2017 |
| EMB2738 (DER) | AT3G12080 | Double Era-like GTPase | Associated with 50S ribosomal, accumulation of ribosomes | Jeon et al. 2014 |
| RNA chaperones | ||||
| PAC | AT2G48120 | RNA binding | PAC, co-migrates with premature 50S ribosomal particles, binding to and remodeling a specific region of the 23S rRNA | Meurer et al. 1998; Meurer et al. 2017; Tirlapur et al. 1999 |
| CFM4 | AT4G39040 | CRM family member subfamily4 | Processing of 16S and 4.5S rRNA | Lee et al. 2014 |
| SDP | AT1G12800 | S1 domain–containing RNA-binding protein | Processing of 23S–4.5S | Han et al. 2015 |
| SRRP1 | At3g23700 | S1 domain–containing RNA-binding protein | Splicing of trnL intron and cleavage of the 5S rRNA | Gu et al. 2015 |
| Other proteins involved in ribogenesis | ||||
| RBF1 | AT4G34730 | RBF A domain, interacts with AtRsgA | 3ʹ and 5ʹ end maturation of 16S rRNA | Fristedt et al. 2014 |
| SOT1 | AT5G46580 | PPR-SMR protein, endonuclease | Protects 5ʹ 23S-4.5S dicistronic precursor from exonucleolytic activity of RNJ | Zhang and Lu 2019 |
| DCL | AT1G45230 | DUF3223 domain | Generating the 4.5S rRNA | Bellaoui et al. 2003 |
| RAP | AT2G31890 | OPR protein | 5ʹ processing of 16S and 23S rRNA | Kleinknecht et al. 2014 |
| CRASS | AT5G14910 | Putative heavy metal–associated (HMA) domain | Associates with 16S rRNA and RPs of the small 30S subunit | Pulido et al. 2018 |
| WCO (WHITECOTYLEDONS) | Genetically maps on chromosome 1 | Not identified yet | Development- and/or cell-specific 16S maturation | Yamamoto et al. 2000 |
| PGL12 | AT1G71460 | PLS-type PPR harboring an RRM domain | Assists in the processing of 16S rRNA | Chen et al. 2019 |
| TIC56 | AT5G01590 | Protein of the plastid import machinery | Processing of 23S rRNA and 50S ribosome assembly | Köhler et al. 2016 |
| CGL20a/b | AT2G17240/AT3G24506 | Prolin-rich ∼10-kD protein | 50S ribosome biogenesis via the formation of a hidden break A in the 23S rRNA | Reiter et al. 2020 |
| PPR4 (WSL5) | AT5G04810 | P-type PPR protein carrying an RRM domain | Editing and rps12 intron 1 trans-splicing and, indirectly, in the assembly of 70S ribosomes | Liu et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2019 |
| DAL (MORF2) | AT2G33430 | Part of the MORF family | Splicing and editing of transcripts encoding RPs | Takenaka et al. 2012 |
| rRNA modifications | ||||
| CMAL | AT5G10910 | MraW/RsmH-like methyltransferase | m4Cm methylation of 16S rRNA at position C1352 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| RsmD | At3g28460 | N2-methylguanosine methyltransferase | m2G methylation of 16S rRNA at position C915 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| PFC | AT1G01860 | KsgA and DIM1 homolog | m6A methylation of 16S rRNA at position C1352 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| SVR1 | AT2G39140 | Ψ synthase | Pseudouridylation of rRNAs | Sun et al. 2019b |
| Protein . | Arabidopsis identifier . | Activity/interaction/family/domain . | Proposed function in ribogenesis . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ribonucleases | ||||
| PNPase | At3g03710 | 3ʹ-5ʹ exoribonuclease | Maturation of 23S rRNA 3ʹ ends | Yehudai-Resheff et al. 2001 |
| RNE | At2g04270 | Endunuclease | Production of the dicistronic 23S-4.5S rRNA precursor | Stoppel et al. 2012 |
| RNR1 | At5g02250 | 3ʹ-5ʹ exoribonuclease | 3ʹ trimming of 23S, 16S and 5S rRNAs | Kishine et al. 2004; Bollenbach et al. 2005 |
| RNJ | At5g63420 | Endoribonuclease and 5′-to-3′ exoribonuclease | Trimming of 16S and 23S 5ʹ rRNA termini and quality control | Hotto et al. 2020 |
| RNC3/4 | At1g55140/At3g13740 | Endonucleases, mini-ribonuclease III | rRNA maturation and intron recycling | Hotto et al. 2015 |
| CSP41a/b | AT3G63140/AT1G09340 | Endoribonuclease | Association and stability of 23S and 16S rRNAs; processing of hidden break A | Beligni and Mayfield 2008 |
| YbeY | AT2G25870 | Endoribonuclease | Maturation of the 5ʹ and 3ʹ ends of 16S, 23S and 4.5S rRNAs | Liu et al. 2015 |
| Helicases | ||||
| RH39 | AT4G09730 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, binds to and associates in cleavage of 23S rRNA | Processing of a stem-loop structure of 23S rRNA, introduction of the hidden break B site into the 23S rRNA | Nishimura et al. 2010 |
| RH22 | AT1G59990 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, interacts with RPL24 | Rearrange secondary structures and processing of the 23S-4.5S precursor rRNA | Chi et al. 2012 |
| RH50 | At3g06980 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, binds to rRNAs | Maturation of the 23S and 4.5S rRNAs | Paieri et al. 2018 |
| RH3 | At5g26742 | DEAD-box RNA helicase | Associates with Group II introns and 23S rRNA, chaperone function | Asakura et al. 2012; Gu et al. 2014 |
| ISE2 | AT1G7007 | Ski2-like RNA helicase | RNA editing and splicing of mRNAs for RPs, rRNA processing | Bobik et al. 2017 |
| PRBP (EMB1513) | AT2G37920 | DEAD-box RNA helicase | Maturation of the 4.5 rRNA | Park et al. 2011 |
| RHON1 | AT1G06190 | Rho-like RNA helicase | Guides RNE to specific targets, rRNA processing | Stoppel et al. 2012 |
| GTPases | ||||
| AtRsgA | AT1G67440 | GTPase A, interacts with RbfA | Maturation of 16S rRNA | Janowski et al. 2018 |
| WSL6 (Era-1) | AT5G66470 | Era-type GTPase | Binds to the 3ʹ end region of 16S rRNA, 30S assembly | Suwastika et al. 2014 |
| YqeH (AtNOA1) | AT3G47450 | YqeH class GTPase | cGTPase participating in 30S ribosome assembly | Li et al. 2015 |
| BPG2 | AT3G57180 | YqeH-type GTPase | Maturation of 16S and 23S rRNA | Komatsu et al. 2010 |
| ObgC | AT5G18570 | Obg GTPases | Binds to 23S rRNA, 50S ribosome assembly | Bang et al. 2012 |
| RbgA | AT4G02790 | RbgA GTPase | Interacts with the plastid RPs RPL6 and RPL35, GTP hydrolysis promotes its dissociation from the 50S subunit | Seffouh et al. 2019; Jeon et al. 2017 |
| EMB2738 (DER) | AT3G12080 | Double Era-like GTPase | Associated with 50S ribosomal, accumulation of ribosomes | Jeon et al. 2014 |
| RNA chaperones | ||||
| PAC | AT2G48120 | RNA binding | PAC, co-migrates with premature 50S ribosomal particles, binding to and remodeling a specific region of the 23S rRNA | Meurer et al. 1998; Meurer et al. 2017; Tirlapur et al. 1999 |
| CFM4 | AT4G39040 | CRM family member subfamily4 | Processing of 16S and 4.5S rRNA | Lee et al. 2014 |
| SDP | AT1G12800 | S1 domain–containing RNA-binding protein | Processing of 23S–4.5S | Han et al. 2015 |
| SRRP1 | At3g23700 | S1 domain–containing RNA-binding protein | Splicing of trnL intron and cleavage of the 5S rRNA | Gu et al. 2015 |
| Other proteins involved in ribogenesis | ||||
| RBF1 | AT4G34730 | RBF A domain, interacts with AtRsgA | 3ʹ and 5ʹ end maturation of 16S rRNA | Fristedt et al. 2014 |
| SOT1 | AT5G46580 | PPR-SMR protein, endonuclease | Protects 5ʹ 23S-4.5S dicistronic precursor from exonucleolytic activity of RNJ | Zhang and Lu 2019 |
| DCL | AT1G45230 | DUF3223 domain | Generating the 4.5S rRNA | Bellaoui et al. 2003 |
| RAP | AT2G31890 | OPR protein | 5ʹ processing of 16S and 23S rRNA | Kleinknecht et al. 2014 |
| CRASS | AT5G14910 | Putative heavy metal–associated (HMA) domain | Associates with 16S rRNA and RPs of the small 30S subunit | Pulido et al. 2018 |
| WCO (WHITECOTYLEDONS) | Genetically maps on chromosome 1 | Not identified yet | Development- and/or cell-specific 16S maturation | Yamamoto et al. 2000 |
| PGL12 | AT1G71460 | PLS-type PPR harboring an RRM domain | Assists in the processing of 16S rRNA | Chen et al. 2019 |
| TIC56 | AT5G01590 | Protein of the plastid import machinery | Processing of 23S rRNA and 50S ribosome assembly | Köhler et al. 2016 |
| CGL20a/b | AT2G17240/AT3G24506 | Prolin-rich ∼10-kD protein | 50S ribosome biogenesis via the formation of a hidden break A in the 23S rRNA | Reiter et al. 2020 |
| PPR4 (WSL5) | AT5G04810 | P-type PPR protein carrying an RRM domain | Editing and rps12 intron 1 trans-splicing and, indirectly, in the assembly of 70S ribosomes | Liu et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2019 |
| DAL (MORF2) | AT2G33430 | Part of the MORF family | Splicing and editing of transcripts encoding RPs | Takenaka et al. 2012 |
| rRNA modifications | ||||
| CMAL | AT5G10910 | MraW/RsmH-like methyltransferase | m4Cm methylation of 16S rRNA at position C1352 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| RsmD | At3g28460 | N2-methylguanosine methyltransferase | m2G methylation of 16S rRNA at position C915 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| PFC | AT1G01860 | KsgA and DIM1 homolog | m6A methylation of 16S rRNA at position C1352 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| SVR1 | AT2G39140 | Ψ synthase | Pseudouridylation of rRNAs | Sun et al. 2019b |
| Protein . | Arabidopsis identifier . | Activity/interaction/family/domain . | Proposed function in ribogenesis . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ribonucleases | ||||
| PNPase | At3g03710 | 3ʹ-5ʹ exoribonuclease | Maturation of 23S rRNA 3ʹ ends | Yehudai-Resheff et al. 2001 |
| RNE | At2g04270 | Endunuclease | Production of the dicistronic 23S-4.5S rRNA precursor | Stoppel et al. 2012 |
| RNR1 | At5g02250 | 3ʹ-5ʹ exoribonuclease | 3ʹ trimming of 23S, 16S and 5S rRNAs | Kishine et al. 2004; Bollenbach et al. 2005 |
| RNJ | At5g63420 | Endoribonuclease and 5′-to-3′ exoribonuclease | Trimming of 16S and 23S 5ʹ rRNA termini and quality control | Hotto et al. 2020 |
| RNC3/4 | At1g55140/At3g13740 | Endonucleases, mini-ribonuclease III | rRNA maturation and intron recycling | Hotto et al. 2015 |
| CSP41a/b | AT3G63140/AT1G09340 | Endoribonuclease | Association and stability of 23S and 16S rRNAs; processing of hidden break A | Beligni and Mayfield 2008 |
| YbeY | AT2G25870 | Endoribonuclease | Maturation of the 5ʹ and 3ʹ ends of 16S, 23S and 4.5S rRNAs | Liu et al. 2015 |
| Helicases | ||||
| RH39 | AT4G09730 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, binds to and associates in cleavage of 23S rRNA | Processing of a stem-loop structure of 23S rRNA, introduction of the hidden break B site into the 23S rRNA | Nishimura et al. 2010 |
| RH22 | AT1G59990 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, interacts with RPL24 | Rearrange secondary structures and processing of the 23S-4.5S precursor rRNA | Chi et al. 2012 |
| RH50 | At3g06980 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, binds to rRNAs | Maturation of the 23S and 4.5S rRNAs | Paieri et al. 2018 |
| RH3 | At5g26742 | DEAD-box RNA helicase | Associates with Group II introns and 23S rRNA, chaperone function | Asakura et al. 2012; Gu et al. 2014 |
| ISE2 | AT1G7007 | Ski2-like RNA helicase | RNA editing and splicing of mRNAs for RPs, rRNA processing | Bobik et al. 2017 |
| PRBP (EMB1513) | AT2G37920 | DEAD-box RNA helicase | Maturation of the 4.5 rRNA | Park et al. 2011 |
| RHON1 | AT1G06190 | Rho-like RNA helicase | Guides RNE to specific targets, rRNA processing | Stoppel et al. 2012 |
| GTPases | ||||
| AtRsgA | AT1G67440 | GTPase A, interacts with RbfA | Maturation of 16S rRNA | Janowski et al. 2018 |
| WSL6 (Era-1) | AT5G66470 | Era-type GTPase | Binds to the 3ʹ end region of 16S rRNA, 30S assembly | Suwastika et al. 2014 |
| YqeH (AtNOA1) | AT3G47450 | YqeH class GTPase | cGTPase participating in 30S ribosome assembly | Li et al. 2015 |
| BPG2 | AT3G57180 | YqeH-type GTPase | Maturation of 16S and 23S rRNA | Komatsu et al. 2010 |
| ObgC | AT5G18570 | Obg GTPases | Binds to 23S rRNA, 50S ribosome assembly | Bang et al. 2012 |
| RbgA | AT4G02790 | RbgA GTPase | Interacts with the plastid RPs RPL6 and RPL35, GTP hydrolysis promotes its dissociation from the 50S subunit | Seffouh et al. 2019; Jeon et al. 2017 |
| EMB2738 (DER) | AT3G12080 | Double Era-like GTPase | Associated with 50S ribosomal, accumulation of ribosomes | Jeon et al. 2014 |
| RNA chaperones | ||||
| PAC | AT2G48120 | RNA binding | PAC, co-migrates with premature 50S ribosomal particles, binding to and remodeling a specific region of the 23S rRNA | Meurer et al. 1998; Meurer et al. 2017; Tirlapur et al. 1999 |
| CFM4 | AT4G39040 | CRM family member subfamily4 | Processing of 16S and 4.5S rRNA | Lee et al. 2014 |
| SDP | AT1G12800 | S1 domain–containing RNA-binding protein | Processing of 23S–4.5S | Han et al. 2015 |
| SRRP1 | At3g23700 | S1 domain–containing RNA-binding protein | Splicing of trnL intron and cleavage of the 5S rRNA | Gu et al. 2015 |
| Other proteins involved in ribogenesis | ||||
| RBF1 | AT4G34730 | RBF A domain, interacts with AtRsgA | 3ʹ and 5ʹ end maturation of 16S rRNA | Fristedt et al. 2014 |
| SOT1 | AT5G46580 | PPR-SMR protein, endonuclease | Protects 5ʹ 23S-4.5S dicistronic precursor from exonucleolytic activity of RNJ | Zhang and Lu 2019 |
| DCL | AT1G45230 | DUF3223 domain | Generating the 4.5S rRNA | Bellaoui et al. 2003 |
| RAP | AT2G31890 | OPR protein | 5ʹ processing of 16S and 23S rRNA | Kleinknecht et al. 2014 |
| CRASS | AT5G14910 | Putative heavy metal–associated (HMA) domain | Associates with 16S rRNA and RPs of the small 30S subunit | Pulido et al. 2018 |
| WCO (WHITECOTYLEDONS) | Genetically maps on chromosome 1 | Not identified yet | Development- and/or cell-specific 16S maturation | Yamamoto et al. 2000 |
| PGL12 | AT1G71460 | PLS-type PPR harboring an RRM domain | Assists in the processing of 16S rRNA | Chen et al. 2019 |
| TIC56 | AT5G01590 | Protein of the plastid import machinery | Processing of 23S rRNA and 50S ribosome assembly | Köhler et al. 2016 |
| CGL20a/b | AT2G17240/AT3G24506 | Prolin-rich ∼10-kD protein | 50S ribosome biogenesis via the formation of a hidden break A in the 23S rRNA | Reiter et al. 2020 |
| PPR4 (WSL5) | AT5G04810 | P-type PPR protein carrying an RRM domain | Editing and rps12 intron 1 trans-splicing and, indirectly, in the assembly of 70S ribosomes | Liu et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2019 |
| DAL (MORF2) | AT2G33430 | Part of the MORF family | Splicing and editing of transcripts encoding RPs | Takenaka et al. 2012 |
| rRNA modifications | ||||
| CMAL | AT5G10910 | MraW/RsmH-like methyltransferase | m4Cm methylation of 16S rRNA at position C1352 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| RsmD | At3g28460 | N2-methylguanosine methyltransferase | m2G methylation of 16S rRNA at position C915 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| PFC | AT1G01860 | KsgA and DIM1 homolog | m6A methylation of 16S rRNA at position C1352 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| SVR1 | AT2G39140 | Ψ synthase | Pseudouridylation of rRNAs | Sun et al. 2019b |
| Protein . | Arabidopsis identifier . | Activity/interaction/family/domain . | Proposed function in ribogenesis . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ribonucleases | ||||
| PNPase | At3g03710 | 3ʹ-5ʹ exoribonuclease | Maturation of 23S rRNA 3ʹ ends | Yehudai-Resheff et al. 2001 |
| RNE | At2g04270 | Endunuclease | Production of the dicistronic 23S-4.5S rRNA precursor | Stoppel et al. 2012 |
| RNR1 | At5g02250 | 3ʹ-5ʹ exoribonuclease | 3ʹ trimming of 23S, 16S and 5S rRNAs | Kishine et al. 2004; Bollenbach et al. 2005 |
| RNJ | At5g63420 | Endoribonuclease and 5′-to-3′ exoribonuclease | Trimming of 16S and 23S 5ʹ rRNA termini and quality control | Hotto et al. 2020 |
| RNC3/4 | At1g55140/At3g13740 | Endonucleases, mini-ribonuclease III | rRNA maturation and intron recycling | Hotto et al. 2015 |
| CSP41a/b | AT3G63140/AT1G09340 | Endoribonuclease | Association and stability of 23S and 16S rRNAs; processing of hidden break A | Beligni and Mayfield 2008 |
| YbeY | AT2G25870 | Endoribonuclease | Maturation of the 5ʹ and 3ʹ ends of 16S, 23S and 4.5S rRNAs | Liu et al. 2015 |
| Helicases | ||||
| RH39 | AT4G09730 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, binds to and associates in cleavage of 23S rRNA | Processing of a stem-loop structure of 23S rRNA, introduction of the hidden break B site into the 23S rRNA | Nishimura et al. 2010 |
| RH22 | AT1G59990 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, interacts with RPL24 | Rearrange secondary structures and processing of the 23S-4.5S precursor rRNA | Chi et al. 2012 |
| RH50 | At3g06980 | DEAD-box RNA helicase, binds to rRNAs | Maturation of the 23S and 4.5S rRNAs | Paieri et al. 2018 |
| RH3 | At5g26742 | DEAD-box RNA helicase | Associates with Group II introns and 23S rRNA, chaperone function | Asakura et al. 2012; Gu et al. 2014 |
| ISE2 | AT1G7007 | Ski2-like RNA helicase | RNA editing and splicing of mRNAs for RPs, rRNA processing | Bobik et al. 2017 |
| PRBP (EMB1513) | AT2G37920 | DEAD-box RNA helicase | Maturation of the 4.5 rRNA | Park et al. 2011 |
| RHON1 | AT1G06190 | Rho-like RNA helicase | Guides RNE to specific targets, rRNA processing | Stoppel et al. 2012 |
| GTPases | ||||
| AtRsgA | AT1G67440 | GTPase A, interacts with RbfA | Maturation of 16S rRNA | Janowski et al. 2018 |
| WSL6 (Era-1) | AT5G66470 | Era-type GTPase | Binds to the 3ʹ end region of 16S rRNA, 30S assembly | Suwastika et al. 2014 |
| YqeH (AtNOA1) | AT3G47450 | YqeH class GTPase | cGTPase participating in 30S ribosome assembly | Li et al. 2015 |
| BPG2 | AT3G57180 | YqeH-type GTPase | Maturation of 16S and 23S rRNA | Komatsu et al. 2010 |
| ObgC | AT5G18570 | Obg GTPases | Binds to 23S rRNA, 50S ribosome assembly | Bang et al. 2012 |
| RbgA | AT4G02790 | RbgA GTPase | Interacts with the plastid RPs RPL6 and RPL35, GTP hydrolysis promotes its dissociation from the 50S subunit | Seffouh et al. 2019; Jeon et al. 2017 |
| EMB2738 (DER) | AT3G12080 | Double Era-like GTPase | Associated with 50S ribosomal, accumulation of ribosomes | Jeon et al. 2014 |
| RNA chaperones | ||||
| PAC | AT2G48120 | RNA binding | PAC, co-migrates with premature 50S ribosomal particles, binding to and remodeling a specific region of the 23S rRNA | Meurer et al. 1998; Meurer et al. 2017; Tirlapur et al. 1999 |
| CFM4 | AT4G39040 | CRM family member subfamily4 | Processing of 16S and 4.5S rRNA | Lee et al. 2014 |
| SDP | AT1G12800 | S1 domain–containing RNA-binding protein | Processing of 23S–4.5S | Han et al. 2015 |
| SRRP1 | At3g23700 | S1 domain–containing RNA-binding protein | Splicing of trnL intron and cleavage of the 5S rRNA | Gu et al. 2015 |
| Other proteins involved in ribogenesis | ||||
| RBF1 | AT4G34730 | RBF A domain, interacts with AtRsgA | 3ʹ and 5ʹ end maturation of 16S rRNA | Fristedt et al. 2014 |
| SOT1 | AT5G46580 | PPR-SMR protein, endonuclease | Protects 5ʹ 23S-4.5S dicistronic precursor from exonucleolytic activity of RNJ | Zhang and Lu 2019 |
| DCL | AT1G45230 | DUF3223 domain | Generating the 4.5S rRNA | Bellaoui et al. 2003 |
| RAP | AT2G31890 | OPR protein | 5ʹ processing of 16S and 23S rRNA | Kleinknecht et al. 2014 |
| CRASS | AT5G14910 | Putative heavy metal–associated (HMA) domain | Associates with 16S rRNA and RPs of the small 30S subunit | Pulido et al. 2018 |
| WCO (WHITECOTYLEDONS) | Genetically maps on chromosome 1 | Not identified yet | Development- and/or cell-specific 16S maturation | Yamamoto et al. 2000 |
| PGL12 | AT1G71460 | PLS-type PPR harboring an RRM domain | Assists in the processing of 16S rRNA | Chen et al. 2019 |
| TIC56 | AT5G01590 | Protein of the plastid import machinery | Processing of 23S rRNA and 50S ribosome assembly | Köhler et al. 2016 |
| CGL20a/b | AT2G17240/AT3G24506 | Prolin-rich ∼10-kD protein | 50S ribosome biogenesis via the formation of a hidden break A in the 23S rRNA | Reiter et al. 2020 |
| PPR4 (WSL5) | AT5G04810 | P-type PPR protein carrying an RRM domain | Editing and rps12 intron 1 trans-splicing and, indirectly, in the assembly of 70S ribosomes | Liu et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2019 |
| DAL (MORF2) | AT2G33430 | Part of the MORF family | Splicing and editing of transcripts encoding RPs | Takenaka et al. 2012 |
| rRNA modifications | ||||
| CMAL | AT5G10910 | MraW/RsmH-like methyltransferase | m4Cm methylation of 16S rRNA at position C1352 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| RsmD | At3g28460 | N2-methylguanosine methyltransferase | m2G methylation of 16S rRNA at position C915 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| PFC | AT1G01860 | KsgA and DIM1 homolog | m6A methylation of 16S rRNA at position C1352 | Manavski et al. 2021 |
| SVR1 | AT2G39140 | Ψ synthase | Pseudouridylation of rRNAs | Sun et al. 2019b |
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