Table 2. Open in new tab Odds ratios...

		No hearing impairment	Hearing impairment
Limitations in mobility	n (%)	150 (7)	39 (11)	23 (8)	17 (16)
Model 1	OR (95% CI)	1.00	1.40 (0.95–2.05)	1.16 (0.73–1.83)	2.24 (1.29–3.89)
Model 2		1.00	1.40 (0.92–2.12)	1.26 (0.78–2.03)	1.89 (1.04–3.41)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.41 (0.93–2.14)	1.24 (0.77–2.01)	1.79 (0.98–3.27)
ADL		161 (7)	41 (10)	37 (11)	17 (15)
Model 1		1.00	1.30 (0.90–1.88)	1.74 (1.19–2.55)	2.01 (1.16–3.46)
Model 2		1.00	1.23 (0.82–1.84)	1.76 (1.16–2.66)	1.62 (0.90–2.94)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.25 (0.83–1.87)	1.68 (1.11–2.55)	1.59 (0.87–2.88)
IADL		126 (5)	44 (11)	19 (6)	15 (15)
Model 1		1.00	1.86 (1.29–2.70)	1.09 (0.66–1.79)	2.74 (1.53–4.93)
Model 2		1.00	2.03 (1.36–3.01)	1.01 (0.59–1.75)	2.56 (1.35–4.86)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	2.00 (1.34–2.99)	0.95 (0.54–1.67)	2.61 (1.38–4.96)
IADL components
Shopping		73 (3)	31 (7)	17 (5)	13 (9)
Model 1		1.00	2.05 (1.32–3.20)	1.63 (0.95–2.80)	2.80 (1.50–5.23)
Model 2		1.00	1.96 (1.20–3.19)	1.56 (0.87–2.82)	2.39 (1.22–4.68)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	2.01 (1.23–3.28)	1.46 (0.80–2.68)	2.30 (1.15–4.60)
Light housework		66 (2)	25 (6)	12 (3)	12 (8)
Model 1		1.00	1.93 (1.19–3.12)	1.24 (0.66–2.32)	3.08 (1.61–5.88)
Model 2		1.00	1.76 (1.05–2.95)	1.05 (0.54–2.05)	2.73 (1.39–5.34)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.80 (1.07–3.04)	1.02 (0.52–2.00)	2.73 (1.39–5.38)
Telephoning		43 (2)	17 (4)	7 (2)	11 (8)
Model 1		1.00	1.85 (1.03–3.32)	1.10 (0.49–2.47)	4.53 (2.25–9.10)
Model 2		1.00	1.64 (0.88–3.04)	0.75 (0.29–1.93)	3.82 (1.80–8.09)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.74 (0.93–3.24)	0.78 (0.30–2.03)	4.29 (2.02–9.13)
Managing money		59 (2)	16 (4)	10 (3)	14 (9)
Model 1		1.00	1.27 (0.71–2.25)	1.13 (0.57–2.23)	3.68 (1.99–6.82)
Model 2		1.00	1.29 (0.71–2.35)	0.97 (0.45–2.07)	3.49 (1.84–6.62)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.32 (0.72–2.41)	0.95 (0.44–2.04)	3.68 (1.94–6.98)
Using public transport		75 (3)	33 (8)	13 (4)	7 (5)
Model 1		1.00	1.98 (1.28–3.06)	1.20 (0.66–2.20)	1.42 (0.64–3.19)
Model 2		1.00	1.97 (1.23–3.16)	1.16 (0.61–2.20)	1.33 (0.58–3.05)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.93 (1.20–3.11)	1.13 (0.59–2.14)	1.36 (0.60–3.13)

No hearing impairment

Hearing impairment

Could hear, no aid

Could hear, used aid

Could not hear, no aid

Could not hear, used aid

Limitations in mobility

n (%)

150 (7)

39 (11)

23 (8)

17 (16)

Model 1

OR (95% CI)

1.00

1.40 (0.95–2.05)

1.16 (0.73–1.83)

2.24 (1.29–3.89)

Model 2

1.00

1.40 (0.92–2.12)

1.26 (0.78–2.03)

1.89 (1.04–3.41)

Model 2 + social engagement^a

1.00

1.41 (0.93–2.14)

1.24 (0.77–2.01)

1.79 (0.98–3.27)

ADL

161 (7)

41 (10)

37 (11)

17 (15)

Model 1

1.00

1.30 (0.90–1.88)

1.74 (1.19–2.55)

2.01 (1.16–3.46)

Model 2

1.00

1.23 (0.82–1.84)

1.76 (1.16–2.66)

1.62 (0.90–2.94)

Model 2 + social engagement^a

1.00

1.25 (0.83–1.87)

1.68 (1.11–2.55)

1.59 (0.87–2.88)

IADL

126 (5)

44 (11)

19 (6)

15 (15)

Model 1

1.00

1.86 (1.29–2.70)

1.09 (0.66–1.79)

2.74 (1.53–4.93)

Model 2

1.00

2.03 (1.36–3.01)

1.01 (0.59–1.75)

2.56 (1.35–4.86)

Model 2 + social engagement^a

1.00

2.00 (1.34–2.99)

0.95 (0.54–1.67)

2.61 (1.38–4.96)

IADL components

Shopping

73 (3)

31 (7)

17 (5)

13 (9)

Model 1

1.00

2.05 (1.32–3.20)

1.63 (0.95–2.80)

2.80 (1.50–5.23)

Model 2

1.00

1.96 (1.20–3.19)

1.56 (0.87–2.82)

2.39 (1.22–4.68)

Model 2 + social engagement^a

1.00

2.01 (1.23–3.28)

1.46 (0.80–2.68)

2.30 (1.15–4.60)

Light housework

66 (2)

25 (6)

12 (3)

12 (8)

Model 1

1.00

1.93 (1.19–3.12)

1.24 (0.66–2.32)

3.08 (1.61–5.88)

Model 2

1.00

1.76 (1.05–2.95)

1.05 (0.54–2.05)

2.73 (1.39–5.34)

Model 2 + social engagement^a

1.00

1.80 (1.07–3.04)

1.02 (0.52–2.00)

2.73 (1.39–5.38)

Telephoning

43 (2)

17 (4)

7 (2)

11 (8)

Model 1

1.00

1.85 (1.03–3.32)

1.10 (0.49–2.47)

4.53 (2.25–9.10)

Model 2

1.00

1.64 (0.88–3.04)

0.75 (0.29–1.93)

3.82 (1.80–8.09)

Model 2 + social engagement^a

1.00

1.74 (0.93–3.24)

0.78 (0.30–2.03)

4.29 (2.02–9.13)

Managing money

59 (2)

16 (4)

10 (3)

14 (9)

Model 1

1.00

1.27 (0.71–2.25)

1.13 (0.57–2.23)

3.68 (1.99–6.82)

Model 2

1.00

1.29 (0.71–2.35)

0.97 (0.45–2.07)

3.49 (1.84–6.62)

Model 2 + social engagement^a

1.00

1.32 (0.72–2.41)

0.95 (0.44–2.04)

3.68 (1.94–6.98)

Using public transport

75 (3)

33 (8)

13 (4)

7 (5)

Model 1

1.00

1.98 (1.28–3.06)

1.20 (0.66–2.20)

1.42 (0.64–3.19)

Model 2

1.00

1.97 (1.23–3.16)

1.16 (0.61–2.20)

1.33 (0.58–3.05)

Model 2 + social engagement^a

1.00

1.93 (1.20–3.11)

1.13 (0.59–2.14)

1.36 (0.60–3.13)

		No hearing impairment	Hearing impairment
Limitations in mobility	n (%)	150 (7)	39 (11)	23 (8)	17 (16)
Model 1	OR (95% CI)	1.00	1.40 (0.95–2.05)	1.16 (0.73–1.83)	2.24 (1.29–3.89)
Model 2		1.00	1.40 (0.92–2.12)	1.26 (0.78–2.03)	1.89 (1.04–3.41)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.41 (0.93–2.14)	1.24 (0.77–2.01)	1.79 (0.98–3.27)
ADL		161 (7)	41 (10)	37 (11)	17 (15)
Model 1		1.00	1.30 (0.90–1.88)	1.74 (1.19–2.55)	2.01 (1.16–3.46)
Model 2		1.00	1.23 (0.82–1.84)	1.76 (1.16–2.66)	1.62 (0.90–2.94)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.25 (0.83–1.87)	1.68 (1.11–2.55)	1.59 (0.87–2.88)
IADL		126 (5)	44 (11)	19 (6)	15 (15)
Model 1		1.00	1.86 (1.29–2.70)	1.09 (0.66–1.79)	2.74 (1.53–4.93)
Model 2		1.00	2.03 (1.36–3.01)	1.01 (0.59–1.75)	2.56 (1.35–4.86)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	2.00 (1.34–2.99)	0.95 (0.54–1.67)	2.61 (1.38–4.96)
IADL components
Shopping		73 (3)	31 (7)	17 (5)	13 (9)
Model 1		1.00	2.05 (1.32–3.20)	1.63 (0.95–2.80)	2.80 (1.50–5.23)
Model 2		1.00	1.96 (1.20–3.19)	1.56 (0.87–2.82)	2.39 (1.22–4.68)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	2.01 (1.23–3.28)	1.46 (0.80–2.68)	2.30 (1.15–4.60)
Light housework		66 (2)	25 (6)	12 (3)	12 (8)
Model 1		1.00	1.93 (1.19–3.12)	1.24 (0.66–2.32)	3.08 (1.61–5.88)
Model 2		1.00	1.76 (1.05–2.95)	1.05 (0.54–2.05)	2.73 (1.39–5.34)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.80 (1.07–3.04)	1.02 (0.52–2.00)	2.73 (1.39–5.38)
Telephoning		43 (2)	17 (4)	7 (2)	11 (8)
Model 1		1.00	1.85 (1.03–3.32)	1.10 (0.49–2.47)	4.53 (2.25–9.10)
Model 2		1.00	1.64 (0.88–3.04)	0.75 (0.29–1.93)	3.82 (1.80–8.09)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.74 (0.93–3.24)	0.78 (0.30–2.03)	4.29 (2.02–9.13)
Managing money		59 (2)	16 (4)	10 (3)	14 (9)
Model 1		1.00	1.27 (0.71–2.25)	1.13 (0.57–2.23)	3.68 (1.99–6.82)
Model 2		1.00	1.29 (0.71–2.35)	0.97 (0.45–2.07)	3.49 (1.84–6.62)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.32 (0.72–2.41)	0.95 (0.44–2.04)	3.68 (1.94–6.98)
Using public transport		75 (3)	33 (8)	13 (4)	7 (5)
Model 1		1.00	1.98 (1.28–3.06)	1.20 (0.66–2.20)	1.42 (0.64–3.19)
Model 2		1.00	1.97 (1.23–3.16)	1.16 (0.61–2.20)	1.33 (0.58–3.05)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.93 (1.20–3.11)	1.13 (0.59–2.14)	1.36 (0.60–3.13)

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Odds ratios (OR) with 95% CIs for associations between incidence of mobility limitations, ADL and IADL and hearing impairment in British men aged 63–85 in 2003 followed up for 2 years to 2005

		No hearing impairment	Hearing impairment
		Could hear, no aid	Could hear, used aid	Could not hear, no aid	Could not hear, used aid
Limitations in mobility	n (%)	150 (7)	39 (11)	23 (8)	17 (16)
Model 1	OR (95% CI)	1.00	1.40 (0.95–2.05)	1.16 (0.73–1.83)	2.24 (1.29–3.89)
Model 2		1.00	1.40 (0.92–2.12)	1.26 (0.78–2.03)	1.89 (1.04–3.41)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.41 (0.93–2.14)	1.24 (0.77–2.01)	1.79 (0.98–3.27)
ADL		161 (7)	41 (10)	37 (11)	17 (15)
Model 1		1.00	1.30 (0.90–1.88)	1.74 (1.19–2.55)	2.01 (1.16–3.46)
Model 2		1.00	1.23 (0.82–1.84)	1.76 (1.16–2.66)	1.62 (0.90–2.94)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.25 (0.83–1.87)	1.68 (1.11–2.55)	1.59 (0.87–2.88)
IADL		126 (5)	44 (11)	19 (6)	15 (15)
Model 1		1.00	1.86 (1.29–2.70)	1.09 (0.66–1.79)	2.74 (1.53–4.93)
Model 2		1.00	2.03 (1.36–3.01)	1.01 (0.59–1.75)	2.56 (1.35–4.86)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	2.00 (1.34–2.99)	0.95 (0.54–1.67)	2.61 (1.38–4.96)
IADL components
Shopping		73 (3)	31 (7)	17 (5)	13 (9)
Model 1		1.00	2.05 (1.32–3.20)	1.63 (0.95–2.80)	2.80 (1.50–5.23)
Model 2		1.00	1.96 (1.20–3.19)	1.56 (0.87–2.82)	2.39 (1.22–4.68)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	2.01 (1.23–3.28)	1.46 (0.80–2.68)	2.30 (1.15–4.60)
Light housework		66 (2)	25 (6)	12 (3)	12 (8)
Model 1		1.00	1.93 (1.19–3.12)	1.24 (0.66–2.32)	3.08 (1.61–5.88)
Model 2		1.00	1.76 (1.05–2.95)	1.05 (0.54–2.05)	2.73 (1.39–5.34)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.80 (1.07–3.04)	1.02 (0.52–2.00)	2.73 (1.39–5.38)
Telephoning		43 (2)	17 (4)	7 (2)	11 (8)
Model 1		1.00	1.85 (1.03–3.32)	1.10 (0.49–2.47)	4.53 (2.25–9.10)
Model 2		1.00	1.64 (0.88–3.04)	0.75 (0.29–1.93)	3.82 (1.80–8.09)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.74 (0.93–3.24)	0.78 (0.30–2.03)	4.29 (2.02–9.13)
Managing money		59 (2)	16 (4)	10 (3)	14 (9)
Model 1		1.00	1.27 (0.71–2.25)	1.13 (0.57–2.23)	3.68 (1.99–6.82)
Model 2		1.00	1.29 (0.71–2.35)	0.97 (0.45–2.07)	3.49 (1.84–6.62)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.32 (0.72–2.41)	0.95 (0.44–2.04)	3.68 (1.94–6.98)
Using public transport		75 (3)	33 (8)	13 (4)	7 (5)
Model 1		1.00	1.98 (1.28–3.06)	1.20 (0.66–2.20)	1.42 (0.64–3.19)
Model 2		1.00	1.97 (1.23–3.16)	1.16 (0.61–2.20)	1.33 (0.58–3.05)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.93 (1.20–3.11)	1.13 (0.59–2.14)	1.36 (0.60–3.13)

		No hearing impairment	Hearing impairment
		Could hear, no aid	Could hear, used aid	Could not hear, no aid	Could not hear, used aid
Limitations in mobility	n (%)	150 (7)	39 (11)	23 (8)	17 (16)
Model 1	OR (95% CI)	1.00	1.40 (0.95–2.05)	1.16 (0.73–1.83)	2.24 (1.29–3.89)
Model 2		1.00	1.40 (0.92–2.12)	1.26 (0.78–2.03)	1.89 (1.04–3.41)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.41 (0.93–2.14)	1.24 (0.77–2.01)	1.79 (0.98–3.27)
ADL		161 (7)	41 (10)	37 (11)	17 (15)
Model 1		1.00	1.30 (0.90–1.88)	1.74 (1.19–2.55)	2.01 (1.16–3.46)
Model 2		1.00	1.23 (0.82–1.84)	1.76 (1.16–2.66)	1.62 (0.90–2.94)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.25 (0.83–1.87)	1.68 (1.11–2.55)	1.59 (0.87–2.88)
IADL		126 (5)	44 (11)	19 (6)	15 (15)
Model 1		1.00	1.86 (1.29–2.70)	1.09 (0.66–1.79)	2.74 (1.53–4.93)
Model 2		1.00	2.03 (1.36–3.01)	1.01 (0.59–1.75)	2.56 (1.35–4.86)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	2.00 (1.34–2.99)	0.95 (0.54–1.67)	2.61 (1.38–4.96)
IADL components
Shopping		73 (3)	31 (7)	17 (5)	13 (9)
Model 1		1.00	2.05 (1.32–3.20)	1.63 (0.95–2.80)	2.80 (1.50–5.23)
Model 2		1.00	1.96 (1.20–3.19)	1.56 (0.87–2.82)	2.39 (1.22–4.68)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	2.01 (1.23–3.28)	1.46 (0.80–2.68)	2.30 (1.15–4.60)
Light housework		66 (2)	25 (6)	12 (3)	12 (8)
Model 1		1.00	1.93 (1.19–3.12)	1.24 (0.66–2.32)	3.08 (1.61–5.88)
Model 2		1.00	1.76 (1.05–2.95)	1.05 (0.54–2.05)	2.73 (1.39–5.34)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.80 (1.07–3.04)	1.02 (0.52–2.00)	2.73 (1.39–5.38)
Telephoning		43 (2)	17 (4)	7 (2)	11 (8)
Model 1		1.00	1.85 (1.03–3.32)	1.10 (0.49–2.47)	4.53 (2.25–9.10)
Model 2		1.00	1.64 (0.88–3.04)	0.75 (0.29–1.93)	3.82 (1.80–8.09)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.74 (0.93–3.24)	0.78 (0.30–2.03)	4.29 (2.02–9.13)
Managing money		59 (2)	16 (4)	10 (3)	14 (9)
Model 1		1.00	1.27 (0.71–2.25)	1.13 (0.57–2.23)	3.68 (1.99–6.82)
Model 2		1.00	1.29 (0.71–2.35)	0.97 (0.45–2.07)	3.49 (1.84–6.62)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.32 (0.72–2.41)	0.95 (0.44–2.04)	3.68 (1.94–6.98)
Using public transport		75 (3)	33 (8)	13 (4)	7 (5)
Model 1		1.00	1.98 (1.28–3.06)	1.20 (0.66–2.20)	1.42 (0.64–3.19)
Model 2		1.00	1.97 (1.23–3.16)	1.16 (0.61–2.20)	1.33 (0.58–3.05)
Model 2 + social engagement^a		1.00	1.93 (1.20–3.11)	1.13 (0.59–2.14)	1.36 (0.60–3.13)

Model 1: adjusted for age; Model 2: adjusted for age, social class, BMI, smoking, physical activity, CVD, hypertension and diabetes.

^aSocial engagement was defined as doing three or fewer of the following activities on a weekly basis: voluntary work, go to the pub or a club, attend religious services, play cards or games, visit the cinema, restaurants or sports events, attend a class or course of study, and, sometimes go on day or overnight trips, and been on a holiday in the last year.

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