Vaccine efficacy on the occurrence on different cardiovascular events (modified after Addario et al.41)
| Occurrence of . | Influenza vaccine . | Pneumococcal vaccine . |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) | 51% reduction of acute exacerbation of CVD42 50% risk reduction for CVD hospitalization43 Reduced risk of hospitalization due to CVD (HR 0.84)44 | PPSV23: significant decreased risk of acute exacerbation of CVD45 PPSV23 (depending on influenza VE): significant decrease in acute exacerbation of CVD and CHD (71%)42 |
| Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) | Reduction of MACE amongst elderly patients37,46 | No data available |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | Significant reduced rate of MI (adjusted OR 0.79)31 Overall risk reduction of 0.84 in people aged 65 years and older30 | Modest risk reduction in MI in people aged 65 years and older45 PPSV23: lower odds of AMI (adjusted OR 0.7)47 |
| Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) | Reduced risk of IHD in elderly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient48 Reduction of IHD in selected seasons49 35% reduction in dual vaccine (PPSV + influenza)50 | No effect on IHD50 |
| Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) | Lower rate of hospitalization for ACS51 Lower odds of coronary heart disease consistent in estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ≥ 30 mL/min52 | No data available |
| Atrial fibrillation (AF) | Lower risk of AF in patients over 65 years old53 | No data available |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | VE on hospital presentations of 56% in patients ≥ 65 years Lower rates of hospitalizations for cardiac failure54 Additional effects in combined vaccination (PPSV + Influenza)55 Reduction cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and hospitalizations for heart failure during peak influenza periods56 | Reduced risk of mortality, and hospitalization with vaccinations (PPSV + influenza) in elderly patients55 No effect with PPSV without influenza50,57 |
| Stroke | Significant protective effects in ischaemic stroke46 Inverse association between brain infarction and influenza vaccination58 26% reduction of stroke when vaccination given in the same season31 Significant reduction of in the odds of hospitalization for cerebrovascular diseases49 | PPSV23-significant reduction in the risk of having cerebrovascular disease45 PPSV23: lower odds of stroke (adjusted OR 0.8)47 |
| Occurrence of . | Influenza vaccine . | Pneumococcal vaccine . |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) | 51% reduction of acute exacerbation of CVD42 50% risk reduction for CVD hospitalization43 Reduced risk of hospitalization due to CVD (HR 0.84)44 | PPSV23: significant decreased risk of acute exacerbation of CVD45 PPSV23 (depending on influenza VE): significant decrease in acute exacerbation of CVD and CHD (71%)42 |
| Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) | Reduction of MACE amongst elderly patients37,46 | No data available |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | Significant reduced rate of MI (adjusted OR 0.79)31 Overall risk reduction of 0.84 in people aged 65 years and older30 | Modest risk reduction in MI in people aged 65 years and older45 PPSV23: lower odds of AMI (adjusted OR 0.7)47 |
| Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) | Reduced risk of IHD in elderly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient48 Reduction of IHD in selected seasons49 35% reduction in dual vaccine (PPSV + influenza)50 | No effect on IHD50 |
| Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) | Lower rate of hospitalization for ACS51 Lower odds of coronary heart disease consistent in estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ≥ 30 mL/min52 | No data available |
| Atrial fibrillation (AF) | Lower risk of AF in patients over 65 years old53 | No data available |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | VE on hospital presentations of 56% in patients ≥ 65 years Lower rates of hospitalizations for cardiac failure54 Additional effects in combined vaccination (PPSV + Influenza)55 Reduction cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and hospitalizations for heart failure during peak influenza periods56 | Reduced risk of mortality, and hospitalization with vaccinations (PPSV + influenza) in elderly patients55 No effect with PPSV without influenza50,57 |
| Stroke | Significant protective effects in ischaemic stroke46 Inverse association between brain infarction and influenza vaccination58 26% reduction of stroke when vaccination given in the same season31 Significant reduction of in the odds of hospitalization for cerebrovascular diseases49 | PPSV23-significant reduction in the risk of having cerebrovascular disease45 PPSV23: lower odds of stroke (adjusted OR 0.8)47 |
In case of several studies, the most important investigations were cited.
Vaccine efficacy on the occurrence on different cardiovascular events (modified after Addario et al.41)
| Occurrence of . | Influenza vaccine . | Pneumococcal vaccine . |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) | 51% reduction of acute exacerbation of CVD42 50% risk reduction for CVD hospitalization43 Reduced risk of hospitalization due to CVD (HR 0.84)44 | PPSV23: significant decreased risk of acute exacerbation of CVD45 PPSV23 (depending on influenza VE): significant decrease in acute exacerbation of CVD and CHD (71%)42 |
| Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) | Reduction of MACE amongst elderly patients37,46 | No data available |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | Significant reduced rate of MI (adjusted OR 0.79)31 Overall risk reduction of 0.84 in people aged 65 years and older30 | Modest risk reduction in MI in people aged 65 years and older45 PPSV23: lower odds of AMI (adjusted OR 0.7)47 |
| Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) | Reduced risk of IHD in elderly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient48 Reduction of IHD in selected seasons49 35% reduction in dual vaccine (PPSV + influenza)50 | No effect on IHD50 |
| Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) | Lower rate of hospitalization for ACS51 Lower odds of coronary heart disease consistent in estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ≥ 30 mL/min52 | No data available |
| Atrial fibrillation (AF) | Lower risk of AF in patients over 65 years old53 | No data available |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | VE on hospital presentations of 56% in patients ≥ 65 years Lower rates of hospitalizations for cardiac failure54 Additional effects in combined vaccination (PPSV + Influenza)55 Reduction cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and hospitalizations for heart failure during peak influenza periods56 | Reduced risk of mortality, and hospitalization with vaccinations (PPSV + influenza) in elderly patients55 No effect with PPSV without influenza50,57 |
| Stroke | Significant protective effects in ischaemic stroke46 Inverse association between brain infarction and influenza vaccination58 26% reduction of stroke when vaccination given in the same season31 Significant reduction of in the odds of hospitalization for cerebrovascular diseases49 | PPSV23-significant reduction in the risk of having cerebrovascular disease45 PPSV23: lower odds of stroke (adjusted OR 0.8)47 |
| Occurrence of . | Influenza vaccine . | Pneumococcal vaccine . |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) | 51% reduction of acute exacerbation of CVD42 50% risk reduction for CVD hospitalization43 Reduced risk of hospitalization due to CVD (HR 0.84)44 | PPSV23: significant decreased risk of acute exacerbation of CVD45 PPSV23 (depending on influenza VE): significant decrease in acute exacerbation of CVD and CHD (71%)42 |
| Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) | Reduction of MACE amongst elderly patients37,46 | No data available |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | Significant reduced rate of MI (adjusted OR 0.79)31 Overall risk reduction of 0.84 in people aged 65 years and older30 | Modest risk reduction in MI in people aged 65 years and older45 PPSV23: lower odds of AMI (adjusted OR 0.7)47 |
| Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) | Reduced risk of IHD in elderly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient48 Reduction of IHD in selected seasons49 35% reduction in dual vaccine (PPSV + influenza)50 | No effect on IHD50 |
| Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) | Lower rate of hospitalization for ACS51 Lower odds of coronary heart disease consistent in estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ≥ 30 mL/min52 | No data available |
| Atrial fibrillation (AF) | Lower risk of AF in patients over 65 years old53 | No data available |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | VE on hospital presentations of 56% in patients ≥ 65 years Lower rates of hospitalizations for cardiac failure54 Additional effects in combined vaccination (PPSV + Influenza)55 Reduction cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and hospitalizations for heart failure during peak influenza periods56 | Reduced risk of mortality, and hospitalization with vaccinations (PPSV + influenza) in elderly patients55 No effect with PPSV without influenza50,57 |
| Stroke | Significant protective effects in ischaemic stroke46 Inverse association between brain infarction and influenza vaccination58 26% reduction of stroke when vaccination given in the same season31 Significant reduction of in the odds of hospitalization for cerebrovascular diseases49 | PPSV23-significant reduction in the risk of having cerebrovascular disease45 PPSV23: lower odds of stroke (adjusted OR 0.8)47 |
In case of several studies, the most important investigations were cited.
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