Table 2. Open in new tab Change in...

	Control group	Intervention group		Effect
Intention and willingness
Intention to smoke	2.59	2.63	2.55	2.43	F(2,72) = 6.71***	0.15
Intention to vape	2.69	2.69	2.61	2.47	F(2,88) = 8.93***	0.11
Willingness to smoke	4.47	4.59	4.45	4.40	F(2,80) = 2.81*	0.11
Willingness to vape	4.61	4.75	4.54	4.47	F(2,82) = 2.52*	0.11
Social images and subjective norms
Social images of smokers	4.24	4.08	4.19	3.32	F(2,57.2) = 86.73***	0.50
Social images of vapers	4.36	5.20	4.26	3.39	F(2,58.3) = 86.80***	0.49
Normative social images of smokers	3.83	3.67	3.78	3.22	F(2,65.9) = 73.64***	0.34
Normative social images of vapers	3.94	3.75	3.86	3.24	F(2,63.0) = 74.71***	0.34
Friends’ approval of smoking	3.42	3.43	3.35	3.25	F(2,79.2) = 11.26***	0.13
Friends’ approval of vaping	3.53	3.57	3.45	3.31	F(2,70.4) = 12.39***	0.18
Risk perceptions: health consequences
Risk of second-hand smoke exposure	8.86	9.76	9.13	12.13	F(2,65) = 223.12***	0.52
Risk of second-hand vape exposure	8.26	9.28	8.56	11.83	F(2.62) = 221.90***	0.56
Risk of cumulative consequences of smoking	25.47	25.38	26.76	28.36	F(2,56) = 15.05***	0.20
Risk of cumulative consequences of vaping	24.00	24.35	24.95	28.00	F(2,58) = 73.30***	0.32
Risk of smoking each cigarette	7.67	7.86	7.88	8.56	F(2,62) = 57.26***	0.30
Risk of vaping each e-cigarette	7.54	7.78	7.73	8.51	F(2,63) = 72.84***	0.32
Risk perceptions: addiction
Risk of addiction from smoking	14.32	15.04	15.33	17.60	F(2,64) = 63.44***	0.30
Risk of addiction from vaping	14.25	14.98	15.15	17.64	F(2,59) = 62.55***	0.30
Control over smoking	40.13	38.23	38.38	29.85	F(2,54) = 81.12***	0.47
Control over vaping	39.41	37.42	37.52	29.25	F(2,56) = 79.96***	0.42
Difficulty quitting: smoking	15.07	15.26	15.84	18.23	F(2,57) = 66.81***	0.47
Difficulty quitting; vaping	15.00	15.16	15.79	18.17	F(2,58) = 64.10***	0.46

Control group

Intervention group

Effect

Means

Size (d)

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Intention and willingness

Intention to smoke

2.59

2.63

2.55

2.43

F(2,72) = 6.71***

0.15

Intention to vape

2.69

2.61

2.47

F(2,88) = 8.93***

0.11

Willingness to smoke

4.47

4.59

4.45

4.40

F(2,80) = 2.81*

0.11

Willingness to vape

4.61

4.75

4.54

4.47

F(2,82) = 2.52*

0.11

Social images and subjective norms

Social images of smokers

4.24

4.08

4.19

3.32

F(2,57.2) = 86.73***

0.50

Social images of vapers

4.36

5.20

4.26

3.39

F(2,58.3) = 86.80***

0.49

Normative social images of smokers

3.83

3.67

3.78

3.22

F(2,65.9) = 73.64***

0.34

Normative social images of vapers

3.94

3.75

3.86

3.24

F(2,63.0) = 74.71***

0.34

Friends’ approval of smoking

3.42

3.43

3.35

3.25

F(2,79.2) = 11.26***

0.13

Friends’ approval of vaping

3.53

3.57

3.45

3.31

F(2,70.4) = 12.39***

0.18

Risk perceptions: health consequences

Risk of second-hand smoke exposure

8.86

9.76

9.13

12.13

F(2,65) = 223.12***

0.52

Risk of second-hand vape exposure

8.26

9.28

8.56

11.83

F(2.62) = 221.90***

0.56

Risk of cumulative consequences of smoking

25.47

25.38

26.76

28.36

F(2,56) = 15.05***

0.20

Risk of cumulative consequences of vaping

24.00

24.35

24.95

28.00

F(2,58) = 73.30***

0.32

Risk of smoking each cigarette

7.67

7.86

7.88

8.56

F(2,62) = 57.26***

0.30

Risk of vaping each e-cigarette

7.54

7.78

7.73

8.51

F(2,63) = 72.84***

0.32

Risk perceptions: addiction

Risk of addiction from smoking

14.32

15.04

15.33

17.60

F(2,64) = 63.44***

0.30

Risk of addiction from vaping

14.25

14.98

15.15

17.64

F(2,59) = 62.55***

0.30

Control over smoking

40.13

38.23

38.38

29.85

F(2,54) = 81.12***

0.47

Control over vaping

39.41

37.42

37.52

29.25

F(2,56) = 79.96***

0.42

Difficulty quitting: smoking

15.07

15.26

15.84

18.23

F(2,57) = 66.81***

0.47

Difficulty quitting; vaping

15.00

15.16

15.79

18.17

F(2,58) = 64.10***

0.46

	Control group	Intervention group		Effect
Intention and willingness
Intention to smoke	2.59	2.63	2.55	2.43	F(2,72) = 6.71***	0.15
Intention to vape	2.69	2.69	2.61	2.47	F(2,88) = 8.93***	0.11
Willingness to smoke	4.47	4.59	4.45	4.40	F(2,80) = 2.81*	0.11
Willingness to vape	4.61	4.75	4.54	4.47	F(2,82) = 2.52*	0.11
Social images and subjective norms
Social images of smokers	4.24	4.08	4.19	3.32	F(2,57.2) = 86.73***	0.50
Social images of vapers	4.36	5.20	4.26	3.39	F(2,58.3) = 86.80***	0.49
Normative social images of smokers	3.83	3.67	3.78	3.22	F(2,65.9) = 73.64***	0.34
Normative social images of vapers	3.94	3.75	3.86	3.24	F(2,63.0) = 74.71***	0.34
Friends’ approval of smoking	3.42	3.43	3.35	3.25	F(2,79.2) = 11.26***	0.13
Friends’ approval of vaping	3.53	3.57	3.45	3.31	F(2,70.4) = 12.39***	0.18
Risk perceptions: health consequences
Risk of second-hand smoke exposure	8.86	9.76	9.13	12.13	F(2,65) = 223.12***	0.52
Risk of second-hand vape exposure	8.26	9.28	8.56	11.83	F(2.62) = 221.90***	0.56
Risk of cumulative consequences of smoking	25.47	25.38	26.76	28.36	F(2,56) = 15.05***	0.20
Risk of cumulative consequences of vaping	24.00	24.35	24.95	28.00	F(2,58) = 73.30***	0.32
Risk of smoking each cigarette	7.67	7.86	7.88	8.56	F(2,62) = 57.26***	0.30
Risk of vaping each e-cigarette	7.54	7.78	7.73	8.51	F(2,63) = 72.84***	0.32
Risk perceptions: addiction
Risk of addiction from smoking	14.32	15.04	15.33	17.60	F(2,64) = 63.44***	0.30
Risk of addiction from vaping	14.25	14.98	15.15	17.64	F(2,59) = 62.55***	0.30
Control over smoking	40.13	38.23	38.38	29.85	F(2,54) = 81.12***	0.47
Control over vaping	39.41	37.42	37.52	29.25	F(2,56) = 79.96***	0.42
Difficulty quitting: smoking	15.07	15.26	15.84	18.23	F(2,57) = 66.81***	0.47
Difficulty quitting; vaping	15.00	15.16	15.79	18.17	F(2,58) = 64.10***	0.46

Table 2.

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Change in Outcomes and Etiological Mechanism From the Effectiveness trial

	Control group		Intervention group			Effect
	Means		Means		F	Size (d)
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Intention and willingness
Intention to smoke	2.59	2.63	2.55	2.43	F(2,72) = 6.71***	0.15
Intention to vape	2.69	2.69	2.61	2.47	F(2,88) = 8.93***	0.11
Willingness to smoke	4.47	4.59	4.45	4.40	F(2,80) = 2.81*	0.11
Willingness to vape	4.61	4.75	4.54	4.47	F(2,82) = 2.52*	0.11
Social images and subjective norms
Social images of smokers	4.24	4.08	4.19	3.32	F(2,57.2) = 86.73***	0.50
Social images of vapers	4.36	5.20	4.26	3.39	F(2,58.3) = 86.80***	0.49
Normative social images of smokers	3.83	3.67	3.78	3.22	F(2,65.9) = 73.64***	0.34
Normative social images of vapers	3.94	3.75	3.86	3.24	F(2,63.0) = 74.71***	0.34
Friends’ approval of smoking	3.42	3.43	3.35	3.25	F(2,79.2) = 11.26***	0.13
Friends’ approval of vaping	3.53	3.57	3.45	3.31	F(2,70.4) = 12.39***	0.18
Risk perceptions: health consequences
Risk of second-hand smoke exposure	8.86	9.76	9.13	12.13	F(2,65) = 223.12***	0.52
Risk of second-hand vape exposure	8.26	9.28	8.56	11.83	F(2.62) = 221.90***	0.56
Risk of cumulative consequences of smoking	25.47	25.38	26.76	28.36	F(2,56) = 15.05***	0.20
Risk of cumulative consequences of vaping	24.00	24.35	24.95	28.00	F(2,58) = 73.30***	0.32
Risk of smoking each cigarette	7.67	7.86	7.88	8.56	F(2,62) = 57.26***	0.30
Risk of vaping each e-cigarette	7.54	7.78	7.73	8.51	F(2,63) = 72.84***	0.32
Risk perceptions: addiction
Risk of addiction from smoking	14.32	15.04	15.33	17.60	F(2,64) = 63.44***	0.30
Risk of addiction from vaping	14.25	14.98	15.15	17.64	F(2,59) = 62.55***	0.30
Control over smoking	40.13	38.23	38.38	29.85	F(2,54) = 81.12***	0.47
Control over vaping	39.41	37.42	37.52	29.25	F(2,56) = 79.96***	0.42
Difficulty quitting: smoking	15.07	15.26	15.84	18.23	F(2,57) = 66.81***	0.47
Difficulty quitting; vaping	15.00	15.16	15.79	18.17	F(2,58) = 64.10***	0.46

	Control group		Intervention group			Effect
	Means		Means		F	Size (d)
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Intention and willingness
Intention to smoke	2.59	2.63	2.55	2.43	F(2,72) = 6.71***	0.15
Intention to vape	2.69	2.69	2.61	2.47	F(2,88) = 8.93***	0.11
Willingness to smoke	4.47	4.59	4.45	4.40	F(2,80) = 2.81*	0.11
Willingness to vape	4.61	4.75	4.54	4.47	F(2,82) = 2.52*	0.11
Social images and subjective norms
Social images of smokers	4.24	4.08	4.19	3.32	F(2,57.2) = 86.73***	0.50
Social images of vapers	4.36	5.20	4.26	3.39	F(2,58.3) = 86.80***	0.49
Normative social images of smokers	3.83	3.67	3.78	3.22	F(2,65.9) = 73.64***	0.34
Normative social images of vapers	3.94	3.75	3.86	3.24	F(2,63.0) = 74.71***	0.34
Friends’ approval of smoking	3.42	3.43	3.35	3.25	F(2,79.2) = 11.26***	0.13
Friends’ approval of vaping	3.53	3.57	3.45	3.31	F(2,70.4) = 12.39***	0.18
Risk perceptions: health consequences
Risk of second-hand smoke exposure	8.86	9.76	9.13	12.13	F(2,65) = 223.12***	0.52
Risk of second-hand vape exposure	8.26	9.28	8.56	11.83	F(2.62) = 221.90***	0.56
Risk of cumulative consequences of smoking	25.47	25.38	26.76	28.36	F(2,56) = 15.05***	0.20
Risk of cumulative consequences of vaping	24.00	24.35	24.95	28.00	F(2,58) = 73.30***	0.32
Risk of smoking each cigarette	7.67	7.86	7.88	8.56	F(2,62) = 57.26***	0.30
Risk of vaping each e-cigarette	7.54	7.78	7.73	8.51	F(2,63) = 72.84***	0.32
Risk perceptions: addiction
Risk of addiction from smoking	14.32	15.04	15.33	17.60	F(2,64) = 63.44***	0.30
Risk of addiction from vaping	14.25	14.98	15.15	17.64	F(2,59) = 62.55***	0.30
Control over smoking	40.13	38.23	38.38	29.85	F(2,54) = 81.12***	0.47
Control over vaping	39.41	37.42	37.52	29.25	F(2,56) = 79.96***	0.42
Difficulty quitting: smoking	15.07	15.26	15.84	18.23	F(2,57) = 66.81***	0.47
Difficulty quitting; vaping	15.00	15.16	15.79	18.17	F(2,58) = 64.10***	0.46

Probability is based on one-tailed tests. Per Cohen,³⁷ a small effect = 0.10; a medium effect = 0.50.

*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001

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