| Characteristic . | Husband n (%) . | Wife n (%) . | χ2 . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 92.88 | <.001 | ||
| 60–69 | 1,095 (64.2) | 1,346 (78.9) | ||
| 70–79 | 551 (32.3) | 335 (19.6) | ||
| 80 or above | 60 (3.5) | 25 (1.5) | ||
| Education level | 9.13 | .01 | ||
| No formal education | 1,480 (86.8) | 1,533 (89.9) | ||
| Primary or below | 149 (8.7) | 119 (7.0) | ||
| Above primary | 77 (4.5) | 52 (3.1) | ||
| Hukoua | 30.39 | <.001 | ||
| Urban | 555 (32.5) | 410 (24.0) | ||
| Rural | 1,149 (67.4) | 1,294 (75.8) | ||
| Self-reported health | 31.54 | <.001 | ||
| Excellent | 94 (5.5) | 67 (3.9) | ||
| Very good | 270 (15.9) | 233 (13.7) | ||
| Good | 875 (51.4) | 799 (46.9) | ||
| Fair | 395 (23.2) | 490 (28.8) | ||
| Poor | 69 (4.1) | 113 (6.6) | ||
| Depression | 3.05 | <.001 | ||
| Yes | 399 (23.4) | 543 (31.8) | ||
| No | 1,089 (63.8) | 1,229 (72.0) |
| Characteristic . | Husband n (%) . | Wife n (%) . | χ2 . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 92.88 | <.001 | ||
| 60–69 | 1,095 (64.2) | 1,346 (78.9) | ||
| 70–79 | 551 (32.3) | 335 (19.6) | ||
| 80 or above | 60 (3.5) | 25 (1.5) | ||
| Education level | 9.13 | .01 | ||
| No formal education | 1,480 (86.8) | 1,533 (89.9) | ||
| Primary or below | 149 (8.7) | 119 (7.0) | ||
| Above primary | 77 (4.5) | 52 (3.1) | ||
| Hukoua | 30.39 | <.001 | ||
| Urban | 555 (32.5) | 410 (24.0) | ||
| Rural | 1,149 (67.4) | 1,294 (75.8) | ||
| Self-reported health | 31.54 | <.001 | ||
| Excellent | 94 (5.5) | 67 (3.9) | ||
| Very good | 270 (15.9) | 233 (13.7) | ||
| Good | 875 (51.4) | 799 (46.9) | ||
| Fair | 395 (23.2) | 490 (28.8) | ||
| Poor | 69 (4.1) | 113 (6.6) | ||
| Depression | 3.05 | <.001 | ||
| Yes | 399 (23.4) | 543 (31.8) | ||
| No | 1,089 (63.8) | 1,229 (72.0) |
Note:
aHukou is a system of household registration, which originated from ancient China over a 1,000 years. Hukou has implications in the inequality in education resources, healthcare support, retirement pension, etc. in China.
| Characteristic . | Husband n (%) . | Wife n (%) . | χ2 . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 92.88 | <.001 | ||
| 60–69 | 1,095 (64.2) | 1,346 (78.9) | ||
| 70–79 | 551 (32.3) | 335 (19.6) | ||
| 80 or above | 60 (3.5) | 25 (1.5) | ||
| Education level | 9.13 | .01 | ||
| No formal education | 1,480 (86.8) | 1,533 (89.9) | ||
| Primary or below | 149 (8.7) | 119 (7.0) | ||
| Above primary | 77 (4.5) | 52 (3.1) | ||
| Hukoua | 30.39 | <.001 | ||
| Urban | 555 (32.5) | 410 (24.0) | ||
| Rural | 1,149 (67.4) | 1,294 (75.8) | ||
| Self-reported health | 31.54 | <.001 | ||
| Excellent | 94 (5.5) | 67 (3.9) | ||
| Very good | 270 (15.9) | 233 (13.7) | ||
| Good | 875 (51.4) | 799 (46.9) | ||
| Fair | 395 (23.2) | 490 (28.8) | ||
| Poor | 69 (4.1) | 113 (6.6) | ||
| Depression | 3.05 | <.001 | ||
| Yes | 399 (23.4) | 543 (31.8) | ||
| No | 1,089 (63.8) | 1,229 (72.0) |
| Characteristic . | Husband n (%) . | Wife n (%) . | χ2 . | p . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 92.88 | <.001 | ||
| 60–69 | 1,095 (64.2) | 1,346 (78.9) | ||
| 70–79 | 551 (32.3) | 335 (19.6) | ||
| 80 or above | 60 (3.5) | 25 (1.5) | ||
| Education level | 9.13 | .01 | ||
| No formal education | 1,480 (86.8) | 1,533 (89.9) | ||
| Primary or below | 149 (8.7) | 119 (7.0) | ||
| Above primary | 77 (4.5) | 52 (3.1) | ||
| Hukoua | 30.39 | <.001 | ||
| Urban | 555 (32.5) | 410 (24.0) | ||
| Rural | 1,149 (67.4) | 1,294 (75.8) | ||
| Self-reported health | 31.54 | <.001 | ||
| Excellent | 94 (5.5) | 67 (3.9) | ||
| Very good | 270 (15.9) | 233 (13.7) | ||
| Good | 875 (51.4) | 799 (46.9) | ||
| Fair | 395 (23.2) | 490 (28.8) | ||
| Poor | 69 (4.1) | 113 (6.6) | ||
| Depression | 3.05 | <.001 | ||
| Yes | 399 (23.4) | 543 (31.8) | ||
| No | 1,089 (63.8) | 1,229 (72.0) |
Note:
aHukou is a system of household registration, which originated from ancient China over a 1,000 years. Hukou has implications in the inequality in education resources, healthcare support, retirement pension, etc. in China.
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